Vol 11, No 2 WINTER 1998 &e-LSeYe4
NEWSLETTER of the MONTAIIA NATt\fE PLAI.IT SOCIETY
Revegetation on Montana's National Forests - Peter Lesica and Scott Miles The past 20 years has seen an increase in efforts This is a total of two square miles of exotics planted to restore natural habitats degraded by human each year in numerous places throughout the state. activities. Restoration projects vary from roads and Most revegetation (81o/o by area) was done for timber, trails to abandoned mines and overgrazed range. In watershed or wildlife projects. Nearly half (42o/o) ot some instances native plants are employed for the watershed plantings used native mixes, but revegetation, but exotic species are often used as wildlife and timber projects used mainly (907o) exotics. well. In this way we are replacing native vegetation Seed mixes varied greatly among ranger districts. with exotics. Three districts used predominantly native seed mixes, Federal land management agencies have been while the other six used mainly exotic species. among the most active practitioners of revegetation. Three of the commonly used exotic grasses Clable 2) We conducted a survey of U.S. Forest Service ranger are considered invasive. Timothy (Phleum pntense) plant districts in Montana to gain an idea of what Table 2. Specbs commonly used in forest seMce seed mixes. Acreage materials are being used. We randomly selected seeded in 199496 is shom in parentheses. nine ranger districts, one from each national forest in the state, and requested information on revegetation projects in 1994-96. Over 8Oo/o of the total Bromus inerrrs (535) Feduca owna (355) revegetated area was planted with mixtures of non- Dactylis Qlomerata (4781 Bromus ceinatus (279\ predominantly (Table native or non-native species 1). Phleum pratensa (445) Agropyron dasystachyum (?f7) Lolium multillorum (3El Agropyron tnchycaulum (ffi) Table 1. Land area (acres) ro/egotatod wilh nalive, non-nalive and mixed seedings on nine fVbntana rang€r districls in 1994-96. Agropyron cistatum (317) Agropyron spcatum (109)
Ranger Natlve Mlxed >80% Mlxed <60e6 Non Kclscrya, Wintcr 1998 Page 2 Klein -Robyn On Wednesday, December 3rd, Dr. Bob Gough, of the wild Montana 'hucklebeny.' A typical bush might have 50- Horticulture Department at MSU-Bozeman, presented his 60 new shoots, but not every shoot produces a berry. The fatest research on the Montana huckleberry (Vaccinium benies are usually bome singly at the bottom of a five-node gtobulare) to the Valley of the Flowers Ghapter of MNPS. shoot. In many cases, only two of the five shoots will Dr. Gough got started on his cultivation project with a grant develop into leaves, while the bottom three stay dormant. from MNPS's Small Grants Program in 1997, although he These buds remain viable for up to 15 years, when they are has been involved in Vaccinrum research and the study of finally covered over by developing bark, but will sprout if cultivating fruit for most of his career. the buds above them are damaged. Therefore, pruning Montana's "huckleberry" is really a blueberry, might help in commercial propagation. a species in the genus Vaccinium. The Additionally, shoot growth occurs only over a one- growth real huckleberry is actually of the genus month period, with one "flush" of vegetative per year populations. The fruit ripens in Galyussacra, has very Pink flowers, in wild leaves with undersides which look the first week of August. As soon as the shoot like they have been sPlashed with growth ends, the buds differentiate into a varnish, and fruits with large shoot and a flower for the next year, thus seeds which crunch like Rice being adapted to short growing seasons. Crispies when eaten. Although there has been some speculation that the seeds require scarification such as Additionaf f y, Galyussacia is passing the digestive not native to Montana and is occurs when through found only east of the tract of grizzlies, it doesnt seem to be of the continuation of Mississippi River. major importance to Botanists disagree on which the species. species exists in the Gallatin Cultivation of wild Montana Valley of southwestem Montana "hucklebenies' may also require myconhizal procedure which is it Vaccinium globulare, V. inoculation of the soil, a -membranaceum, or V. deliciosa? proved unsuccessful when attempted in the (heath Because the Vacciniums crossbreed 1970s. Since most Ericaceae family) easily, keying the species is difficult. species have myconhizal associations, heavy Whatever the species, bluebenies are a fertilization by commercial growers may be required if very, very popular market item right now, which has myconhizal associations are not developed. caused great concem for wild populations among botanists And then there is the problem of pollination. The and conservationists. The wild crop is now worth about $4 pollinators are not known at this time, although the million. bumblebee is suspected. Propagation may be more Although cultivation of Montana's "huckleberries" to commonly vegetative, via rhizomes. Grafting has not been satisfy demand while protecting wild populations is a goal of tried with this species, but may prove feasible in the future. Dr. Gough's research, cultivation is fraught with difficulties. The roots are very fine and delicate, with several plants For starters, the species grows high in the mountains on interconnected underground, although the rhizomes tend to well-drained acidic soils with a pH around 5. In contrast, oocur in shallow soil