262 Part 341—Cold, Cough, Al- Lergy, Bronchodilator, And

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

262 Part 341—Cold, Cough, Al- Lergy, Bronchodilator, And Pt. 341 21 CFR Ch. I (4–1–18 Edition) section 502 of the Act relating to mis- treating concurrent symptoms (in either branding and the prohibition in section a single-ingredient or combination drug 301(d) of the Act against the introduc- product). tion or delivery for introduction into 341.72 Labeling of antihistamine drug prod- interstate commerce of unapproved ucts. 341.74 Labeling of antitussive drug prod- new drugs in violation of section 505(a) ucts. of the Act. 341.76 Labeling of bronchodilator drug prod- (c) Warnings. The labeling of the ucts. product contains the following warn- 341.78 Labeling of expectorant drug prod- ings under the heading ‘‘Warnings’’: ucts. (1) ‘‘The recommended dose of this 341.80 Labeling of nasal decongestant drug product contains about as much caf- products. feine as a cup of coffee. Limit the use 341.85 Labeling of permitted combinations of caffeine-containing medications, of active ingredients. foods, or beverages while taking this 341.90 Professional labeling. product because too much caffeine may AUTHORITY: 21 U.S.C. 321, 351, 352, 353, 355, cause nervousness, irritability, sleep- 360, 371. lessness, and, occasionally, rapid heart EDITORIAL NOTE: Nomenclature changes to beat.’’ part 341 appear at 69 FR 13717, Mar. 24, 2004. (2) ‘‘For occasional use only. Not in- tended for use as a substitute for sleep. Subpart A—General Provisions If fatigue or drowsiness persists or con- tinues to recur, consult a’’ (select one § 341.1 Scope. of the following: ‘‘physician’’ or ‘‘doc- tor’’). (a) An over-the-counter cold, cough, (3) ‘‘Do not give to children under 12 allergy, bronchodilator, or anti- years of age.’’ asthmatic drug product in a form suit- (d) Directions. The labeling of the able for oral, inhalant, or topical ad- product contains the following infor- ministration is generally recognized as mation under the heading ‘‘Direc- safe and effective and is not mis- tions’’: Adults and children 12 years of branded if it meets each of the condi- age and over: Oral dosage is 100 to 200 tions in this part and each of the gen- milligrams not more often than every 3 eral conditions established in § 330.1. to 4 hours. (b) References in this part to regu- latory sections of the Code of Federal PART 341—COLD, COUGH, AL- Regulations are to chapter I of title 21 LERGY, BRONCHODILATOR, AND unless otherwise noted. ANTIASTHMATIC DRUG PROD- [51 FR 35339, Oct. 2, 1986] UCTS FOR OVER-THE-COUNTER HUMAN USE § 341.3 Definitions. As used in this part: Subpart A—General Provisions (a) Bronchodilator drug. A drug used to overcome spasms that cause nar- Sec. rowing of the bronchial air tubes, such 341.1 Scope. as in the symptomatic treatment of 341.3 Definitions. the wheezing and shortness of breath of Subpart B—Active Ingredients asthma. (b) Oral antitussive drug. A drug that 341.12 Antihistamine active ingredients. either is taken by mouth or is dis- 341.14 Antitussive active ingredients. solved in the mouth in the form of a 341.16 Bronchodilator active ingredients. 341.18 Expectorant active ingredient. lozenge and acts systemically to re- 341.20 Nasal decongestant active ingredi- lieve cough. ents. (c) Topical antitussive drug. A drug 341.40 Permitted combinations of active in- that relieves cough when inhaled after gredients. being applied topically to the throat or chest in the form of an ointment or Subpart C—Labeling from a steam vaporizer, or when dis- 341.70 Labeling of OTC drug products con- solved in the mouth in the form of a taining ingredients that are used for lozenge for a local effect. 