International Journal of Governmental Studies and Humanities (IJGH) http://ejournal.ipdn.ac.id/index.php/ijgsh

ROLE OF LOCAL INSTITUTION IN EARLY MARRIAGE ISSUE: A CASE STUDY IN SOME PROVINCES IN

Tubagus Adi Satria1, Rezariansyah Abdullah2, Fajar Ajie Setiawan3, Fitriana Putri Hapsari4 Anggota Komite Pemantau Resiko (Dewan Pengawas BPJS Kesehatan) Kampus Universitas Moetopo Beragama Department of International Relation (Universitas Wanita Internasional) Department of International Relation (Universitas Lintas Internasional Indonesia)

*Correspondence: [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: The impact of early marriage is closely related to the economic received condition of the family and affects the poverty of women who revised experience it. This study aims to comprehensively examine the extent accepted to which local socio-economic condition affects early marriage and the extent of policy-makers’ role in preventing it. In addition, this study also aims to obtain inaccurate overview of current policies and policy Keywords: recommendations related to government’s effort in controlling Child marriage; early marriage; marriage age in Indonesia. Data were obtained using cross-sectional institutional role; policy method in four provinces with high marriage rates based on Riskesdas coordination. 2010 data (, Bangka , Central Sulawesi and West Java). The research is qualitative using explorative approach. Based on the research result, the root of early marriage problem in four provinces is related to several dimensions such as: modernization, education, economic and socio-cultural pressure. Another result of the analysis is that the role of customary and religious institutions are very strategic as a tool of social control in controlling early marriage. In addition, it was concluded that weak inter-sectoral coordination and government policy planning in early marriage control are among the issues to be addressed.

INTRODUCTION 19 have a much greater 11.7% rate when In 2011, Indonesia is one of the world's most compared with young men aged 15-19 years of married percentages, ranked 37th in the world 1.6%. Statistically, the concentration of young (UNDESA, 2011). This position is the second marriage rate is high especially in Kalimantan highest in ASEAN after Cambodia. Logically (Kalteng, Kaltim, and Kalsel) Java (Banten, according to Riskesdas data, young women in West Java, and East Java) and Bangka Indonesia with intervals aged 10-14 years. In Belitung and Central Sulawesi. Based on data 2011, Indonesia is a country with a high from Riskesdas 2010, provinces with the percentage of young marriages in the world, highest percentage of early marriage (<15 ranked 37th in the world (UNDESA, 2011) years) are South Kalimantan (9 percent), West .This position is the second highest in ASEAN Java (7.5 percent), and after Cambodia. In fact, according to Central Kalimantan 7 percent and Banten 6.5 Riskesdas data, young women in Indonesia Percent. The provinces with the highest with married age interval 10-14 years are 0.2 percentage of early marriage for the highest percent or more than 22,000 young women 15-19 years interval were Central Kalimantan aged 10-14 years in Indonesia are married Province (52.1%), West Java (50.2%), and before the age of 15 years (Badan Penelitian South Kalimantan (48.4%), Bangka Belitung dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, 2011). At (47.9%) and Central Sulawesi (46.3%). higher age intervals, married women aged 15-