at a depth of 4-6 inches below the most cultivation would occur in valleys where soil pH is surface. Because of these problems, Dr. Gough feels that usually 7-9. Since a pH higher than 5.5 induces iron hybridizing Vaccinium globulare with species such as V. chlorosis, many commercial-blueberry crops suffer from corymbosum or V. membranaceum that have vigorous root iron deficiency. To lower the pH with soil amendments is systems and clusters of fruits, may be a possibility. problem not commercially feasible on a large scale. But maybe flavor will prove the most formidable Secondly, Vacciniums grow under conifers and may to commercial propagation of Montana's 'huckleberry.' in When require 40o/o shade. Sun-intolerant species in their native The best wild benies are small and varied flavor. habitat are known to become stressed under full sun where collecting wild bluebenies, one has to collect from many in one downed trees created open space. bushes, thus acquiring a variety of different flavors Another problem with cultivation on a commercial scale is mouthful. To duplicate this distinctive flavor commercially the poor volume of fruit. There are not many fruits on the may not be possible. hge 3 Kclserya, Wint€r 1998 MNPS 1997 SMALL GRANT PROJECT REPORT -- AN EDUCATIONAL TRUNK ON MONTANA NATIVE PLANTS The following is a report submitted by MNPS name is provided. Wildflowers, grasses and weeds member and 1997 small gnnt recipient Cada are researched as well as edible and medicinal Wambach. Ihis rs the firct of a two-part senes plants. Botany and history become intenryoven reporting on accomplishmenfs associated with the through diverse support materials such as teaching two funded 1997 small gnnt projecls. curriculum, books, field guides, overhead transparencies, pressed and preserved species,' The Educational Trunk, Montana Native Plants games, a musical cassette, storytelling techniques lnterwoven thrcugh the Joumey of Lewis and Clark, and video. Intemet sites are presented. The intent is was created by Carla Wambach of Helena, Montana. to reach out to folks of all ages and interest levels - This was a matching grant project funded by the teachers, children, home schoolers, elder hostel, Montana Native Plant Society Small Grants Program family and community groups, and to pique their and Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. interest in plants. The trunk is available for use by Following is a description of the educational trunk: interested schools and groups. Experience a different perspective and adventure across Montana on the trail of Lewis and Clark as Note: Carla has already shown the trunk to educators beginning botanists! Discover the native plants around the state. The MNPS Board of Directors is identified by Lewis and their use by the various early currently working on a plan for distributing this Indian peoples. A nanative accompanied by slides educational trunk throughout the state. may serve as an introduction. A data base of identified plants by family, scientific and common LAST CALL.199E SMALL GRANTS COMPETITION PROPOSALS DUE JANUARY 15TH The deadline is nearing for the Montana Native Plant Society second annual smdl grants competition. The small grants program awards one or two gmnts ofup to $500 each for educational and research projects supporting conservation of Montana native plants. Information on the Small Grants Competitior may be requested from the MNPS Sndl Grants Committee at (406) 5424173 or c/o MMS, P.O. 8783, Missoul4 MT 59E07-E7E3. The deadline for proposals is January 15, 199E. NATTVE PLANT CONSERVATTON tNtTtATtVE (NpCt) UPDATE Angie Evenden continues to serve as the MNPS contact of a variety of habitat types, continuation of a highly with the National Native Plant Gonservation lnitiative. She successful volunteer restoration program and development reports that the National Committee has been busy with of an lntemet-based invasive plant database on the World several projects and publications. Please check out the Wide Web. Designed to identify national priorities for Native Plant Conservation Initiative web site at native plant conseryation and to fund conservation and http:/lwww.aqd.nps.gov/natneUnpci for a summary of restoration projects that address those priorities, the cunent projects. Also contact Angie at (406) 542-41n rt program partners federal agency natural resources staff you are interested in more information on the Initiative. with private organizations and groups to accomplish the projects. Grant recipients match the funds awarded by The Native Plant Conservation Initiative, in cooperation NFWF with private contributions of money or in-kind with the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, awarded 34 services such as technical assistance. Matches must be at grants in 1997, worth more than $500,000 in federal funds least one to one, and most are greater than that. The and non-federal matching contributions to be used for Native Plant Conservation Initiative has been offering the native plant conservation, education and restoration grant program for three consecutive years, administering projects in 20 states and the District of Columbia. The grants totaling $1.5 million in federal and non-federal funds projects include a survey and monitoring program for for a total of 71 projects in 31 states and the District of sensitive or rare native plants, development of an Columbia. educational coloring book on raie native plants, restoration Pap4 Kclscys, Wintcr 1998 ****l(***tk***t(***l(**rk*xx**iK*****rk*(**t(*rK*i(*t(*t(** *i( * FRANCES ELLIOTT'S FLOWER WATERCOLORS x x x *)K)K*****X***t(iK**********X*******X*****I(*t(rF*(X** What do you do with over 450 lovingly-executed watercolor activity all but ceased after my fathe/s death t #'::# paintings of wildflowers? This is the heritage my mother, Frances Frances did write brief, folksy paragraphs for 159 of the Montana Elliott, left when she died in 1987. Born near Corvallis, Montana, flowers. This is her paragraph on the Wild Flax: in 1893, Frances grew and attended grade school and high school This llorer of 'heavenly blue' grovvs on such a sleMer stalk that in the same community. Her unique high school experience it seems to be swaying when there is no wind. Even though featured four years with the same teacher for all classes. She and slender, the stalk is very tough, for it is closely related to the domestic flax, from which linen fibers are taken. The Indians two classmates comprised the graduating class. This did not used it for cordage and fish lines. lt has a beautiful, delicate leave much room in the curriculum for art studies; however, at blossom that fades so fiast, it is a shame to pick it. Craighead age 16 she did take lessons from a local woman, Mrs. Hull, who states that caftle get drorsy when they eat it. lt is also called painted wildflowers on china. 'Lewis flaf and'prairie flax.' Over the years, her responsibilities increased and, while she ln 1992 Lee Silliman, a teacher and photographer, became continued to paint an occasional bouquet of wildflowers in interested in the paintings and, through the cooperation of the watercolor, Frances' budding interest in the subject lay relatively Powell County Museum, arranged a small exhibit of a selection of dormant until she and her husband, Howard, retired in 1956. She her watercolors. A year ago members of our family and Mr. then had the time and opportunity to pursue her interest. In the Silliman met several times to decide what would be the best way winter months my parents would abandon their little retirement to create an awareness of the collection and to make it available house in Deer Lodge and head south in their Airstream trailer for for examination. All solutions require money, possibly in the form the warmer climes of California and Arizona. of grants. My brother Paul Roy and I are the legal heirs; but we During their time in the Southwest, Frances painted 229 desert are both in our 70s so we need to establish a form of trust or flowers. When enjoying the summer months in Deer Lodge, she foundation in order to keep the collection together. produced 184 watercolors of Northern Rocky Mountain flowers. In the meantime, we are documenting the collection with Another set of 38 paintings called the Highway Group comprised colored slides and employing the use of computer-scanning for their discoveries while on the move. This latter set includes storage on a CD. We have purchased acid-free materials for desert, coastal and Northern Rocky Mountain flowers with the archival storage. The Elliott family welcomes any suggestions on dates and localities often noted on the paintings. My father was the most effective use of this collec'tion. a good photographer and Mother would sometimes paint from his colored slides, although she preferred to paint from life. Bill Hliott is a retired educator who spends a lot of time outdoors. Self-taught in the knowledge of botany, Frances knew how to Ha taught in Billings, was an elementary principal in Montana at key plants; but she still liked to use the common names of the Stanford and Whitefrsh. He wound up his career in the Montana flowers. She preferred to call her paintings 'studies' and they Offrce of Public lnstruction. Billcan be reached at 541 E. 6th Ave., were indeed as detailed as she could paint them - with a certain Helena, MT 59601; phone 44*3096; e-mail [email protected]. artistic flair joy profit - all done for the sheer of it, with no motive Two of his mothels paintings have bean reproduced below in in mind. The family would like to keep it that way. The painting black and white. ftairir S-3'6e Kelseya, Winter 1998 Page 5 MEETINGS Delgado from Mexico will present some of his research on Maka Flora Chapter. Regular winter meeting is tentatively wild and cultivated beans (Phaseo/is spp). scheduled for the third Sunday of January. Notices will be pm, sent to all Chapter members shortly after the first of the Thursday, February 5, Beartooth Mtn Ghapter. 7 year. Red Lodge Library. Program to be announced. Flathead Chapter. Due to the Postal Service's over-eager Thursday, February 12, Clark Fork Chapter. 7:30 pm. handling, the Chaptefs schedule of meetings sent to the Rm 131, Science Complex, UM Campus. lf you're studying Kelseya editor anived in a mangled condition! Therefore, seed catalogues for spring planting ideas, tonight's speaker notices will be sent to all Chapter members about the can help. Biologist Byron Weber will present "Butterfly season's events. Sorry for the inconvenience! Gardening,'advising us which plants (including natives) we can get to attract butterflies. Thursday, JanuarV E, Clark Fork Ghapter. 7:30 pm. Don Fawcett, photographer extraordinaire, has assembled all Tuesday, February 24, Glark Fork Chapter, Herbarium his 'mystery' Montana wildflower slides. He and Dorothy Night. 