262 VerDate Sep<11>2014 11:29 Jun 12, 2018 Jkt 244074 PO 00000 Frm 00272 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\244074.XXX 244074 nshattuck on DSK9F9SC42PROD with CFR Food and Drug Administration, HHS § 341.20 (d) Expectorant drug. A drug taken (m) Triprolidine hydrochloride. orally to promote or facilitate the re- [57 FR 58374, Dec. 9, 1992, as amended at 59 moval of secretions from the res- FR 4218, Jan. 28, 1994] piratory airways. (e) Antihistamine drug. A drug used § 341.14 Antitussive active ingredients. for the relief of the symptoms of hay The active ingredients of the product fever and upper respiratory allergies consist of any of the following when (allergic rhinitis). used within the dosage limits and in (f) Oral nasal decongestant drug. A the dosage forms established for each drug that is taken by mouth and acts ingredient in § 341.74(d): systemically to reduce nasal conges- (a) Oral antitussives. (1) Chlophedianol tion caused by acute or chronic rhi- hydrochloride. nitis. (2) Codeine ingredients. The following (g) Topical nasal decongestant drug. A ingredients may be used only in com- drug that when applied topically inside bination in accordance with § 290.2 and the nose, in the form of drops, jellies, 21 CFR 1308.15(c). or sprays, or when inhaled intranasally (i) Codeine. reduces nasal congestion caused by (ii) Codeine phosphate. acute or chronic rhinitis. (iii) Codeine sulfate. (h) Calibrated dropper. A dropper cali- (3) Dextromethorphan. brated such that the volume error in- (4) Dextromethorphan hydrobromide. curred in measuring any liquid does (5) Diphenhydramine citrate. not exceed 15 percent under normal use (6) Diphenhydramine hydrochloride. conditions. (b) Topical antitussives. (1) Camphor. (i) Effervescent dosage form. A dosage (2) Menthol. form intended to be dissolved in water [52 FR 30055, Aug. 12, 1987, as amended at 59 before administration. It contains, in FR 29174, June 3, 1994; 67 FR 4907, Feb. 1, 2002] addition to the active ingredient(s), mixtures of acids (citric acid, tartaric § 341.16 Bronchodilator active ingredi- acid) and sodium bicarbonate, which ents. release carbon dioxide when dissolved The active ingredients of the product in water. consist of any of the following when used within the dosage limits estab- [51 FR 35339, Oct. 2, 1986, as amended at 54 FR lished for each ingredient: 8509, Feb. 28, 1989; 55 FR 40382, Oct. 3, 1990; 57 (a) Ephedrine. FR 58374, Dec. 9, 1992; 59 FR 43409, Aug. 23, 1994; 71 FR 43362, Aug. 1, 2006] (b) Ephedrine hydrochloride. (c) Ephedrine sulfate. (d) Epinephrine. Subpart B—Active Ingredients (e) Epinephrine bitartrate. (f) Racephedrine hydrochloride. § 341.12 Antihistamine active ingredi- (g) Racepinephrine hydrochloride. ents. [51 FR 35339, Oct. 2, 1986] The active ingredient of the product consists of any of the following when § 341.18 Expectorant active ingredient. used within the dosage limits estab- lished for each ingredient: The active ingredient of the product is guaifenesin when used within the (a) Brompheniramine maleate. dosage limits established in § 341.78(d). (b) Chlorcyclizine hydrochloride. (c) Chlorpheniramine maleate. [54 FR 8509, Feb. 28, 1989] (d) Dexbrompheniramine maleate. § 341.20 Nasal decongestant active in- (e) Dexchlorpheniramine maleate. gredients. (f) Diphenhydramine citrate. The active ingredient of the product (g) Diphenhydramine hydrochloride. consists of any of the following when (h) Doxylamine succinate. used within the dosage limits and in (i) Phenindamine tartrate. the dosage forms established for each (j) Pheniramine maleate. ingredient: (k) Pyrilamine maleate. (a) Oral nasal decongestants. (1) Phen- (l) Thonzylamine hydrochloride. ylephrine hydrochloride. 263 VerDate Sep<11>2014 11:29 Jun 12, 2018 Jkt 244074 PO 00000 Frm 00273 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\244074.XXX 244074 nshattuck on DSK9F9SC42PROD with CFR.