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impoverishment of women who experience it. Those after marriage tend to drop out of school and gain low levels of education, decreased social status or subordination in the family, loss of reproductive health rights, high maternal mortality from childbearing to domestic violence (Field & Ambrus, 2008). Field &Ambrus also said: Early marriage is associated with a number of poor social and physical outcomes for young women and their Figure 1Percentage of Women 10-59 Years offspring. They attain lower schooling, Old by Age of First Marriage, Riskesdas 2010 lower social status in their husbands' families, have less reproductive control, Nationally, controlling the level of early and suffer higher rates of maternal marriage becomes crucial because the overall mortality and domestic violence. They causes and consequences are highly related to are often forced out of school without the achievement of the MDGs, among others; an education; their health is affected Goal 1. Eradicating poverty and hunger, Goal because their bodies are too immature 2. Achieving universal primary education, to give birth. Goal 3. Promoting gender equality, Goal 4. In the research of Choe, Thapa, and Protecting children’s lives and Goal 5&6. Achmad (2001) revealed that marriage before Improving Health. Basically the legal basis the age of 18 years generally occurs in for eradicating marriage at the global level has Indonesian women, especially in rural areas. been set in various international conventions, This can be attributed to low education, so that among others; Universal Declaration of with a higher education women are closely Human Rights, Supplementary Convention on tied to the slower age of adolescent marriage. the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery, Gap access opportunities both in terms of Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum well-being and equality affect the position of Age for Marriage and Registration of women in decision making in early marriage. Marriages, International Covenant on Based on Jones and Gubhaju's research (2008), Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in the last few decades, changes in the trend of Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of marriage age are more prevalent in urban areas Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), and in some provinces that further widen the gap Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). between rural and urban areas in Indonesia. Similarly, at the national level the legal In addition, early marriage can also be basis is already regulated in the Marriage Act caused by culture that is still very permissive no. 1/1974, Child Protection Law no. 23/2002, arranging marriage early on especially for and Domestic Violence Law. 23/2004 and the women. Early marriage in Indonesia Human Rights Law. In fact, Indonesia still frequently reflects a marriage that has been cannot protect it. Until now Indonesia has not arranged or because of pregnancy outside set the legal minimum age of marriage is 18 marriage (Jones & Gubhaju, 2008). In this years and over, but until 2010 there have been arranged marriage women have always been 158 countries with legal minimum married age married to young people. This suggests that is 18 years and over. On the basis of the asymmetric gender relations are most above, then the early marriage in Indonesia prevalent in younger women in the issue of still has a chance to keep happening early marriage. Based on several variations of considering the factors of legality that have not the study, it is illustrated that asymmetrical been fully formulated and cultural factors of gender relations are strongly influenced by different institutional and characteristics in social, economic and cultural factors each region so as to encourage the creation of (Moeljarto, 1997). early marriage. The consequence of this early marriage is very closely related to the

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The issue of low economic and Data were obtained by cross sectional in 4 educational needs has also always been one of provinces that experienced high marriage the causes of gender discrimination in women, based on Riskesdas 2010 data, among others, including in the issue of early marriage. South Kalimantan, Bangka Belitung, Central Research by Klasen and Wink (2002) show Sulawesi and West Java. Study done on where areas with increased education and Family and Local Policy Makers. In addition, welfare experience a decline in gender bias site selection was chosen because the four and areas with poor education and well-being selected provinces had overpopulated cause gender bias to remain unchanged and deteriorate. tendency above the national population growth rate (1.49%) in which the four provinces were On the basis of the background of the above South Kalimantan (1.98%), Bangka Belitung problems it is necessary to conduct field (3.14) Central Sulawesi (1,94%) and West studies on the causes and impacts of early Java (1.89%). In addition, a more in-depth marriage, especially in terms of socio- study will be conducted in one local district in economic population in Indonesia, especially each province that tends to be overpopulated, in provinces with the highest prevalence of among others Kab. Banjar (Kalsel), Kab. early marriage. Thus, the research questions South Bangka (Bangka Belitung), Donggala that need to be answered are 1) the extent of (Central Sulawesi) and Kab. Cianjur (Jabar). the current population impacts in the region associated with early marriage; and 2) how the RESULT AND DISCUSSION institutional role and policy interventions that A. The Cause of Early Marriage exist so far and what needs to be done so that The adolescent period is a preparatory the marriage control policy can be done period toward adulthood, one of which is the precisely and accurately. psychic preparation associated with marriage This study aims to obtain a comprehensive and family formation (Hurlock, 1990). This picture of the extent to which the socio- adolescent period then becomes an important economic impact of population occurring in period in human growth given the many the region associated with early marriage processes, both physical and psychic, that phenomena and the extent to which the occur within it. This growth process can be decision-making role in preventing it. In disrupted by several things, one of which is early marriage. Early marriage is then addition, the study also aims to obtain an considered an important issue that must have overview of current policies and accurate clear boundaries, not only on a national scale policy recommendation recommendations but also internationally. This is because early related to marriage control efforts in marriage often culminates in both health and Indonesia. developmental disadvantages for women, and it is one of the most widely overlooked issues METHOD of human rights abuses (UNFPA, 2006). The research was conducted qualitatively In Banjar , South Kalimantan, the with explorative approach by collecting background of early marriage issues is closely primary data in the form of In-depth interview related to sociocultural factors, especially the and Focus Group Discussion and using some Islamic religion which is very attached to one approaches in interpretive case study side and the role of modernization that grew methodology (understanding the phenomenon rapidly in recent times on the other. Kabag through the meaning of the people involved) Kesra Kab. Banjar reveals that: and grounded theory methodology (building the conclusion inductively based on the data Factors affecting that reality (early obtained to explain a social phenomenon). marriage) are social and cultural Besides, desk study is done to obtain factors of society, level of education, secondary data compiled in the form of economy, geography or region and statistical descriptions and analysis of family psychological factors. Another literature data to be analyzed qualitatively by factor that is quite influential is the using field data. nature of Banjar society classified as