7:30 pm. Rm 303, Botany Bldg, UM Campus. Peter invite us to their home to "Name That Wildflower." Intrigue Stickney will begin to enlighten us on one of his favorite and delightful hospitality al 1224 Lincoln Road. For more families, Montana Liliaceae: Mariposa and Sego Lilies, The information call 549-141 5. Genus Calochortus. Thursday, January 8, Beartooth Mtn Chapter. 7 pm, Thursday, February 26, Kelsey Ghapter. 7 pm, Lewis & Pollard Hotel, Red Lodge. Jean Radonski will present a Clark Library, Helena. Brian Martin, Director of present slide show of the Pryor Mountains. Stewardship for the Nature Conservancy will a program called, 'Rare Biodiversity and the Status of Wednesday, January 21, Kelsey Chapter. 7 pm, Lewis & Conservation in the Northem Great Plains.' The slide show Clark Library, Helena. Dr. John E. Taylor, Professor and discussion will update us on the Nature Conservancy Emeritus from Montana State University will present a project in the Northem Great Plains that focuses on species program titled, 'Reading Grassland Communities.' The that are targeted for conservation, where they are found, slide show and discussion will focus on using plants to and the special habitats that support them. determine the ecological status of grassland communities in Montana. Dr. Taylor is the author of "Range Plants of Wednesday, March 3, Valley of the Flowers Chapter. Montana' and co-author of "Lewis and Clark in the Three 7:30 p.m., 306 Lewis Hall, MSU campus. Roger Sheley Rivers Valley." introduces us to integrated weed management of noxious weeds. Monday, January 26, Artemisia Chapter. Time and place TBA in early January. Bill Milton and Hal Vosen will teach Thursday, March 5, Beartooth Mtn Chapter. 7 pm, Red us "How to talk grasses like a rancher." Bill and Hal will Lodge Library. Photographer Ann Larid will make a slide describe each species of grass and explain how that presentation of wildfl owers. species was essential to their livelihood as ranchers. Thursday, March 12, Clark Fork Chapter. 7:30 pm. Rm Tuesday, January 27, Clark Fork Ghapter, Herbarium 131, Science Complex, UM Campus. Joe Elliott, raconteur, Campus. Night. 7:30 pm. Rm 303, Botany Bldg, UM bon vivant and botanist will entertain and instruct with a graduate Everyone wants to know more about lichens. UM presentation on "African Alpine Plant Ecology: Weird Plants student Andrea Pip will introduce us to some of our of Mt Kenya and Mt. Kilimanjaro." common species and their unusual anatomy. Then the following weekend we'll go out and see them in the wild (see Tuesday, March 31, Clark Fork Ghapter, Herbarium below). Night. 7:30 pm. Rm 303, Botany Bldg, UM Campus. What's so great about Astragalus? lt's Montana's second largest Saturday, January 31, Clark Fork Chapter. 9:00 am. Rm plant genus, that's what. Come learn about our locoweeds 303, Botany Bldg, UM Campus. We'll meet in the and milkvetches with Peter Lesica. Bring your hand lens herbarium for a short course on moss identification with Joe and copy of Dom if you have them. Elliott and then go out into the Hellgate Canyon to look for lichens and mosses with Joe and Andrea (see above). Dress warm and bring a hand lens. Wednesday, April 1, Valley of the Flowers Chapter. 7:30 p.m., 306 Lewis Hall, MSU campus. Baning any Wednesday, February 4. Valley of the Flowers Chapter. spring snowstorms, Jerry DeSanto will be in Bozeman to 7:30 p.m., 306 Lewis Hall, MSU campus. Dr. Alfonso discuss gardening with native alpine wildflowers. Pagc 6 Kclscrya, Winter 1998 EyE VTS poem 'lversnaid' by Gerard Manley Hopkins. We were Artemisia Chapter. One hundred people filled the Billings even treated to the last blooms of the Mimulus guftatus auditorium in November to hear Wayne Phillips' 'Botany of (yellow monkeyflower) along the streambanks. the Lewis and Glark Expedition.' This was the first of four After lunch the participants split into two groups. The finst events planned for this winter to rejuvenate the Artemisia group went with Dr. Hong and his students to Paine Gulch Chapter. What a way to start! Wayne put in an intense and Research Natural Area. The second group went with full day in Billings during his November visit. He held Wayne Phillips to Blankenship Gulch where the sensitiv'e productive meetings with Jean Radonski from Red Lodge orchid, Goodyera repens (northem rattlesnake-plantain), and with Hal Vosen of Miles City. He also listened, was found among the feather mosses Hylocomium empathically and somewhat patiently, to Clayton splendens (step moss), Ptilium uista-casfrensis, and McCracken's harangue about the washout of the Lamar Pleurozium schreberi (red-stemmed moss). Dr. Hong and River last June a stark example of loss of stream banks his students made a list of all the mosses they observed where the woody- riparian vegetation has been destroyed. and collected on the trip. The specimens are deposited at U. of Great Falls herbarium. Calypso Chapter. Five field trips were held this summer by this newly formed chapter: two in the Butte-Anaconda Maka Flora Ghapter. To begin, a belated thank you to area led by Chapter President Paul Sawyer, Pipestone everyone who put so much of their time, energy, and Pass, led by Paul Sawyer; Vipond Park, led by Sheila resources into the annual meeting at Makoshika last June. Thompson; Tobacco Root Mountains, led by Chapter In addition to Chapter members who went above and Secretary-Treasurer Kevin Suzuki; and Gravelly Range, led beyond the call, there were individuals from across the state by Kevin Suzuki, Sheila Thompson, and Vice-President who helped out a great deal. We couldn't have done it Annie Greene. without