Recommended publications
  • Pharmacotherapeutic Considerations for Individuals with Down Syndrome Erik Hefti
    Harrisburg University of Science and Technology Digital Commons at Harrisburg University Harrisburg University Faculty Works 12-8-2016 Pharmacotherapeutic Considerations for Individuals with Down Syndrome Erik Hefti Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.harrisburgu.edu/faculty-works Part of the Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities Commons, and the Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Commons R EVIEW O F T HERAPEUTICS Pharmacotherapeutic Considerations for Individuals with Down Syndrome Erik Hefti,* and Javier G. Blanco* Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York Down syndrome (DS; trisomy 21) is the most common survivable disorder due to aneuploidy. Individ- uals with DS may experience multiple comorbid health problems including congenital heart defects, endocrine abnormalities, skin and dental problems, seizure disorders, leukemia, dementia, and obesity. These associated conditions may necessitate pharmacotherapeutic management with various drugs. The complex pathobiology of DS may alter drug disposition and drug response in some individuals. For example, reports have documented increased rates of adverse drug reactions in patients with DS treated for leukemia and dementia. Intellectual disability resulting from DS may impact adherence to medication regimens. In this review, we highlight literature focused on pharmacotherapy for individu- als with DS. We discuss reports of altered drug disposition or response in patients with DS and explore social factors that may impact medication adherence in the DS setting. Enhanced monitoring during drug therapy in individuals with DS is justified based on reports of altered drug disposition, drug response, and other characteristics present in this population.
    [Show full text]
  • DEMAND REDUCTION a Glossary of Terms
    UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.00.XI.9 ISBN: 92-1-148129-5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This document was prepared by the: United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP), Vienna, Austria, in consultation with the Commonwealth of Health and Aged Care, Australia, and the informal international reference group. ii Contents Page Foreword . xi Demand reduction: A glossary of terms . 1 Abstinence . 1 Abuse . 1 Abuse liability . 2 Action research . 2 Addiction, addict . 2 Administration (method of) . 3 Adverse drug reaction . 4 Advice services . 4 Advocacy . 4 Agonist . 4 AIDS . 5 Al-Anon . 5 Alcohol . 5 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) . 6 Alternatives to drug use . 6 Amfetamine . 6 Amotivational syndrome . 6 Amphetamine . 6 Amyl nitrate . 8 Analgesic . 8 iii Page Antagonist . 8 Anti-anxiety drug . 8 Antidepressant . 8 Backloading . 9 Bad trip . 9 Barbiturate . 9 Benzodiazepine . 10 Blood-borne virus . 10 Brief intervention . 11 Buprenorphine . 11 Caffeine . 12 Cannabis . 12 Chasing . 13 Cocaine . 13 Coca leaves . 14 Coca paste . 14 Cold turkey . 14 Community empowerment . 15 Co-morbidity . 15 Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Outline of Future Activities in Drug Abuse Control (CMO) . 15 Controlled substance . 15 Counselling and psychotherapy . 16 Court diversion . 16 Crash . 16 Cross-dependence . 17 Cross-tolerance . 17 Custody diversion . 17 Dance drug . 18 Decriminalization or depenalization . 18 Demand . 18 iv Page Demand reduction . 19 Dependence, dependence syndrome . 19 Dependence liability . 20 Depressant . 20 Designer drug . 20 Detoxification . 20 Diacetylmorphine/Diamorphine . 21 Diuretic . 21 Drug . 21 Drug abuse . 22 Drug abuse-related harm . 22 Drug abuse-related problem . 22 Drug policy . 23 Drug seeking . 23 Drug substitution . 23 Drug testing . 24 Drug use .