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religious and the majority follow the for Health Research and Development, 2011). mazhab of Imam Syafi'i, mostly Overall, the age of first marriage ≤19 years to classical educational background or reach 52.62%, In the last three years for deep yellow book. women who were married between the ages of 15-19 years and even tend to stagnate, where The nature of the members of the in 2009 reached 48.51% and then decreased community makes them hold the principle of slightly to 48.23 % in 2011, and increased better prevent damage than already again to 48.44%. This shows that marriage is experiencing the things that are not desirable still and continues to occur in Central behind the day. Although it is actually Sulawesi, especially in rural areas (56.46%). acknowledged according to some sources, the public simply takes the religious grounds Reality in the field also shows the same curtailed without seeing the impact that thing as stated by the source of Health followed. On the other hand, the rapidly Department of Kab. Donggala who revealed growing modernization factor in South that the fact is seen in Posyandu (maternity Kalimantan over the past decade has been the centers) activities conducted in rural areas, entrance to new and free social and cultural where the majority of Posyandu visitors are values. The fact that makes parents more young mothers with teenage age. In general, frightened, and in the end makes the parents these teenage mothers have a low knowledge precisely arranged for the marriage done more of the risks of pregnancy at an early age and quickly to avoid the things that are not have health problems. In addition, economic desirable. This shows that the rapid economic reasons and cultural reasons are very obvious. growth as demonstrated by modernization Releasing the burden of parental responsibility actually encourages the occurrence of is one of the reasons for early marriage in the marriage at an early age. community most often raised both in interviews and FGDs in Kab. Donggala. Early marriage in the province of Bangka Belitung has been an issue that lasts for a long Child marriage in Central Sulawesi also time and continues to this day, especially in quite often practiced because of promiscuity Kab. South Bangka. South is and culture. During this time there is a one of the least developed districts in the customary elopement (nosikempalaisaka) that Bangka Islands with the most significant early hereditary has been done. In the event of marriage rate. In South Bangka District, there elopement, the adat leader will impose a is one phenomenon of change of causes of custom fine on the offender even though it is early marriage that occurred in the last decade. often used by young couples to force their Recognized by stakeholders in the field, if the parents to marry them off. But often the result first culture is the cause of early marriage, of imposing an early marriage through today it is the factor of modernity that became elopement causes female partners to get the main root, but nevertheless early marriage pregnant out of wedlock and ultimately is still ongoing for a different reason. parents also inevitably have to marry off their Based on informant information, almost all children. who ask for marriage dispensation (<16 years) The issue of early marriage in West Java to the Religious court for marriage permit is has been the concern of many parties, the reason for the promiscuity. Cases of especially in the area of Pantura. In addition to unmarried pregnancy are common, although the Pantura region, the area that has a high they cannot be generalized. But the emerging early marriage is Cianjur. Recognized by some case is admittedly significant. Usually when a speakers, the cause of the high age of young pregnancy outside of marriage then the couple marriage in Cianjur one of them is education, will remain married even massively where the average length of school is still 6.3 celebrated. Things like this become years or equivalent first grade junior high. commonplace without strong social control. School dropouts tend to be more vulnerable to Related to Southeast Sulawesi, the number marriage by their parents through siri mating in 2011 was 17.5% of women with the first to reduce the family's economic burden. marriage age of ≤16 years and 24.94% with the first marriage age ≤17-18 years (Agency

