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Macoinvertebrados Asociados a Manglar Como Indicadores De

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Macoinvertebrados Asociados a Manglar Como Indicadores De UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA INDÍGENA DE MÉXICO COORDINACIÓN GENERAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y POSTGRADO DOCTORADO EN CIENCIAS EN DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE DE RECURSOS NATURALES MACROINVERTEBRADOS ASOCIADOS A MANGLAR COMO INDICADORES DEL IMPACTO EN EL HÁBITAT DE LAS BAHÍAS DE OHUIRA Y TOPOLOBAMPO, SINALOA, MÉXICO TESIS QUE COMO REQUISITO PARCIAL PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS EN DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE DE RECURSOS NATURALES PRESENTA JESÚS MANUEL DÍAZ GAXIOLA NOVIEMBRE DE 2012 La presente tesis titulada “Macroinvertebrados asociados a manglar como indicadores del impacto en el hábitat de las bahías de Ohuira y Topolobampo, Sinaloa, México”, bajo la dirección del consejo particular indicado, ha sido aprobada y aceptada por el mismo como requisito parcial para obtener el grado de DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS EN DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE DE RECURSOS NATURALES. DIRECTOR: DR. GUSTAVO ENRIQUE ROJO MARTÍNEZ____________________ CO-DIRECTOR: DR. MICHEL E. HENDRICKX RENERS______________________ ASESOR: DRA. ROSA MARTÍNEZ RUÍZ_________________________________ ASESOR: DR. BENITO RAMÍREZ VALVERDE_____________________________ ASESOR: DR. SALVADOR MARTÍN MEDINA TORRES______________________ ASESOR: DR. ESTUARDO LARA PONCE________________________________ i DEDICATORIAS A Dios por permitirme la vida y la salud y por la sabiduría para seguir entendiendo un poco más sobre la maravilla de la naturaleza. A mi esposa Virginia Moraila quien gracias a su apoyo y amor ha hecho posible la culminación de este proyecto. ¡Gracias por cuidarme tan bien! Te amo. A mis hijos Jesús Eider y Kevin Alejandro por aguantar las ausencias y permitirme seguir con este sueño. Los amo. A la hermosa familia Díaz-Gaxiola por hacer que este tiempo fuera más llevadero. Todos son importantes y cada uno a su manera enriquece a la familia. Gracias por su apoyo. A mis amig@s y compañer@s del ITLM quienes me han cuidado estos últimos 4 años. A mis alumn@s y exalumn@s por su energía y sus porras. A mis profesores y amigos del posgrado. A todos los estudiosos del ambiente y de sus especies. ii AGRADECIMIENTOS Al Dr. Gustavo E. Rojo Martínez y a la Dra. Rosa Martínez Ruiz por la confianza depositada en mí, así como por todo el apoyo recibido durante mi estancia en la UAIM y por sus aportes académicos. Al Dr. Michel E. Hendrickx R. por sus valiosas críticas y enorme apoyo durante todo este tiempo. Al Dr. Gustavo Ramírez Valverde, Dr. Benito Ramírez Valverde y Dr. Humberto Vaquera Huerta por su apoyo y enormes enseñanzas. Al Dr. Estuardo Lara Ponce por sus acertados comentarios que ayudaron a mejorar este trabajo. A todo el claustro académico de la UAIM que participó en mi formación durante estos 4 años: Dr. Hugo Piña Ruiz, Dr. José Ángel Vera, Dra. Hilda Susana Azpiroz Rivero, Dra. Rocío Rosas Vargas, Dr. Javier Suárez Espinoza, Dra. María Teresa Villalobos Mendívil, Dra. María del Carmen Martínez Valenzuela, Dr. Ramón Kuri Camacho y Dr. José Ángel Trigueros Salmerón. A la Dra. Cristiane Maria Rocha Farrapeira de la Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil por su valiosa aportación para identificar los cirrípedios. Al Dr. Mark S. Harvey del Western Australian Museum, WA, Australia por su valioso apoyo con literatura para la identificación de los Pseudoscorpiones. A todos mis herman@s-amig@s del grupo de posgrado: Arnulfo, Cipriano, Héctor (la Banda de la Piocha), Claudia, Roberto, Cañedo, Jaime, Raudel, iii Ramón, Rey David, los arquis (Daniel y Alfonso), Julia y Lorena y a todos quienes hicieron más divertido el aprendizaje y la convivencia diaria, así como el avance a través de los módulos. A Luz Elena Zazueta y a Margarita Urías por su ayuda constante y generosa. Al MC Jaime A. Félix Herrán por la revisión de los summarys. Mil Gracias! A todas las personas que me acompañaron a lo largo de los muestreos de campo, durante el análisis de las muestras y en todo este tiempo de “locura”. A todos los alumnos de servicio social, residentes profesionales y tesistas que participaron en las colectas y procesado de las muestras: Rubén Absalón Pérez Hernández, Rosalba Granados Araujo, Jesús Alfonso Barreras Gaxiola, Sergio Eliezer Ortega Cortez, José Socorro Rodríguez Navarro, Rogelio Corrales López, Francisco Javier Gaxiola Sarmiento, Aidé Estrada Carrillo, Laura Bajo Orduño y Cinthia Aglae Cota Armenta y a quienes asistieron y colaboraron de alguna manera haciendo estas jornadas más placenteras. A José Eduardo Gámez López por el apoyo con las fotografías de las estaciones. A Carlos “Buzo” González por transportarnos siempre con seguridad y buen humor por las bahías. Al Aprio© y mis Nike© que siempre cargaron conmigo y mis