    [Show full text]
  • Effectiveness of Bronchodilator and Corticosteroid Treatment in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Copd)
    Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Application Volume 2, Issue 1, Page 17-22, June 2020 E-ISSN : 2301-7708 EFFECTIVENESS OF BRONCHODILATOR AND CORTICOSTEROID TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) Putu Rika Veryanti1*, Ainun Wulandari1 1Department of Pharmacy, Institut Sains dan Teknologi Nasional, Jakarta, Indonesia Corresponding author email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic airway disease which is characterized by progressive airway obstruction. Bronchodilators and corticosteroids are the first choices of therapy in COPD patients. The goal therapy of COPD patients is to prevent respiratory failure, which can impact on death. But nowadays, the mortality rate due to COPD continues to increase. WHO predicts mortality from COPD in the year 2030 will be ranked third in the world. This high mortality can be caused by the ineffectiveness of therapy given. Objective: The aim of this study is to find out the effectiveness of bronchodilator and corticosteroid treatments in COPD patients. Methods: An observational study conducted retrospectively in the 2018 period at Fatmawati Central General Hospital. The effectiveness of therapy was assessed from the patient's clinical condition, blood gas values (PaO2 & PaCO2) and the average length of stay (AvLOS). Results: COPD was mostly suffered by males (83,33%), and the highest age for COPD was in the range of 45 years and above (90%). Bronchodilator that commonly prescribed were albuterol (30.08%), ipratropium bromide (12.2%), fenoterol hydrobromide (10.57%), terbutaline sulfate (8.13%), theophylline (1.63%) and aminophylline (5.69%), while the corticosteroids were budesonide (17.07%), methylprednisolone (9.76%) and dexamethasone (4.88%).
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases Biological Activities Found in Ammi Visnaga
    Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases Biological Activities found in Ammi visnaga Activity Chemical Count 11B-HSD-Inhibitor 2 5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor 3 5-HT-Inhibitor 1 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor 2 ACE-Inhibitor 3 Acetylcholinergic 1 Acidulant 1 Aldehyde-Oxidase-Inhibitor 2 Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 11 Allelochemic 5 Allelopathic 3 Allergenic 8 Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor 1 Analgesic 5 Anemiagenic 1 Anesthetic 3 Anthelmintic 1 Antiacetylcholinesterase 2 Antiacne 3 AntiADD 1 Antiaflatoxin 6 Antiaggregant 5 Antiaging 1 Antiallergenic 1 Antiallergic 5 Antialopecic 2 Antialzheimeran 1 Activity Chemical Count Antianaphylactic 2 Antiandrogenic 3 Antianginal 1 Antiangiogenic 1 Antiapoplectic 1 Antiappetant 1 Antiarteriosclerotic 1 Antiarthritic 1 Antiasthmatic 4 Antiatherogenic 1 Antiatherosclerotic 3 Antibacterial 15 Antibrucellosic 1 Anticancer 6 Anticancer (Kidney) 1 Anticancer (Prostate) 1 Anticapillary-Fragility 1 Anticarcinomic (Breast) 1 Anticariogenic 2 Anticataract 2 Anticlastogen 1 Anticolitic 1 Anticomplementary 1 Anticonvulsant 3 AntiCrohn's 1 AntiCVI 1 Anticystitic 1 2 Activity Chemical Count Antidementia 1 Antidepressant 2 Antidermatitic 3 Antidiabetic 4 Antidiarrheic 1 Antidiuretic 1 Antidote (Camphor) 1 Antidote (Morphine) 1 Antidysenteric 1 Antiedemic 3 Antielastase 2 Antiemetic 1 Antiencephalitic 1 Antierythemic 1 Antiescherichic 2 Antiesherichic 1 Antiestrogenic 2 Antifeedant 7 Antifertility 1 Antifibrinolytic 1 Antifibrosarcomic 1 Antifibrositic 1 Antiflu 1 Antigastric 2 Antigingivitic 3 Antiglaucomic 1 Antigonadotrophic
    [Show full text]
  • Desoxyn (Methamphetamine Hydrochloride Tablets, USP)
    ® Desoxyn (methamphetamine hydrochloride tablets, USP) Rx only METHAMPHETAMINE HAS A HIGH POTENTIAL FOR ABUSE. IT SHOULD THUS BE TRIED ONLY IN WEIGHT REDUCTION PROGRAMS FOR PATIENTS IN WHOM ALTERNATIVE THERAPY HAS BEEN INEFFECTIVE. ADMINISTRATION OF METHAMPHETAMINE FOR PROLONGED PERIODS OF TIME IN OBESITY MAY LEAD TO DRUG DEPENDENCE AND MUST BE AVOIDED. PARTICULAR ATTENTION SHOULD BE PAID TO THE POSSIBILITY OF SUBJECTS OBTAINING METHAMPHETAMINE FOR NON-THERAPEUTIC USE OR DISTRIBUTION TO OTHERS, AND THE DRUG SHOULD BE PRESCRIBED OR DISPENSED SPARINGLY. MISUSE OF METHAMPHETAMINE MAY CAUSE SUDDEN DEATH AND SERIOUS CARDIOVASCULAR ADVERSE EVENTS. DESCRIPTION DESOXYN® (methamphetamine hydrochloride tablets, USP), chemically known as (S)-N,α-dimethylbenzeneethanamine hydrochloride, is a member of the amphetamine group of sympathomimetic amines. It has the following structural formula: DESOXYN tablets contain 5 mg of methamphetamine hydrochloride for oral administration. Inactive Ingredients: Corn starch, lactose, sodium paraminobenzoate, stearic acid and talc. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Methamphetamine is a sympathomimetic amine with CNS stimulant activity. Peripheral actions include elevation of systolic and diastolic blood pressures and weak bronchodilator and respiratory stimulant action. Drugs of this class used in obesity are commonly known as “anorectics” or “anorexigenics”. It has not been established, however, that the action of such drugs in treating obesity is primarily one of appetite suppression. Other central nervous system actions, or metabolic effects, may be involved, for example. Reference ID: 3734642 Adult obese subjects instructed in dietary management and treated with “anorectic” drugs, lose more weight on the average than those treated with placebo and diet, as determined in relatively short-term clinical trials. The magnitude of increased weight loss of drug-treated patients over placebo-treated patients is only a fraction of a pound a week.
    [Show full text]
  • Bronchodilator Therapy in Mechanically Ventilated Patients: Patient Selection and Clinical Outcomes
    Editorials Bronchodilator Therapy in Mechanically Ventilated Patients: Patient Selection and Clinical Outcomes Bronchodilators are among the most commonly em- clinical outcomes did not improve with bronchodilator ther- ployed drugs in the intensive care unit. Inhaled broncho- apy. At the same time, bronchodilator treatment was safe and dilator therapy is preferred in modern practice because of was associated with a modest increase in the cost of treat- many advantages over systemic therapy.1 In patients with ment.11 This study is the first to address clinical outcomes airflow obstruction, inhaled bronchodilators improve with bronchodilator therapy in mechanically ventilated pa- wheezing2 and hemodynamics3 and reduce airway resis- tients. tance and intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure.4,5 Only a few investigators have examined the role of bron- Bronchodilators also reduce the work of breathing,6 and chodilators in patients with no previous evidence of airflow they could reduce the sensation of dyspnea while improv- obstruction. Gay and colleagues found a reduction in airway ing patient-ventilator interaction. In addition, bronchodi- resistance among 13 mechanically ventilated patients, includ- lators could facilitate weaning in patients with limited car- ing those with and without airflow obstruction.12 Other work- 6 ␤ diopulmonary reserve. Combining 2 adrenergic and anti- ers have noted a reduction in airway resistance in patients cholinergic bronchodilators has a greater effect than therapy with acute respiratory distress syndrome.13,14 In such patients with either agent alone.7 bronchodilators not only reduce airway resistance, they also Generally, use of inhaled bronchodilators in mechani- enhance mucociliary clearance of secretions,15 and could in- cally ventilated patients is quite safe.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, 2019. Available From
    DISTRIBUTE OR COPY NOT DO MATERIAL- COPYRIGHTED ASTHMA MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR Updated 2019 9 Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2019 update) DISTRIBUTE OR COPY NOT DO The reader acknowledges that this reportMATERIAL- is intended as an evidence-based asthma management strategy, for the use of health professionals and policy-makers. It is based, to the best of our knowledge, on current best evidence and medical knowledge and practice at the date of publication. When assessing and treating patients, health professionals are strongly advised to use their own professional judgment, and to take into account local or national regulations and guidelines. GINA cannot be held liable or responsible for inappropriate healthcare associated with the use of this document, including any use which is not in accordance with applicable local or national regulations or COPYRIGHTEDguidelines. This document should be cited as: Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, 2019. Available from: www.ginasthma.org 1 Table of contents Tables and figures ............................................................................................................................................................... 5 Preface ................................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Members of GINA committees (2018) ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Children with Obesity and Asthma: Which Are the Best Options for Their Management?