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B. Early Marriage, Modernization And public response to such social change is the Poverty In The Family revisionist strategy, in which victims are Jones &Gubhaju (2008) in his research obsessed with repeating routines or habits that revealed that early marriage in Indonesia have been successfully adapted or successfully frequently reflect marriage that has been done before but are actually irrelevant and arranged. This shows the family's role is incompatible with current circumstances closely related to early marriage, especially in (Toffler , 1971, p.359). The need to improve economic terms. Rahman and Rao (2004) the family welfare quickly include the desire reveal that the advantages of a biased to have a high purchasing power or reduce the economic growth against men have a negative burden of the economy, encouraging decision- impact on the role of women in family making, the head of the family to immediately decision making. They also reveal that there is marry his son, but that is not necessarily the evidence that household wealth actually right solution. reduces the role of women in household Discussion decision making. Moeljarto (1997) reveals that the effect of A. Main Problem asymmetric gender relations causes women's As an illustration, to provide a different lack of access to such things as food, health, picture, case studies were taken in three education and skills that can support them to provinces in the geographical area outside be productive. The lack of access directly Java, namely South Kalimantan, Bangka- leads to poverty. He explained that when Belitung and Central Sulawesi and as a women are poor, children are the only comparison, there were also studies in West controllable source to reduce their work Java Province to represent the Java region burden. It has resulted in the escape of which can generally be described as follows: education and poverty increasingly becoming. Table1Main Problem of Early Marriage Boserup (1989) states that in third world country in general rural families are organized Problem Kals Bangk Sulten Jaba into an autocratic age-sex hierarchy. Younger el a g r families should demonstrate compliance with Modernizati Yes Yes Yes Yes older parties, and the oldest party is the on decision maker in the family. In everyday life, Education Yes Yes Yes Yes men and women can regulate the workforce of Economic No Yes Yes Yes younger members of the same family in Pressure accordance with the habits of the division of SocioCultur Yes Yes Yes Yes labor in general, especially in couples of e women who aged early. The above describes Based on these descriptions, the root cause that the economy has a big influence in of early marriage in several provinces in decision making in the family. Indonesia in general is due to several dimensions, among others: modernization, Higher family consumption needs education, economic and socio-cultural encourage a desire to increase purchasing pressures. power while reducing the burden of economic pressure on families. This becomes a demand along with modernization and information 1) Modernization Symptom and Change of flowing into the country. This also encourages People’s Behavior the flow of consumption occurs faster in rural If compared basically the four provinces areas. Alvin Toffler (1971, p.355) calls this have the same background problems state of "decision stress," a state in which encountered in addressing the early marriage individuals trapped in slowly and suddenly that is the issue of modernization. This changing environments must adapt in new modernization phenomenon has become more environments demanding rapid and complex widespread and has an impact on changes in change so that they experience future shock . population behavior throughout the Province What to watch out for in the issue of early studied and encourages consumptive life marriage is when the family is trapped into a habits especially in the last decade. The thrust victim of future shock. He adds that the most

