DOCSLIB.ORG

The Slave Trade and Culture in the Bight of Biafra G

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Slave Trade and Culture in the Bight of Biafra G Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88347-4 — The Slave Trade and Culture in the Bight of Biafra G. Ugo Nwokeji Frontmatter More Information The Slave Trade and Culture in the Bight of Biafra The Slave Trade and Culture in the Bight of Biafra dissects and explains the structure, dramatic expansion, and manifold effects of the slave trade in the Bight of Biafra. By showing that the rise of the Aro merchant group was the key factor in trade expansion, G. Ugo Nwokeji reinterprets why and how such large-scale commerce developed in the absence of large-scale centralized states. The result is the fi rst study to link the structure and trajectory of the slave trade in a major exporting region to the expansion of a specifi c African merchant group – among other fresh insights into Atlantic Africa’s involvement in the trade – and the most comprehensive treatment of Atlantic slave trade in the Bight of Biafra. The fundamental role of culture in the organization of trade is highlighted, transcending the usual economic explanations in a way that complicates traditional generalizations about work, domestic slavery, and gender in precolonial Africa. G. Ugo Nwokeji is assistant professor of African American studies at the University of California, Berkeley. His research focuses on the cultural history and political economy of Africa since 1500, with par- ticular focus on international commerce in the Nigerian Niger Delta and its hinterland. Professor Nwokeji is the author of the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy’s The Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation and the Development of the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry: History, Strategies, and Current Directions (2007) and multi- ple journal articles and book chapters, as well as co-editor of Religion, History and Politics in Nigeria (2005). © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88347-4 — The Slave Trade and Culture in the Bight of Biafra G. Ugo Nwokeji Frontmatter More Information The Slave Trade and Culture in the Bight of Biafra An African Society in the Atlantic World G. UGO NWOKEJI University of California, Berkeley © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88347-4 — The Slave Trade and Culture in the Bight of Biafra G. Ugo Nwokeji Frontmatter More Information University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, ny 10006, usa 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia 314-321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi - 110025, India 103 Penang Road, #05-06/07, Visioncrest Commercial, Singapore 238467 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521883474 © G. Ugo Nwokeji 2010 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2010 First paperback edition 2013 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Nwokeji, G. Ugo. The slave trade and culture in the Bight of Biafra: an African society in the Atlantic world / G. Ugo Nwokeji. p. cm. isbn 978-0-521-88347-4 (hardback) 1. Slave trade – Biafra, Bight of, Region – History. 2. Slavery – Biafra, Bight of, Region – History. 3. Biafra, Bight of, Region – Social conditions. I. Title. ht1334.b5n87 2010 306.3´620916373–dc22 2010021039 isbn 978-0-521-88347-4 Hardback isbn 978-1-107-66220-9 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88347-4 — The Slave Trade and Culture in the Bight of Biafra G. Ugo Nwokeji Frontmatter More Information This book is dedicated to the memory of Don Ohadike, historian and gentleman © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88347-4 — The Slave Trade and Culture in the Bight of Biafra G. Ugo Nwokeji Frontmatter More Information Contents List of Tables and Figures page ix Map of the Bight of Biafra and Its Hinterland xi Preface xiii Foreword by Paul E. Lovejoy xxiii 1 Introduction 1 2 The Aro in the Atlantic Context: Expansion and Shifts, 1600s–1807 22 3 The Trade Diaspora in Regional Context: Aro Commercial Organization in the Era of Expansion, 1740–1850 53 4 Culture Formation in the Trading Frontier, c. 1740 to c. 1850 82 5 Household and Market Persons: Deportees and Society, c. 1740–c. 1850 117 6 The Slave Trade, Gender, and Culture 144 7 Cultural and Economic Aftershocks 178 8 Summary and Conclusions 204 Notes on Sources 209 Sources Cited 223 Index 265 vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88347-4 — The Slave Trade and Culture in the Bight of Biafra G. Ugo Nwokeji Frontmatter More Information Tables and Figures Tables 0.1. Estimated Volume of Biafra Captive Exports, 1551–1850, by Twenty-Five-Year Period page xiv 2.1. Estimated Volume of the Transatlantic Captive Departures from the Bight of Biafra and All African Regions Combined, Primarily Five-Year Intervals, 1531–1740 33 2.2. A Sample of Captive Prices (in Copper Bars) in New Calabar and Old Calabar, 