    nutrients Review Children with Obesity and Asthma: Which Are the Best Options for Their Management? Lorenza Di Genova, Laura Penta, Anna Biscarini, Giuseppe Di Cara and Susanna Esposito * Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy; [email protected] (L.D.G.); [email protected] (L.P.); [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (G.D.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-075-578-4417; Fax: +39-075-578-4415 Received: 15 August 2018; Accepted: 31 October 2018; Published: 2 November 2018 Abstract: Obesity and asthma are complex disorders related to gene-environment interactions and various lifestyle factors. At present, they represent two of the most significant paediatric health problems worldwide, particularly in industrialized nations. The aim of this narrative review is to evaluate possible therapeutic strategies to manage asthma in children with overweight/obesity. PubMed was used to search for all of the studies published from January 2008 to June 2018 using the following key words: “asthma” and “overweight” or “obesity” or “obese” and “children” or “paediatric”. The literature review showed that growing evidence underlines the existence of an “obese asthma” phenotype characterised by difficult-to-control asthma with additional symptoms, worse control, more frequent and severe exacerbations, reduced response to inhaled corticosteroids, and lower quality of life than other phenotypes. Currently, therapeutic strategies centred on prevention are suggested and the development of resources to assist families with weight loss strategies seems useful for effective weight control and optimal asthma management.
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomical Classification Guidelines V2021 EPHMRA ANATOMICAL CLASSIFICATION GUIDELINES 2021
    EPHMRA ANATOMICAL CLASSIFICATION GUIDELINES 2021 Anatomical Classification Guidelines V2021 "The Anatomical Classification of Pharmaceutical Products has been developed and maintained by the European Pharmaceutical Marketing Research Association (EphMRA) and is therefore the intellectual property of this Association. EphMRA's Classification Committee prepares the guidelines for this classification system and takes care for new entries, changes and improvements in consultation with the product's manufacturer. The contents of the Anatomical Classification of Pharmaceutical Products remain the copyright to EphMRA. Permission for use need not be sought and no fee is required. We would appreciate, however, the acknowledgement of EphMRA Copyright in publications etc. Users of this classification system should keep in mind that Pharmaceutical markets can be segmented according to numerous criteria." © EphMRA 2021 Anatomical Classification Guidelines V2021 CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION A ALIMENTARY TRACT AND METABOLISM 1 B BLOOD AND BLOOD FORMING ORGANS 28 C CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 36 D DERMATOLOGICALS 51 G GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM AND SEX HORMONES 58 H SYSTEMIC HORMONAL PREPARATIONS (EXCLUDING SEX HORMONES) 68 J GENERAL ANTI-INFECTIVES SYSTEMIC 72 K HOSPITAL SOLUTIONS 88 L ANTINEOPLASTIC AND IMMUNOMODULATING AGENTS 96 M MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM 106 N NERVOUS SYSTEM 111 P PARASITOLOGY 122 R RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 124 S SENSORY ORGANS 136 T DIAGNOSTIC AGENTS 143 V VARIOUS 145 Anatomical Classification Guidelines V2021 INTRODUCTION The Anatomical Classification was initiated in 1971 by EphMRA. It has been developed jointly by Intellus/PBIRG and EphMRA. It is a subjective method of grouping certain pharmaceutical products and does not represent any particular market, as would be the case with any other classification system.