65 of globalization, information technology and through siri marriage to reduce the family's regional autonomy so rapidly can be one cause economic burden. of the phenomenon of modernization to the Education has in fact not been a priority for region. This leads to a culture shock to the improving the welfare of the population. On community. Increasing prosperity due to the other hand an increasingly increasing need economic growth is not accompanied by a for consumption encourages even greater long-term increase in the quality of life but a economic pressure on the family. This causes lifestyle that is more of a concern for the the families of both parents and children to public. This is particularly evident throughout prefer to work to earn income and meet their the province, especially in South Kalimantan needs or marry soon the child to reduce the and Bangka-Belitung which experienced the burden of the family rather than thinking long- most rapid economic boom due to mining. term prosperity through the quality of good The flow of modernization in society is education. indicated by the pattern of consumption and the pattern of high service usage of community The low public attention to education is members, one of them is by the utilization of evident throughout the province. In Central information flow services that enter very Sulawesi, this marriage often occurs in rural rapidly. The phenomenon of modernization areas where many girls are not attending has been increasingly widespread and has an school because of low access and the mindset impact on changes in population behavior that education is not a priority in the family. throughout the Province studied and Similarly, in South Kalimantan and Bangka- encourages more consumptive living habits. Belitung which experienced the most rapid The thrust of information globalization and economic boom in a decade due to mining. regional autonomy so rapidly can be one of the The rapid economic growth and educational causes of rapid modernization phenomenon. facilities that have been provided not This is very clearly seen in the province of accompanied by the interest of the community, Bangka Belitung especially in South Bangka. especially the younger generation in The background of early marriage problems in education. Self-actualization in the local the South Bangka region in general occurs young generation is still on the increase in mostly in rural areas and more due to the income and purchasing power and the ability factor of modernization. If the first culture is to get married soon instead of choosing the cause of early marriage, it is precisely the education. This is often the cause of the factor of modernity that became the main root students dropping out of school because they and social control actually weakened because are already working in the Mine and doing the of the local culture that tends to be very marriage at an early age. liquidity of new values. In addition, increasing unconventional tin mining activities in South Bangka have further boosted the purchasing 3) Economic Pressure And Poverty At power of young people in the short term and Family Level have an impact on their consumptive attitude. In some Provinces, the dimensions of economic pressures, especially the effects of poverty, are particularly pronounced except in 2) Lack of interest to Education South Kalimantan. Increasingly higher Basically, the four provinces have the same consumption needs over the past decade have background of problems in dealing with early encouraged even higher economic pressure on marriage that is low level of education and families. This ultimately leads families to both interest in school. Increased welfare due to parents and children to work to earn economic growth and modernization flows in immediate income and to meet their needs or some observed provinces are not accompanied to marry sooner children to reduce family by the interest of the community to improve burdens (economic pressure) rather than the quality of education, it appears in the early thinking long-term prosperity through the marriage actors who leave school is still in the creation of good quality education. This age of junior high. Education is often linked to dimension of economic pressure greatly early marriage because out-of-school children influences the decision of parents in marrying tend to be more vulnerable to marriage their children, this happens in all provinces

66 except in South Kalimantan. Things that are economic and cultural reasons of various local not much different also look in West Java cultures that are still strongly adat. Releasing which actually gets more attention center in the burden of parental responsibility is one welfare issues including economy. Based on reason for the early marriage of the Kaili the description of the problems in each community. This is done to release the Province generally can be seen that the root of family's economic pressure and their fear of early marriage problems in the region is an free association because they see their economic reason that aims to shift the burden daughters have male friends due to of the family. modernization. In the Bugis tribe, cultural and economic reasons are also apparent. Marriage This economic pressure is also strongly is often a traditionally arranged marriage by associated with social changes due to rapid parents to maintain family ties. This culture is economic growth and consumption demands still very strong and still carried on for due to the flow of modernization. The need to generations in order to maintain the improve the family welfare quickly include the regeneration, especially family inheritance. desire to have a high purchasing power or reduce the burden of the economy, encouraging decision-making, the head of the B. Institutional Role family to immediately marry his son, but that In terms of influential institutional roles in is not necessarily the right solution. What early marriage control, there are fundamental attracts the roots of this economic problem differences between provinces. often goes hand in hand with cultural factors.