you. Also, thanks to all of you who "visited the colonies'! Please try to come out again, perhaps join us for Great Falls area "non-Chapter". Although no one has a regular summer outing? volunteered to become chapter officens, the Great Falls Other chapter activities this pasl year included two late- area members continue to be active. There was a good season plant walks. The first was in late August at a place turnout for the Smoke-in-the-Hole Botanical Walk near known as the Garden of the Gods, which is located in the Monarch on October 5 a splendid day for 20 plant lovers breaks along the north side of the Missouri River near to study mosses, lichens,- and livenrorts. We were Culbertson. We had our largest tumout ever, which accompanied by Dr. Won S. Hong of the University of Great included Brian and Jo from Helena! Although it was late in Falls, a nationally recognized expert on livenrorts and the year, we still were able to find good numbers of Blazing mosses, along with several of his students. Geologists Star (fu'atris punctafa) in bloom as well as several species Gwen McBride and Dr. Dave Baker shared their knowledge of sunflower (Helianthus spp) and some other scattered of the geology of the area with us also. A Marchantia specimens. The scenery along the bluffs was spectacular. polymorpha (lung livenrort) was found, complete with Aftenrad we adjoumed to a riverside site on the Carlisle gemme cup - a small body of a few cells that is involved ranch and had a picnic and campfire. We ended our in the plant's vegetative reproduction. We also leamed to season by spending the afternoon of September 14th at recognize the female and male sex organs: the Kane's grove south of Culbertson. This was a repeat visit archegonium and antheridium. to the site but because it is such a diverse area, there are We ate our lunches at the spring creek's source, where always new places to explore. We used ourtime to walk the crystal water came rolling out of a rock wall, spreading over sunounding native grassland and concentrated our efforts a green carpet of mosses, as Wayne Phillips recited the on identifying grass species. Beartooth Mountain Chapter forms in Red Lodge. On November 6, a group of plant lovers from the Red species in the Red Lodge area," Radonski notes. 'We have Lodge area held the first official meeting of the Beartooth a good group of dedicated people in the chapter, and are Mountain Chapter of MNPS. Jean Radonski, who headed already working on plans for a small park landscaped with the Billing+based Artemesia Chapter before moving to Red native plants to be built on a vacant piece of land right in the Lodge last summer, was elected President. "With a range center of town." of ecosystems from arctic tundra on the Beartooth Plateau Initial response to the new chapter has been down through forest and riparian communities to the gratifying, with over a dozen paid members attending sagebrush plains, there are a huge number of native plant the first meeting. Kclseya, Wint€r 1998 Pryc7 Though one of the largest genera of flowering plants with For the Montana populations Lavin and Marriott proposed the around 2500 species, the genus Astragalus is diverse in only three name A. lackschewitzii in honor of the late Klaus LackschewiE regions of the world: the highlands of central Asia, arid regions of from Missoula. Astragalus /ackschewitziiis endemic to the Rocky western North America, and the Andes in southern South Mountain front range in west-central Montana, specifically Teton America. In North America, where about 500 of the species County. This species inhabits the subalpine to alpine zone at occur, the diversity of Astragalus is attributed to indigenous origin 2210-2475 m (7249-8118 ft), and predominates in vegetative and concentrated in desert regions. But within the North mats, often composed mostly of Dryas octopatala (but also other American species, Astragalus molybdenus was known essentially alpine species such as Aquilegia ionesii, Claytonia megarhiza. and from a few localities restricted to high alpine tundra in the central Erigeron lackschewitzii), that can form up to 1000/6 plant cover' Colorado Rockies. lt differed from most other North American Asfraga/us lachschewitzii may also inhabit sites with less cover, Asfraga/us in both morphology and its alpine habitat. even on bare ground, such as scree slopes. The substrate of all A novel collection from Wyoming that was most similar to A. sites is composed primarily of limestone. Flowering occurs from nolybdenus was described by Barneby in 1981 as A. shuftilorum. July to the beginning of August, and mature fruits disperse during ft was most similar to A. molybdenus but with sufficient vegetative August. and fruiting distinctions to consider it a new species, according to Barneby. However, the recent editions of The Vascular Plants of Reference Wyoming by Dorn place this species as a taxonomic synonym of Lavin, M., and H. Marriott (in press). Astragalus molybdenus s.l. A. molybdenus. To compound the situation, collections were (Leguminosae): higher taxonomic relationships and identity being made of plants from the Rockies in west-central Montana, of constituent species. Systematic Botany. afl of which Barneby annotated as A. molybdenus- Like the Colorado and Wyoming populations, the Montana plants were of fufrayfus fnd SECOND EDITION OF THE NATIVE PI.ANT SOURCE GUIDE NOW AVAILABLEII At long last, the newest edition of the'source Guide for Native Plants of Montana' is available. Tho