    [Show full text]
  • Bronchodilator Therapy in COPD: Physiological Effects
    Breathe review bronch therapy.qxd 21/05/2008 16:19 Page 2 This article has been adapted from an ERS Research Seminar held in Como, Italy in 2007. The original slides and other material can be found at www.ers-education.org D.E. O'Donnell Bronchodilator therapy in Professor of Medicine and Physiology COPD: physiological effects Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Queen's University Richardson House 102 Stuart Street K7L 2V6 Kingston, ON Canada Fax: 1 6135491459 Email: [email protected] Competing interests The author has served on advisory boards, accepted speaker’s fees and received research funding from GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer and Boehringer Ingelheim. Provenance Adapted from an ERS Research Seminar Educational aims k To review current concepts of the mechanisms of symptom relief and improved exercise tolerance following pharmacological treatment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). k To examine the relative responsiveness of new physiological outcome parameters in clinical trials. Summary Bronchodilator therapy is the first step in improving dyspnoea and exercise endurance in patients with COPD. Recent studies have challenged the long-held view that airway obstruc- tion in COPD is irreversible. We now know that even in the setting of minor or no change in traditional spirometry, bronchodilator therapy is associated with consistent, and often impressive, reduction in lung hyperinflation. This pharmacological lung volume reduction is linked to improved inspiratory muscle function and enhanced neuro- mechanical coupling of the respiratory system during activity, even in those with advanced disease. Moreover, these improvements in dynamic mechanics provide a sound physiological rationale for observed bronchodilator-induced improvements in the important patient-centred outcomes of reduced dyspnoea and activity limitation.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Psychodysleptic Compounds: Sources and Pharmacology
    Online - 2455-3891 Vol 9, Issue 5, 2016 Print - 0974-2441 Review Article NATURAL PSYCHODYSLEPTIC COMPOUNDS: SOURCES AND PHARMACOLOGY SISIRA PADAVALA, EZHILARASAN D* Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai - 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: [email protected] Received: 08 June 2016, Revised and Accepted: 23 June 2016 ABSTRACT Compounds in some plants have remarkable effects on the central nervous system. Plants containing those compounds are mind altering or psychoactive in nature. These are consumed in the form of simple or complex preparations to affect the mind or alter the state of consciousness. Psychoactivity may include sedative, stimulant, euphoric, deliriant, and hallucinogenic effects. Several hundred psychoactive plants are known. Some important examples of psychoactive plants include Datura, Salvia, and Cannabis. Psychoactive plants have been used ritually, medicinally, and recreationally for thousands of years. Hence, the sociocultural and economic significance of psychoactive plants is enormous. Keywords: Cannabis, Datura, Psychoactive plants, Euphoria, Hallucinogen. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4. 0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9i5.13345 INTRODUCTION negative thoughts about one’s own self and also through, a range of confusing anomalous experiences [1]. The phytochemical constituents Hallucinogenic plants have been used by man for thousands of years. obtained from Cannabis show diverse biological effects in almost all Many species of hallucinogenic (psychodysleptic) plants are used organ systems especially cardiac, respiratory and immune system. by humans worldwide to achieve states of mind distortions; among Cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), THC are responsible for all the those, a few have been used for therapeutic purposes such as Cannabis effects of cannabis.
    [Show full text]
  • Interactions Between Corticosteroids and Β Agonists
    Thorax 2000;55:595–602 595 Occasional reviews Interactions between corticosteroids and â agonists Department of Medicine, Dunedin D R Taylor, R J Hancox School of Medicine, P O Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand D R Taylor Inhaled corticosteroids and â agonists are the whereas long acting agents are indicated as a R J Hancox most frequently prescribed drugs in the supplement to anti-inflammatory therapy if management of chronic asthma. Current breakthrough symptoms persist.1 Thus, co- Correspondence to: prescribing is commonplace. However, despite Dr D R Taylor guidelines emphasise their complementary e-mail: robin.taylor@ role. Inhaled corticosteroids are the treatment dynamic interactions between endogenous stonebow.otago.ac.nz of choice for all but the mildest of disease. glucocorticoids and catecholamines in vivo, it Received 5 January 2000 Short acting â agonists are recommended for is only recently that interest in the possibility of Accepted for publication “as required” relief of asthma symptoms, drug interactions has developed. Two topical 20 January 2000 and clinically relevant questions arise. Firstly, do positive interactions occur, thus providing s BA theoretical justification for current trends to use combination products incorporating a long Gs BR acting â agonist and a corticosteroid? Sec- AC ondly, do negative interactions occur which might explain the apparent paradox that, HSP GR 1 ATP despite increasing use of the two therapies over the last 30 years, the overall burden of asthma cAMP HSP s 2 morbidity in most western countries has GR CREB continued to increase?2 TF 3 EVects of glucocorticoids on â receptor PKA 10 function s 4 Endogenous adrenal glucocorticoids have an GR CREB important facilitatory eVect on â receptor 6 function in vivo.
    [Show full text]