The reasons for early marriage culture in rural 1) The Role of Custom and Religion as a areas often go hand in hand with economic Social Control needs, as explained in the root of cultural The role of traditional and religious leaders issues as the basic reason for early marriage. in some provinces is still very strong, especially in Central Sulawesi, South Kalimantan and West Java. While in Bangka 4) Culture As Basic Reasons Early Marriage Belitung, the role of traditional and religious The socio-cultural dimension is still very leaders is no longer having much impact on strong in some provinces except Bangka. the community. With the role of traditional Cultural dimension is still strong from the first and religious leaders can basically be the to the present. If viewed partially, the entrance for early marriage control efforts. But background of early marriage problems it will be a big challenge if done in Central especially in Banjar region is closely related to Sulawesi is multicultural and tend to be the socio-cultural and religious dimension that recessive. This will be easily done through is very inherent in the mindset of society traditional and religious figures if conducted in (habits) and the role of modernization is South Kalimantan and which growing rapidly recent time on the other hand tend to be more open, while in Ba-Bel, that also affect the mindset of local especially in South Bangka, the role of communities . From cultures, it has been a traditional and religious leaders have generally long time since early marriage was done to faded so as to need another breakthrough or girls at a young age to avoid the assumption of attempt to change the mindset different older maids and usually mated to older ones. customary leaders. It must be acknowledged Interestingly, however, the cultural dimension that the role of traditional and religious leaders further eroded its influence on some provinces will be particularly important as a means of and even disappeared in the province of social control. Bangka Belitung, especially in the last decade. In terms of customs and religion in South Often the cultural dimension is only used as an Kalimantan, local religious leaders are excuse to cover the reasons for economic traditional leaders, and they have an important pressures. influence on family decision making. Local What is more different and interesting is religious figures also have a very strong ability the roots of early marriage problems in to influence the masses. Parents in the family Donggala, Central Sulawesi, especially the were very follow the direction of the leaders of Kaili tribe is in the countryside for the religious leaders. In addition, these religious

67 leaders are not difficult to approach but the in determining the choice for the child. The approach taken so far is felt to be very lacking. value of religion is the main thing used as the From the institutional side of adat and religion, foundation of the parents in marrying their in South Bangka in general the local culture children at an early age. In addition to has been very liquid. The role of cultural religious values, another reason for marrying institutions, religions or customs of local parents is that they do not want to be communities in South Bangka is almost embarrassed and bear the burden if their invisible. The absence of the role of the daughters are not married, both in terms of institution has a major impact on the weakness establishment (while they are capable) and of social control within the Bangka will be involved free association. community. The role of cultural, religious and In the institutional parents and families in customary institutions in Bangka Belitung is South Bangka, the lack of social control in the stronger in the Chinese community and community affects the role of parents and transmigrant communities. According to one family. Parents tend to be permissive, they local Buddhist acknowledged that there had assume that marriage is a learning process, been a significant level of early marriage in without realizing that often after marriage the community. But along with the increasing even cause new problems in the family. role of religious leaders this can be Parent’s factor will determine the child will go significantly suppressed. This shows that to school or not. This reluctance to go to strong social control of society can actually school is economical because teenage boys control the early marriage in Bangka Belitung. prefer to work and get married with teenage From the institutional side of Adat and girls who also prefer to get married and this Religion in the communities of Kaili and wish is also approved by parents. The role of Bugis in Central Sulawesi, the role of adat institutional parents and families in Donggala leaders often doubles as religious leaders and while still tied to adat and religion is very in general is still very strong both in the strong in determining early marriage, various majorities that exist. These values are especially due to economic pressures, often still strongly held by the local community parents want to marry off their children at an including the Kaili tribe as well as Bugis tribe early age because of the desire to shift the as immigrants. It is not unusual in the case of burden of economic pressure or keep family complicated family issues reported to inheritance and these desires are often customary leaders, especially in giving supported both customarily and religiously. approval of the issues reported to them. Not all The role of parents in the family in Cianjur is indigenous groups in Donggala and Central huge. Parents really manage the relationship of Sulawesi have been affected by religious the child. Often there is a marriage on the values, especially in remote indigenous grounds that parents are afraid to see the communities (KAT) that are still prevalent in intercourse of their children, including when Central Sulawesi. Many KAT tribes still they see their children are dating. But as with adhere to animism. In this adat group, early other areas, there are many cases of parents marriage is difficult to avoid as marriages are who marry off their children for economic made with local adat leaders. reasons, especially to reduce family burdens.