MNPS Landscape/Reveg Committee revised the first guide into a new, easi€r-to-use format. This edition is a deteiled source list for barerool and crntainerized plants and/or seods of 583 native trees, shrubs, forbs, fems, grasses, sedges, and rushes. Guidelin€s for collecting native plants are also included. For further information, call Linda lverson at 406-932-5840. cuides will be available at local chapter meetings or by mail. The cosl (includes postage and hendling) is $8 for MNPS members, $E for non-members, with checks payable to MNPS. Send checks end ord€r infomation to: MNPS Sourc. Guide/Linda lvcrcon, HC EE Box 3733, Big Timber, MT 59011, Pagc 8 Kelserya, Wintcr 1998 Restored in 1920 from its state of neglect and with The garden, however, not only contained plants but also renovations currently continuing, Linnaeus' garden is a animals, e.9., raccoons, New and Old World monkeys, green oasis in central Uppsala, Sweden. The history of this pigeons, and panots. garden begins a half-century before the birth of Linnaeus in Linnaeus worked in his garden, taught botany, and wrote 1707. lt was founded in 1655 by Olof [Olaus] Rudbeck the books, among which was Species Plantarum (Species of older, appointed professor of medicine and botany at Plants) - the basis of our present-day system of binomial Uppsala University in 1658. He had just retumed from a nomenclature - written in 1753. Five years later, the same joumey to Holland, England, and syslem of binomial nomenclature was France where he was impressed by applied to animals in the 1Oth edition of the botanical gardens at the his Sysfema naturae. He continued universities of Leiden and Utrecht. working eagerly in his garden until 1774 Rudbeck wanted to create when he had his first slroke. In 1776 he something similar in Uppsala. He had another one, more severe. His brought bulbs and seeds of rare movements became unsteady and his plants from Holland. He introduced talk and thoughts started to become plants such as tulips, hyacinths, and unclear. He died on January 10, 1778. the Peruvian nightshade today Linnaeus' son Carol von Linne' the called the common potato to younger, continued as professor and Sweden. The garden was soon keeper of the botanical garden, but the bought by the University of Uppsala. university administration showed no The plant catalog, published in 1658, interest in the garden and it started to mentioned approximately 1000 dedine. When the 200th anniversary of different species; by 1685 the Linnaeus' birth was celebrated in 1907, publication included more than 1800 all that the university could show the different plants. visiting scientists from foreign countries f n 1702 a great fire devastated were open spaces covered with grass three-fourths of the city of Uppsala, and sunounded by hedges. and the botanical garden was partly Ten years later, the Swedish Linnean ruined. Both Uppsala city and the university had suffered considerable losses in the fire and ffi *:i''1ffi*Xil';1,":l'lln'?,Hl'I,.:[ Sweden was a country involved in endless and costly wars. had belonged to him, and publishing papers about him and The garden was not restored to its old splendor until his students. Today, the society has renovated Linnaeus' Linnaeus was appointed professor in the spring of 1742. home and converted it to a museum. The garden has been The first thing he did was to prepare for a total cultivated since 1918 and is continuously evolving to more reconstruction of the garden. Once completed, Linnaeus closely approximate Linnaeus' original garden, and includes wrote to all his friends abroad, who responded by sending the 1300 different plants that formed the basis of his seeds and bulbs. In 1748 the number of species had grown "library." to approximately 3000. In the orangery (a glass-walled enclosure for growing oranges in cool climates), he grew from'Linnaeus' Garden,' by Hikan Tun6n, phD, -Condensed coffee, cocoa, rice, ginger, different kinds of cacti, and may Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, HerbalGram No.40. other plants. He also kept a tea bush and a banana plant. lllus. of Linnaeus from Cronquist, lntroductory Botany, 1961. Northwest Beautifully reproduced, full color photographs Penstemons of 80 species and most By Dee Strickler of their varieties, 192 pages, with illustrations, a key to Penstemons in WA, OR, lD, and MT. The Flower Press 192 Larch Lane In print August 1997: Columbia Falls, MT 59912 Price $29.95 Kelsc,yq Wintcr 1998 Pagc 9 NEW VOLUME OF THE INTERMOUNTAIN FLORA SERIES NOW AVAILABLE Volume 3A in the Intermountain Flora series was BOTANY ANYONE? published in the summer of 1997. With the publication of Clitle supplied) this volume, there are now six volumes of the series in be monotony press. Volume 3A covers the subclass Rosidae and There should no In studying your botanY. Among these are the Rose includes 40 westem families. It helps to train and spur the brain Primrose (Rosaceae), Saxifrage (Saxifragaceae), Evening Unless you haventt got any. (Onagraceae), Maple (Aceraceae), Geranium (Geraniaceae), and Canot (Apiaceae) families. Omitted It teaches you - does botanY from this volume is the legume family (Fabaceae), which To know the plants and spot anY was @vered in Volume 38 previously published in 1989 And learn just why they live and die, (the volumes are not issued in numerical order). In case you plant or pot anY. The volume features extensive line drawings, in-depth species and habitat descriptions, excellent keys, and a