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SARDINE (Sardina Pilchardus) DELAYED MORTALITY ASSOCIATED with PURSE SEINE SLIPPING: CONTRIBUTING STRESSORS and RESPONSES

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SARDINE (Sardina Pilchardus) DELAYED MORTALITY ASSOCIATED with PURSE SEINE SLIPPING: CONTRIBUTING STRESSORS and RESPONSES CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Universidade do Algarve UNIVERSIDADE DO ALGARVE FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS E TECNOLOGIA SARDINE (Sardina pilchardus) DELAYED MORTALITY ASSOCIATED WITH PURSE SEINE SLIPPING: CONTRIBUTING STRESSORS AND RESPONSES (Tese para obtenção do grau de doutor no ramo das Ciências e Tecnologias das Pescas, Especialidade em Avaliação de Recursos) ANA LUÍSA BARRETO MARÇALO FARO 2009 UNIVERSIDADE DO ALGARVE FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS E TECNOLOGIA SARDINE (Sardina pilchardus) DELAYED MORTALITY ASSOCIATED WITH PURSE SEINE SLIPPING: CONTRIBUTING STRESSORS AND RESPONSES (Tese para obtenção do grau de doutor no ramo das Ciências e Tecnologias das Pescas, Especialidade em Avaliação de Recursos) ANA LUÍSA BARRETO MARÇALO Tese orientada pelo Doutor Karim Erzini, Professor Associado da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade do Algarve e co-orientada pelo Doutor Georgios Stratoudakis, Investigador Auxiliar da Unidade de Recursos Marinhos e Sustentabilidade do Instituto Nacional de Recursos Biológicos (IPIMAR-INRB/IP) FARO 2009 O júri Presidente Doutor João Pinto Guerreiro Professor Catedrático da Universidade do Algarve e Reitor da mesma Doutor João José Oliveira Dias Coimbra Professor Catedrático do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar Doutor Adelino Vicente Mendonça Canário Professor Catedrático da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade do Algarve Doutor Karim Erzini Professor Associado com Agregação da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade do Algarve (orientador) Doutor Henrique Manuel Roque Nogueira Cabral Professor Auxiliar com Agregação da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Doutor Georgios Stratoudakis Investigador Auxiliar do Instituto Nacional de Recursos Biológicos, I.P.- IPIMAR (orientador) Doutor Jorge Manuel dos Santos Gonçalves Investigador Auxiliar do Centro de Ciências do Mar da Universidade do Algarve “O cardume, que foi força e vida misteriosa, que formou um só corpo e passou obedecendo não sei a que instinto ou a que inteligência superior, cai sobre Lisboa – como vem de Setúbal, do Algarve e das praias ignoradas de toda a costa lusitana, das grandes armações e dos pequenos barcos. É espalhada pelo país. Comem-na assada na brasa os trabalhadores da estrada e os homens esfaimados do campo com um pedaço seco de broa. De inverno é magra, mas pelo S. João pinga no pão. No Norte o lavrador espera-a para o jantar: é o seu melhor conduto. Os pobres fregem-na numa gota de azeite, e salgada ou saltando no cesto, fresquinha da barra, viva de Espinho, gorda, antes da desova, sem cabeça e escruchada, com a guelra em sangue, ou laivos amarelos de salmoura, constitui um manjar para pobres e para ricos. Entra em todas as casas. Há quem goste dela de caldeirada e quem a prefira simplesmente assada deixando cair no lume a gordura que rechina. Há os que só saboreiam a grande, de lombo gordo e preto, e os que acham melhor a miúda, que se chama petinga e que se devora com escama e tudo, afirmando com uma convicção respeitável que a mulher e a sardinha quer-se pequenina...” Raul Brandão,” Os pescadores”, 1923 Para os meus pais e avós CONTENTS Page TABLE OF CONTENTS ------------------------------------------------------------------- i AKNOWLEDGEMENTS ------------------------------------------------------------------ v RESUMO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ vii ABSTRACT --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ix LIST OF FIGURES ------------------------------------------------------------------------- xi LIST OF TABLES -------------------------------------------------------------------------- xv CHAPTER 1 – Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.1 - Purse seine fishing -------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 1.1.1 - General overview ------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 1.1.2 - Purse seining off the Portuguese continental coast: considerations on fleet characteristics, fisher behavior, fishing operations and catches ----------------------- 5 1.1.3- Atlantic sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and the Atlanto-Iberian Stock ------ 9 1.2 - Fisheries discards --------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 1.2.1- General overview -------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 1.2.2- Purse seine fishery discards ------------------------------------------------------ 15 1.2.3- Preliminary observations of discards (“slipping”) along the Portuguese coast -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 1.3 - Stressors contributing to discarded fish delayed mortality --------------------- 17 1.4 - Responses to stressors ----------------------------------------------------------------- 19 1.5 - Assessment of fishing impact on discarded fish and escapees: Field vs captivity/laboratory studies ----------------------------------------------------------------- 21 1.6 – Aims and structure of this dissertation --------------------------------------------- 23 1.7 – References 26 CHAPTER 2 – Sardine (Sardina pilchardus) stress reactions to purse seine fishing ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 2.1 – Abstract --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 2.2 – Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 2.3 – Material and Methods ----------------------------------------------------------------- 41 i 2.4 – Results ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 2.5 – Discussion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 54 2.6 – References ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 60 CHAPTER 3 – Sardine early survival, physical condition and stress after introduction to captivity ------------------------------------------------------------------- 63 3.1 – Abstract --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64 3.2 – Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 3.3 – Material and Methods ----------------------------------------------------------------- 67 3.3.1 – Capture and transfer of live fish --------------------------------------------------- 67 3.3.2 – Maintenance in captivity ----------------------------------------------------------- 70 3.3.3 – Short-term monitoring -------------------------------------------------------------- 72 3.3.4 – Laboratory analysis ----------------------------------------------------------------- 74 3.3.5 – Data analysis ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 76 3.4 – Results ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77 3.5 – Discussion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 86 3.6 – References ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 91 CHAPTER 4 - Fishing simulation experiments for predicting effects of purse seine capture on sardines (Sardina pilchardus) --------------------------------------- 95 4.1 – Abstract --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 96 4.2 – Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97 4.3 – Material and methods ----------------------------------------------------------------- 98 4.3.1 - Collection of fish for experiments ------------------------------------------------- 98 4.3.2 – Experimental set up ----------------------------------------------------------------- 99 4.3.3 – Experiment 1: Effect of simulated fishing duration at low temperature ----- 101 4.3.4 – Experiment 2: Effect of simulated fishing duration and density ------------- 10 2 4.3.5 – Experiment 3: Effect of simulated fishing duration at high temperature ---- 102 4.3.6 – Laboratory sampling --------------------------------------------------------------- 102 4.3.7 – Statistical analysis ------------------------------------------------------------------- 104 4.4 – Results ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 105 4.5 – Discussion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 115 ii 4.6 – References ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 122 CHAPTER 5 - Behavioral responses of sardines facing predators after simulated purse-seine fishing ------------------------------------------------------------- 127 5.1 – Abstract --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 128 5.2 – Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 129 5.3 – Material and Methods ----------------------------------------------------------------- 131 5.3.1 - Collection of fish for experiments ------------------------------------------------- 131 5.3.2 - Experimental set-up ----------------------------------------------------------------- 131 5.3.3 – Experiments -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 132 5.3.4. - Behavioural observations ---------------------------------------------------------- 134 5.3.5. - Measuring lethal predation --------------------------------------------------------
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