5) The Role of Parents and Families is Very 6) The Role of Government: Weak of Dominant Coordination and Family Planning In the institutional family, in general, In terms of the role of the government, parents are still in control of early marriage generally socialization or advocacy efforts to decision making. Regardless of economic the community are still very limited and pressures, the impact of modernization without adequate policy planning so that in the becomes fear in the minds of parents at least in end socialization and advocacy efforts are the provinces of South Kalimantan, Central often stopped and unsustainable. Advocacy to Sulawesi and West Java so they want to marry educational institutions such as junior high off their children. In the family institution in schools, high schools and pesantren by the Banjar, the parent’s factor is still very strong government is still minimal whereas the role

68 of new educational institutions can work well in a sustainable and cross-cutting priority so if there is direct coordination from the that synergies can be coordinated. government. It appears that almost all districts are still very weak in terms of policy CONCLUSION coordination, especially across sectors, which The root of the main problem of early makes synergy difficult to achieve due to high marriage in several provinces in Indonesia in sectoral ego in each sector. general is due to several dimensions, among As the determinants and implementers of others: modernization, education, economic policies basically in the districts of Banjar, and socio-cultural pressures. Details can be Donggala and Cianjur, officials in general summarized as follows: already have a sufficient understanding of the A symptom of Modernization and Change issue of early marriage. However, this is not Behavior of public consumption is a major evident in policy planning where the issue of issue faced in addressing early marriage. The early marriage where this issue has not flow of modernization in society is shown by become a priority of attention both at the consumption pattern and the pattern of usage provincial and district levels. of information flow service very rapidly and Policy coordination efforts for early causes culture shock to society. marriage issues, stakeholders at the provincial The low public interest in education where level have made cross-sectoral advocacy the improvement of welfare due to the efforts particularly through the facilitation economic growth that occurred was not efforts of the Provincial BKKBN accompanied by the real interest of the Representative Office. However similar things community towards the improvement of the do not occur at the District level. Stakeholders quality of life in education. Many of the early at the district level acknowledge that cross- marriage actors who leave school are still in sectoral coordination has not been done the age of junior high. specifically for this issue. The sense of sectoral ego is felt at the district level. The Economic Pressure and Family Poverty. apparent impact of this weak Increased consumption needs are increasingly institutionalization is the inaccessibility of high the last decade even encourage increasing socialization in society, including religious economic pressure on the family. This leaders. ultimately causes the families of both parents and children to prefer to work to earn Basically the issue of early marriage has immediate income and meet their needs or not been a concern of the local government marry soon the child to reduce the burden of both provincial and district / city, there has the family (economic pressure). been no planning and coordination efforts that involve cross-sector specifically for early Culture as the basic reason for early marriage control. At the District level, several marriage. The cultural dimension is still strong local Dinas have basically started activities but from the first to the present, but interestingly, coordination has not been undertaken. The the cultural dimension has further dented its issue of budgeting and regulation becomes a influence on some provinces and even major obstacle at the district level. This has an disappeared in Bangka Belitung province, impact on extension function which is still especially in the last decade. Often the cultural done very limited. Synergistic coordination dimension is only used as an excuse to cover becomes very urgent to do considering the the reasons for economic pressures. rapid shift in value through modernization In terms of influential institutional roles in where its influence has entered into the rural early marriage control, there are fundamental areas. differences between provinces. In detail, in Stakeholder awareness in general is visible, terms of institutional role can be summarized just how to ensure the commitment of as follows: stakeholders in the issue of early marriage. The role of customs and religion is very The problem lies in how to prioritize this issue important and should be upgraded as a Social Control. The role of traditional and religious leaders in some provinces is still very strong,

