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Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ZOOLOGIA EVOLUÇÃO DAS RÃS ANDINAS DE RIO HYLOSCIRTUS (ANURA: HYLIDAE): RELAÇÕES FILOGENÉTICAS, REVISÃO TAXONÔMICA E DELIMITAÇÃO DE ESPÉCIES TESE DE DOUTORADO PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL Av. Ipiranga 6681 - Caixa Postal 1429 Fone: (51) 3320-3500 - Fax: (51) 3339-1564 90619-900 Porto Alegre - RS Brasil 2016 1 PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ZOOLOGIA EVOLUÇÃO DAS RÃS ANDINAS DE RIO HYLOSCIRTUS (ANURA: HYLIDAE): RELAÇÕES FILOGENÉTICAS, REVISÃO TAXONÔMICA E DELIMITAÇÃO DE ESPÉCIES MAURICIO RIVERA-CORREA DR. TARAN GRANT Orientador TESE DE DOUTORADO PORTO ALEGRE - RS - BRASIL 2 2016 Notice This thesis is presented as partial fulfillment of the dissertation requirement for the Ph.D. degree in Zoology, although available without restrictions is not intended as a publication in the sense of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, therefore not are valid nomenclatural acts (ICZN, Fourth Edition, Chapter 3, Articles 8.2 and 8.3). Therefore, any new data, opinions, hypothesis and new concepts expressed herein are not available in the zoological literature. Readers are advised that further copying or public reference to this document should only be done after previously acceptance of the author. Aviso A presente tese é parte dos requisitos necessários para obtenção do título de Doutor em Zoologia, e como tal, apesar de estar disponível publicamente, sem restrições, não deve ser vista como uma publicação no senso do Código Internacional de Nomenclatura, portanto não constitui um ato de nomenclatura válido (ICZN, Quarta Edição, Capítulo 3, Artigos 8,2 e 8,3). Dessa forma, quaisquer informações inéditas, opiniões, hipóteses e conceitos novos apresentados aqui não estão disponíveis na literatura zoológica. Pessoas interessadas devem estar cientes de que referências públicas ao conteúdo deste estudo somente devem ser feitas com aprovação prévia do autor. 3 SUMARIO RESUMO ................................................................................................................................................ 8 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ 9 APRESENTAÇÃO .............................................................................................................................. 10 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ................................................................................................. 17 Cápitulo I. A New Species of Hyloscirtus (Anura: Hylidae) From Colombia, with a Rediagnosis of Hyloscirtus larinopygion (Duellman, 1973) ...................................................... 28 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ 30 Key words ....................................................................................................................................... 30 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................................. 31 Results .............................................................................................................................................. 32 Discussion ....................................................................................................................................... 41 Literature Cited .............................................................................................................................. 45 Appendix ......................................................................................................................................... 49 Cápitulo II. Statistical differences and biological implications: A comparative analysis of the advertisement calls of two Andean stream treefrogs (Hylidae: Hyloscirtus) and the evolution of acoustic characters………………………………..………………………………….¡Error! Marcador no definido. Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ 65 Keywords ........................................................................................................................................ 65 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 65 Materials and methods .................................................................................................................. 67 Results .............................................................................................................................................. 68 Discussion ....................................................................................................................................... 70 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 72 References ....................................................................................................................................... 73 Cápitulo III. A new red-eyed of stream treefrog of Hyloscirtus (Anura: Hylidae) from Peru, with comments on the taxonomy of the genus. Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ 87 Key words ....................................................................................................................................... 88 Materials and Methods ................................................................. ¡Error! Marcador no definido. Results ............................................................................................. ¡Error! Marcador no definido. Discussion ...................................................................................... ¡Error! Marcador no definido. 4 Literature Cited ............................................................................. ¡Error! Marcador no definido. Appendix ........................................................................................ ¡Error! Marcador no definido. Cápitulo IV. New species of genus Hyloscirtus peters, 1882 (Anura: Hylidae) with hypertrophied forelimbs from southeastern Ecuador .............................................................. 114 Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 116 Key words ..................................................................................................................................... 116 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................................ 117 Results ............................................................................................................................................ 118 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................................ 126 Appendix ....................................................................................................................................... 130 Cápitulo V. Evolution of Stream Treefrogs Hyloscirtus (Anura: Hylidae): Phylogenetic Relationships, Taxonomic Revision and Limits of Species .................................................... 138 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... 140 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 141 The Systematic History of Hyloscirtus ................................................................................. 142 The Taxonomic Species Groups of Hyloscirtus .................................................................... 145 MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................. 151 Taxon Sampling ....................................................................................................................... 151 Character Sampling ................................................................................................................ 152 Laboratory Protocols ............................................................................................................... 152 Optimality Criterion for Phylogenetic Reconstruction ...................................................... 154 Phylogenetic Analysis ............................................................................................................. 155 Character Evolution ................................................................................................................ 157 Species Concept and Operational Criteria ........................................................................... 158 Morphometric Data ................................................................................................................. 161 Genetic Distances ..................................................................................................................... 162 Bioacoustics Analyses ............................................................................................................
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