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The Violations of Cooperative Principle As the Creativity of Humour in Banjar Madihin Art

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The Violations of Cooperative Principle As the Creativity of Humour in Banjar Madihin Art Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 247 International Conference on Science and Education and Technology 2018 (ISET 2018) The Violations of Cooperative Principle as The Creativity of Humour in Banjar Madihin Art Siti Faridah1, Rustono2, Agus Nuryatin3, Hari Bakti Mardikantoro4 1,2,3,4Graduate School,Univesitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia 1Corresponding email : [email protected] Abstract Madihin art is one of the oral literatures in Banjarmasin, Indonesia. It is performed alongside humour that can be used as a way of communication. The purpose of this study was to find out the violations of the cooperative principle in Banjar madihin art by identifying the violations of conversational maxims. It employed descriptive qualitative method. Meanwhile, the research data consisted of ten videos of Banjar madihin art performances chosen randomly either the date or location of performances and downloaded from Youtube from February 2017 until December 2017. The data collection of those videos was done by the methods of recording, relating and note-taking. Further, the collected data were analysed using normative method. The results showed that the violations of cooperative principle, namely 6 violations of the maxim of quantity or 17%, 8 maxim of quality violations or 23%, 11 violations of the maxim of relevance or 31% and 10 violations of the maxim of manner or 29%. It showed that the highest rank of the maxim violation was the maxim of relevance violations. Moreover, there were found irrelevant, unclear, disorderly and ambiguous speeches in accordance with the matter discussed. They are intended a means of creativity of humour. Keywords: maxims of cooperative principle, madihin art, humour creativity. 1.Introduction Apparently, there found humour aspects One of the well-known oral literatures of in the speeches of Banjar madihin art. Banjar region in South Kalimantan is Humour is any form of stimulation, both madihin art. It is a Banjar oral literature art verbal and nonverbal that potentially which is presented in the form of provokes a smile and laughter of the audience performance (Yulianto, 2015). Madihin (Rustono, 1998). It serves as a means of comes from the Arabic word 'madah' which social protest, educational means, means of means 'advice', but it can also mean 'praise'. entertainment and media to improve morals This art then becomes a genre of poetry from or moral (Danandjaja, 2002). Meanwhile, the Banjar tribe and it only exists among the humour found in Banjar madihin art is related Banjar tribe in South Kalimantan. Madihin to pragmatics since there found violations of began to be known since 1800 invented by cooperative principle introduced by Grice the Banjar community and continues to grow that consists of four basic maxims as follow: until now that people can still enjoy it (Leha, maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim 2018). This art is an entertainment for the of relevance, and maxim of implementation whole community (Rafiek, 2016). It is or maxim of manner (Rustono, 1998, Yule, performed by the artists of madihan called 2006, Wijana and Rohmadi, 2011, Saghebi 'pemadihinan' accompanied by a traditional and Sobhani, 2014). musical instrument called as 'tarbang' or The development of madihin art is not as 'Rebana' (tambourine). Over time, the rapid as before due to the laxity of function of madihin art changes into the community traditions and attitudes of public entertainment for people at certain times such indifference, especially the younger as entertainment fillers after harvest, generation of Banjar madihin art. On the one marriage, circumcision and as a means to hand, in the southern region of Borneo, criticize the government, media information, especially in Banjarmasin, madihin art is socialization government programs, used by madihin artists as an efficient education media, and da'wah (the medium to express thoughts and ideas on proselytizing or preaching of Islam) media. political, social and cultural issues by In addition, the performance of madihin art is humming through humour. That is why it is not only aimed at serving entertain the very interesting to investigate, especially on community but also a form to preserve local its violations of cooperative principle. This culture Banjar (Faridah, 2017). research needs to be done because there is no Copyright © 2018, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. 