69 especially in Central Sulawesi, South and religious figures is still limited in the Kalimantan and West Java. While in Bangka regions. Belitung, the role of traditional and religious Increased capacity of parents especially in leaders is no longer having much impact on raising interest in education and reducing the community. With the role of traditional economic pressure at family level. Parents still and religious leaders can basically be the have a very strong and dominant role in the entrance for early marriage control efforts. It family especially in early marriage decision should be acknowledged that the role of making. traditional and religious leaders will be Strengthening the role of school institutions, particularly important as a means of social especially at the junior high school level. control especially for the younger generation. Many married marriage couples have low The role of parents in the family in early education level drop-out junior high school so marriage decision making is very dominant. In that prevention in educational institutions the family institution, the role of parents is still becomes important to do. very dominant in decision making in early Strengthening the role of Local Government in marriage. On the other hand in general, parents terms of early marriage control through policy still hold the customs and traditions. The impact of modernization is also often a planning and cross sector coordination more separate fear in the minds of parents and a intensively. The biggest disadvantage in the reason to immediately marry his son. The regions is the lack of coordination in early important role of parents and families in the marriage control and weak policy planning management of early marriage unfortunately resulting in the absence of required budget and not coupled with the understanding of early regulation. marriage well. Weak Coordination and Policy Planning REFERENCE Government in the early marriage control. The Akarro, R. R., & Mtweve, N. A. (2011). role of local government in general is still very Poverty and Its Association with Child limited. In general these efforts are limited by Labour in Njombe District in the absence of policy and budget planning and Tanzania: The Case of Igima Ward. weak coordination among agencies in the field Current Research Journal of Social so that socialization and advocacy efforts are Science, 3(3), 199-206. often discontinued and unsustainable. One of Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan the causes of synergy is difficult to achieve is Kesehatan. (2011). Riset Kesehatan a high sectoral ego in each agency in the Dasar. : Kementerian region. Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Boserup, E. (1989). Population, the Status of Recommendation Women, and Rural Development. On the basis of the above conclusions it is Population and Development Review, recommended to approach the policy of early 15, 45-60. marriage control as follows: Choe, M. K., Thapa, S., & Achmad, S. (2001). Socialization and advocacy must be Early Marriage and Childbearing in conducted directly and intensively in the field Indonesia and Nepal. East-West in anticipation of the rapidity of symptoms Center Working Papers Population Modernization and changes in community Series No. 108-15. Honolulu: East- behavior. Socialization is no longer limited to West Center. media promotion, but more explanation is Field, E., & Ambrus, A. (2008). Early needed in the community. Marriage, Age of Menarche, and Female Schooling Attainment in Strengthening the role of Indigenous and Bangladesh. Journal of Political Religious figures as a Social Control. This is Economy, 116(5), 881-930. because culture and religion are often used as Godha, D., Hotchkiss, D. R., & Gage, A. J. the basic reason for early marriage. The role of (2013). Association between child religious leaders is generally responsive to marriage and reproductive health various issues, but the approach to traditional outcomes and service utilization: a

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