You learn from readingbotanY thorough synonymy. Although technically this volume does Of woolly plants or cottony grow on earth and what theytre worth not cover Montana, the line drawings, species descriptions That And why some spots have not anY. and habitat data will provide invaluable information on taxa Intermountain which do occur both in Montana and the You sketch the plants in botanY. region. You learn ta chart andpot anY jot Volumes of the Intermountain Flora (lMF) can be ordered from Uke corn or oats, you down notes The Nenr York Botanical Garden, Scientific Publications If you know how to jot anY. Department, Bronx, NY 10458-5126, phone 718-817'87221. Your time, if youll allot anY lnclude $3.50 + 5o/o of subtotal for postage and handling. what anY IMF 1 - Geological & Botanical History, Plant Will teach you how and Geography, $32 Odd plant or tree can do or be what's the use of botanYll IMF 3A - Rosidae other than Fabales, $75. And IMF 38 - Fabales, $58 IMF 4 The Asteridae except the Asterales, $75. - (By Befton appared in Science News Letter, IMF 5 The Asterales, $75. Bnley, - March 9, 1929. Rapinted from Bulletin of the Native P|ant IMF The Monocotyledons, $40. 6 - Sooefy of Oregon, Volune 30, Number 12, December 1997) REVEGETATION (conanud ftonr rprgp 1) soil, or plant community. Furthermore, native cultivars selected for vegetative Having evolved as members of the indigenous phnt communities, they are rrct or reproductive vigor may be able to replace local races at first but then do likely to become inrrasive or form monotypic stands. Perhaps the most poortywtpn extreme conditions o@ur. On the other hand, native cultivars are important reason for using natives in revegetatbn b to maintain biological more readily obtained than local seed, and their vigor and quick establishment diversity. Both phnts and animals are more diverse in native vegetation may help exclude weeds and prevent soilerosion. compared to exotic plantations. ftlany species of insects have evolved to live National forests within the Northem Region are encouraged to use native on one or only a few species of plant. One stdy in an English forest found seed in revegetation by the USFS Regional Native Revegetation Committee, that each specbs of native woody phnt had an average of fle species of and many of the forests appear to be headed in that direction. Since 1994 haf-eating ins€ct restriried to it. Native grasslands have npre diverse bird Lewis & Clark N.F. has been collecting and propagating locallycollected native N.F. are beginning to assemHageo than exotic pastures. The higher diversity of native communities grasses. Kootenai N.F. and Beaverhead-Deerlodge propagation. Both Missoula and may result in higher long-term produc'tivlty and $ability. collect local, native seed for nursery believe witl be using more native seed in the Many lntentirmally introdllc€d exdic spechs have becorne some of ourworst Stevensville ranger districts they programs continue and expand, it should result in and rpc{ cctly upeds. Tamarisk, purple locestrife, Afrban bvegrass and future. lf these native seed in amount of exotics being introduced onto public smooth brorne are emmpbs Since there b often a hg period befireen the a significant decrease the time moet exotics are introduced and when they are recognized as inlasive, hrd. some of the specbo wt ere introdtrcing norv for short-term gain may become serious lhbilities to future generations. Nonetheless, using exotic species for [We are grateful to Forest Serviee personnelwtro provided us with information revegre*ation may be desirable in sorne instances. Stands of exotic grasses for this article.l such as smodh brome will often resist inrrasion by noxious ueeds like knapureed (Centaurea maculosal. Smocth brome requires amfle light, so Selected references phntings abng forest roads will not escape into adiacent native communitles Northem Region Native Revegetation Committee. 1995. Northem Region but mai help controlthe spead of knapreed. Sorne nonjnvasive, shortJived, Native Plant Handbook. USDA Forest SeMce, Missoula, MT- exotic grasies (e.g., annual ryegrass) establish quicldyto help prevent erosion but disapper as long-lived, native specir* establish. Exotics may be the only Linhart, Y. B. 1995. Restoration, revegetation, and the importance of genetic species'capable of estaHishing on some highly degnded site slrch as mine and evolutionary perspectives. Pages ?71-287 in B' A. Roundy, E. D. spdls. McArthur, J.S. Haley, and D. K Mann, edilors, Proceedings: wildland Not only b lt often deairable to use native species, htt it rnay be iust as shrub and arid land restoration symposium. USDA Forest Service native sp€cies are often important to use local races of natives. Cultivars of General Technical Report INT-GTR-3I 5, Ogden, Utah' deii/€d from non-locat sources and may be poorly adaded to the local climate, Kclscry8, Wintcr 1998 Prgc l0 MONTANANATTvEPLAI\ITsOCIETY rr* $ MembershipAppticetion/Renew" \% DATE NAME (please prinQ ADDRESS CITY/STATEIZW PHONE (_J NEW RENEWAL STATEWIDE MEMBERSHIP WITH MEMBER.AT-LARGE CHAPTER AITILIATION* (No chapter affiliation) $18 I. krdividual $12 I. kdividual 22 tr. Family l8 tr. Family 35 III. BusinesVOrganization 30 m. BusinesVOrganization 300 fV. Lifetime Member (one-time payment) 300 IV. Lifetime member (one-time payment) Additional Donation (rnay be specified toward a particular project or the general operating fund) PLEASE NOTE: Canadian subscribers must add $4.00 to each category to cover