colectas antes, durante y después de las jornadas de muestreo. A Sky-Fm que siempre me acompañó hasta en las madrugadas más cansadas. “El todo es mucho más complejo que la suma de sus partes” Aristóteles iv RESUMEN GENERAL Se presenta la información del análisis de la macrofauna de invertebrados marinos asociados a las comunidades de manglar de las bahías de Ohuira y Topolobampo, Sinaloa, México. Se muestrearon diez estaciones (I-X) a lo largo de un año (2010-2011), estudiándose organismos asociados al sistema radicular del manglar, al sedimento y la fauna errante. En cada zona se midió la temperatura del agua, el oxígeno disuelto, el pH, la salinidad, la materia orgánica y la textura de los fondos. Se identificaron 258 especies, resultando 12 phyla: Porifera (11 especies), Cnidaria (tres), Ctenophora (una), Platyhelminthes (una), Nemertea (una), Annelida (Polychaeta) (28), Sipuncula (una), Mollusca (115) Arthropoda (85), Ectoprocta (dos), Echinodermata (seis) y Chordata (Ascididae) (cuatro). Las especies con mayor abundancia absoluta fueron el cirripedio Amphibalanus amphitrite y el molusco gasterópodo Vermetus indentatus con 13,624 y 11,033 organismos (30.73% y 24.84% respectivamente de todas las muestras). La salinidad fue el único parámetro que resultó más bajo (EI) que en el resto de las zonas de muestreo. La estación VI presentó mayor riqueza de especies con 145, mientras que la I tuvo solamente 39 especies. En el Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) sobresalen tres componentes: PC1 (40.818), PC2 (22.058) y PC3 (15.984) destacando la relación entre las especies recolectadas y la salinidad del agua, la temperatura y el fitoplancton tóxico, así como la materia orgánica y el pH. El análisis por agrupación muestra a dos conglomerados principales donde sobresalen la estación I en un grupo y la VI en otro (la menos y más biodiversa). v GENERAL SUMMARY Analysis provides information of marine invertebrate macrofauna associated with mangrove communities in Ohuira and Topolobampo bays, in the state of Sinaloa, Mexico. Ten stations (I-X) were sampled over a year (2010-2011), studying organisms associated with root systems of mangroves, sediment and wildlife wandering. In each area was measured the next variables: water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, organic matter and texture of the funds were these plant communities inhabits. A total of 258 species were identified, resulting in 12 phyla: Porifera (11 species), Cnidaria (three), Ctenophora (one), Platyhelminthes (one), Nemertea (one), Annelida (Polychaeta) (28), Sipuncula (one), Mollusca (115) Arthropoda (85), Ectoprocta (two), Echinodermata (six) and Chordata (Ascididae) (four). The species with the highest absolute abundance were the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite and the mollusk gastropod Vermetus indentatus with 13,624 and 11,033 specimens (30.73% and 24.84% of all samples). Salinity was the only parameter that was lower (EI) than the other sampling areas. Station VI showed higher species richness with 145 species, while station I had only 39 species. In the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) protrude three components: PC1 (40.818), PC2 (22.058) and PC3 (15.984) highlighting the relationship between collected species and water salinity, temperature and phytoplankton, also the organic matter and pH. The cluster analysis shows two main clusters where station I stand in a group and the VI in another (the least and most biodiverse). vi CONTENIDO Capítulo Tema Página Dedicatoria ii Agradecimientos iii Resumen general v General summary vi Índice de figuras xiv Índice de cuadros xxx Introducción general 1 Objetivo general y objetivos específicos 4 Capítulo 1 Importancia de los manglares, el daño de los 7 efectos antropogénicos y su marco jurídico: El caso Sistema Lagunar de Topolobampo / Importance of mangroves, damage of human impacts and legal framework: The case of Topolobampo lagoon system Resumen 7 Summary 8 vii Capítulo Tema Página Introducción 9 Materiales y Métodos 12 Descripción general del área de estudio 12 Metodología 14 Resultados y Discusión 15 Adaptaciones morfológicas del manglar 19 Adaptaciones de las hojas a condiciones salinas 19 Adaptaciones de la raíz a suelos salinos, con poco 20 oxígeno Adaptaciones reproductivas al medio ambiente 21 de marea Especies de manglar en México 22 Importancia y problemática del manglar 25 Marco jurídico sobre los manglares 31 Conclusiones 37 Literatura consultada 38 viii Capítulo Tema Página Capítulo 2 Biodiversidad de macroinvertebrados asociados al 46 ecosistema de manglar de la Bahía de Ohuira y Topolobampo, Sinaloa, México / Biodiversity of macroinvertebrates related to mangrove ecosystem in Ohuira and Topolobampo Bay, Sinaloa, Mexico Resumen 46 Summary 47 Introducción 48 Antecedentes 54 Materiales y Métodos 63 Área de estudio 63 Litoral 64 Batimetría 66 Clima 66 Características bióticas de las bahías del sistema lagunar de Topolobampo, Sinaloa, México
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