443 This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 247 previous research concerning about the contexts. The studies included: analysis of ad violations of cooperative principle in Banjar languages (Pop, 2010, Liu, 2012), analysis of madihin art which is realized as the creativity maxims adjustments in teaching writing of humour. Meanwhile, the previous studies (White, 2001), analysis of maxim found only include 'Characteristics Studies, implications during real time conversations Staging Structure, Pemadihinan Creativity, (Sedivy, 2007), investigation of some Development and its follow up in South conversational maxims violations in the Kalimantan' (Rafiek, 2016) as well as Desperate Housewives TV series (Tupan and religious values in madihin art (Leha, 2018). Natalia, 2008), analysis of four maxims in Regarding the previous explanation, the psychological counselling (Jia, 2008), purpose of this study was to find any analysis of maxim application for political violations of cooperative principle as a means interviews (Al-Hamadi and Muhammed, of creativity of humour in the Banjar madihin 2009), and analysis of deep conversational art. In addition, this study gives benefit to maxims film (Khosravizadeh Sadehvandi, introduce local culture of Banjar area and 2011) and an analysis of the implementation expected to be a space for the existence of of the cooperative principle in Indonesian Banjar madihin art. native speakers (Herawati, 2013), pragmatic analysis of the use of presuppositions and 2.Method implicatures as a fundamental resource in the Qualitative descriptive method was used film 'Woody Allen's Anything Else' (Alvaro, in this study to describe the violations of 2011 ), analysis of the violations of cooperative principle in Banjar madihin art. cooperative principle maxims in Japanese The data consisted of 10 video recordings of children and adults aged 4 to 6 years (Okanda this art performance. They were randomly et al, 2015), analysis of English humour downloaded from YouTube website and based on the types of ambiguity, namely differed in terms of both date and location of syntactic, semantic, lexical, and structural, performances since February 2017 to the violations of maxims of manner and December 2017. The data of those 10 videos maxim of relevance (Taghiyev, 2017). were collected by the methods of recording, Based on the analysis, the researchers relating and note-taking. Since the data of the found some violations of the cooperative videos were in form of spoken text, they were principle and conversation maxims. The transcribed into the written one. The violations occurred in the maxim of quantity, transcription results were identified, maxim of quality, maxim of relevance and classified, categorized, and the analyzed maxim of manner. These maxims violations using normative method. Meanwhile, were committed by speakers or madihin normative method is a data matching method artists in order to create humour or creativity based on the criteria of cooperative principle. of humour. The results of the findings are Then, the next stage was data presentation shown in Table 1. and conclusions drawing. Table 1. The Results of the Violations of 3. Results and Discussion Cooperative Principle in Banjar Madihin Art The violation of the cooperative No Maxims Number of (%) principle is a condition in which speaker Violations deliberately does not meet or obey the four 1 Quantity 6 17 conversation maxims to obtain the 2 Quality 8 23 implicature effect in the speech and has a 3 Relevance 11 31 specific purpose such as to entertain, create 4 Manner 10 29 funny talks, make a joke and others. The Total speaker violates the maxim when he / she 35 100 knows that the listener will not know the truth and only understands the words surface Table 1 shows that the most violations meaning alone. In line with this, researches found in madihin art was the violation of the related to the cooperative principle and maxim of relevance (31%). It was because violations of conversational maxims of Grice the speakers often provided information (1975) have been conducted in various which was deviated from the topic discussed, 444 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research (ASSEHR), volume 247 irrelevant, and talked with jokes and Maxim of Quantity Violation excessive exchanges. The next maxim which In this study, there found 6 violations of had many violations was the maxim of maxim of quantity (17%) occurred in Banjar manner as much as 29% data. This was madihin art. This happened because the because the speakers in the performance of speakers (pemadihinan) named John Tralala Banjar madihin art talked something provided excessive information. On the other unclearly, having multiple interpretation and hand, maxim of quantity requires the speaker incoherent, so this is what made maxim to contribute sufficiently or as much as violations occurred a lot. The next rank of needed by the interlocutor. That is, the maxim violation was obtained by maxim of speaker must provide information in quality violations of 23%. This happened accordance with the needs of his opponent, because speakers said things which were not no less and no more (Wijana and Rohmadi, true. Every participant of the conversation 2011). This maxim requires the speaker to said something that did not have sufficient provide the information required by the evidence. This was what caused this maxim speaker himself and not provide incomplete of quality violation. At last, the least maxim information (Kamariah, 2015). In essence, violation came from maxim of quantity the maxim of quantity is violated when a (17%).
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