additional mailing costs. MAKE CHECKS PAYABLE TO: MONTANA NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY MAIL TO: MNPS Membership P.O. Box 8783 Missoula MT 59807-8783 *AREAS COVERED BY CIIAPTERS: ARTEMISIA CHAPTER - Yellowstone and Carbon Counties: southeastem/southqtral Montana BEARTOOTH MOUNTAIN CHAPTER - Red Lodge area, southeastem Montana CALYPSO CIIAPTER - Beaverhea4 Madison, Deer lodge, Silver Bow Counties; southwestern Montana CLARK FORK CHAPTER - Lake, Mineral, Missoul4 Powell, Ravalli Counties FLATHEAD CIIAPTER - Flathead and Lake Counties plus Glacier National park KELSEY CHAPTER - Lelvis & Clark and Jefrerson Counties MAKA FLORA CHAPTER - Richlan{ Roosevelt, McCong Sheridan and Daniels Counties VALLEY OF THE FLOWERS CIIAPTER - Gallatitl Parlq Sweet Grass Counties plus Yellowstone Natioal Park NOTE: All MNPS chapers welcome menrbers from areas other than those indicated. We've listetl couuties just to give you some idea of what part of the stato is served by each chapter. Additional cbaprcn are in the plaming stages for other areas. Watch for announcements of meetings in your local newspaper. Ten paid menrbers are required for a ctrapter to be eligible for acceptance in MNPS. YOI]RMAILING LABEL TELLS YOUR CL\SS Of MEMBERSHIP (See I, tr, m, IV above) CEAPTTR AFHLIATION, if any lART=Artemisia; BT=B€artdh fvfto; CAL{ab?so; CF=Clar* Fork; F=Flathead; K=Kdsey, MF=lifaka Flora: VOF=Valle.y of the Flovms) DATE YOUR MEMBERSHIP EXPIRDS. If your lab€l rcads "2/9E" your menrbership expires February 28, 1998. Use this form to renew your membership immedietely. Please drop us a note ifany information on your label is incorreol. Please noti& us promptly of any address changes. Mernbership in the Montana Native Plant Society is on a caleirdar-year basis, March I through the end of February ofthe following year. New-member applicatios processed before the end of Oc{ober each year will orpire the following February; those processed after November I will o Kelseya, Wintcr 1998 Prgc ll MONTANA NATIVE PI"ANT SOCIETY BOARD OF DIRECTORS Tho Montam Nativc Plsrt Society (MNPS) is a 501G3 (not for*rofit) corpcation ctrartered fa thc prrposc of learning rnorc about plarils nativc to our Ssle and tb€ir habitds, and of shEring tbat knowledge. Codihtions to MNPS are tax de&rctible, and may b€ d€signstod for a specific projoc't or c{rafler, for th€ Srns[ Crrrtts fun4 or msy b mde to the gen€ral opcrating fund PRESIDENT - Wayne Phillips Great Falls 4534648 Yurr yearly menrbership fec irrcludes a subscrifliom to KEISEYA, the newslefier of PAST PRESIDENT - Linda Iverson BigTimber 932-58N MNPS, prblistred quarterly. Wc welcome yor articles, clipping$ field trip rePofts' VICT.PRESIDENT - Tulli Kerstett€r Bozeman 586-3057 facq fral relales to our rutive rneeting notices, boolc reviews - aknod anything in SECRBTARY - Pahick Plantenb€rg Townsend 266-5265 plarils cthe society. Ptease inclu& a line atwo of"bio" information with each article. TREASIJRER, - Ma&lin€ Mazurski Missoula 5424262 good'quality yott send clippings, Dnwingt shottld b€ in black ink or photocoptt If I\TEWSLETTER EDITOR, - Tulli Kerstett€r Bozernan 585-3057 please notc thc source, volume,/issrg and dde. A[ mecting and field trip noticcs, field trip repo,rts c arurouncsm€,!ils should be mliled to reLSEYA CALENDA& P.O. BOX DIRECTORS AT IJIRGE 6444, BOZEMAI.I MT 59771. All items strould b€ typd and on 3.5" di*.e#e in Errtcrn Montrnr - Terry Wamsley 353-2709 Micrsoft Word for Windows or in a generic ASCII file. Harlem - Trout Creek 847-204 CHAI{GES OF ADDRESS A}.ID INQtIRIES ABOUT MEMBERSHIP IN MNPS Westcrn Montrnr Dennis Nicholls SHOULD BE SENT TO: MNPS MEMBERSHIP, P.O. BOX 8783, MISSOULA MT 59t07-8783. GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE SHOULD AISO BE DIRECTED CHAPT ER RE PRES ENTATIVES Art€mbtr Ctrpter - Clayton McCracken 252-2807 TO TIIE MISSOULA ADDRESS. Do NOT s€nd to the.f;igl^Sgf/4 editor. Billin$ Bcrrtooth Mh Cfirpter - Jean Radonski Red I-odge 446-3907 Advertising ryaoc is arnilable in each issue at $S/column inclr" Ad8 must be camera- - 4964227 resdy and must nreet the guidelines sct by the Board of Directors fa suitable subject CrtyFo Ctrpter Paul Sawyer Butte - Missoula 5434744 mafi€r; that rs, bc related in sanre wayto plurts orthe int€rests of MNPS nrernbers. Clrrk Fort Cteptcr Will Butler Whit€fistr 862-3360 Desdlin€ for ttre SPRING issue is MARCH 10. Please irrclu& meeting/field trip Ifr0rerd Chepter - Mary Sloan Clancy 4494586 ndices through II\IE if possible. The SPRING issue of.f;iElsgYA will be mailed in Kelscy Ctrpter - Kathy Lloyd 385-2579 April. M*r Flore Clnpter - Al Joyes Westby Velley of Flowcr: Chrptcr - Judy McCarttry Bozernan 587-3446 STANDING COMMITTEES Cons€Frdon - Pet€r l,esica Missoula 728-87N Educedon - vacant Lrnascaplng/Revegetedon - John Pierce Missoula 542-2640 Nrnsletter/Publlcadons - Linda Iverson Big Timber 932-5840 Smrll Grents - fuigela Evende'n Missoula 5494040 MONTANA NATIVE PI.AI\[T SOCIETY Non-Profit KELSEYA Editor Organization P.O. Bor 6444 U.S. Postage Bozeman, MT 597714444 Paid Bozeman MT Permit No. 5 .4.DDRES.S C O RRE CTI ON RE QU EST ED (c) Coprieht 1998 Printed on Montana Nativc Rccyclcd Plutt Society # Papcr r. cF 2/98 PETER LESICA : 929 LOCUST Yoo Hoo1||' 11rj,tln3: to nncril MISSOULA MT 59802 cra chccl your melllng lebcl; Il rryr'2/9t' tour ducr rrc dua. u'll llnd rl cnrclopc rad rcuorrl ,.fona,.'ll..,.t$1,! . .I-rrC.r,,., , !,gtd , hG|sil lt t,,:]l lovc to, ffuE:];9n :..,::,li:i: :.:.t..':]il|: ; ,: ,::: :