1678–1704 36 2.3. The Volume of the Transatlantic Captive Departures from the Bight of Biafra and All African Regions Combined, Five-Year Intervals, 1701–1805 38 2.4. Time Spent by Ships at African Ports, 1751–1800 39 2.5. Daily Average Number of Captives Loaded Per Vessel, 1701–50 41 2.6. Daily Average Number of Captives Loaded Per Vessel, 1751–1800 41 2.7. Estimated Departures of Captives from Bight of Biafra Ports by Quarter Century, 1651–1850 (in thousands) 46 3.1. Division of Spheres among Aro Lineage-Groups 61 3.2. Principal Aro Settlements at the Edge of the Igbo Heartland 62 ix © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88347-4 — The Slave Trade and Culture in the Bight of Biafra G. Ugo Nwokeji Frontmatter More Information x Tables and Figures 4.1. Arondizuogu Lineage-Groups before 1890 and the Probable Original Occupiers of the Land 89 4.2. Sequence of Nucleation of Arondizuogu Lineage-Groups 92 4.3. Lexicostatistics of Arochukwu, Arondizuogu, Nri-Awka, and Non-Aro Communities Around Arondizuogu 109 6.1. Proportion of Females Leaving the Gold Coast, the Bight of Benin, and the Bight of Biafra, 1601–1864 151 6.2. Women, Girls, Men, and Boys Leaving Major Embarkation Points in the Bight of Biafra, Selected Quarters, 1651–1850 (in percents) 155 Figure 2.1. Arochukwu Structure 28 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88347-4 — The Slave Trade and Culture in the Bight of Biafra G. Ugo Nwokeji Frontmatter More Information THE BIGHT OF BIAFRA Map NIGERIA AND ITS HINTERLAND Area CAMEROONS Rio Nun GABON 0 25 50 75 100 km Cape Bight Lopez of Scale 1:2 800 000 Biafra MODERN AFRICA E N U E B R R I V E R E V I R MIDDLE BELT r e i v Idah R A a L r A N b G Nsukka m I A a H n A S I Nike M am BENIN u Eza CITY R Udi Awka Agbo Asaba Nri Ndieni Ibusa Ndikelionwu Onitsha Ndiowuu ss Uburu ro R R Igbo- Ajali iv C e r E Ukwu Arondizuogu Afikpo G Osomari I Okigwe Isieke I Eda N S Abiriba Oguta Nkwere Ohafia U r Uzuakoli Abam Abo R e i A v Bende h Owerri i s E a R n AROCHUKWU r M y o O n A g B R I o Inokun Itu G m Aba I H O I Old T B Calabar I O I B F Nung Asang B E N e O N w p o C B A b I a n o la O d N b N o a N n un Brass r Y i N Rio T O F B I A F R A B I G H xi © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88347-4 — The Slave Trade and Culture in the Bight of Biafra G. Ugo Nwokeji Frontmatter More Information Preface The human traffi c through which African societies supplied the labor needs of the Americas invokes many fundamental questions. Some of the most persistent questions are why Africa supplied so many captives; how the trade was organized; what its political, social, and cultural implica- tions were; what the gender and ethnic composition was; and how the trade affected the societies involved. The answers to these questions are the primary focus of this book. They are addressed from the vantage point of the Bight of Biafra, a major exporting region, extending from the Niger Delta (exclusive of the River Nun) in modern Nigeria to Cape Lopez in modern Gabon. The region supplied an estimated 13 percent of all captives exported between 1551 and 1850, which made it the third most important supply region after West-Central Africa and the Bight of Benin.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • West Africa Part III: Central Africa Part IV: East Africa & Southern Africa Name: Date
    Part I: North Africa Part II: West Africa Part III: Central Africa Part IV: East Africa & Southern Africa Name: Date: AFRI CA Overview RICA lies at the heart of the earth's land­ Then, during the nineteenth century, masses. It sits astride the equator, with European traders began setting up trading sta­ . almost half the continent to the north tions along the coast of West Africa. The of the equator, and half to the south. It con­ traders, and their governments, soon saw great tains some of the world's greatest deserts, as opportunity for profit in Africa. Eventually, well as some of the world's greatest rivers. It many European countries took control of the has snow-capped mountains, and parched, arid land and divided it into colonies. plains. The first humans came from Africa. By the middle of the twentieth century, peo­ And in the millennia since those fust humans ple all across Africa had demanded indepen­ walked the plains of Africa, many different cul­ dence from colonial rule. By the end of the tures have arisen there. century, government had passed firmly into Physically, Africa is one enormous plateau. It African hands. However, the newly independ­ has no continental-scale mountain chains, no ent nations must still deal with the legacy of peninsulas, no deep fjords. Most of the conti­ colonialism. The boundaries the European nent is more than 1000 feet (300m) above sea powers created often cut across ethnic and cul­ level; over half is above 2500 feet (800 m). tural groups. Many African nations today are Africa's early history reflects the wide stretch still struggling to reconcile the different cul­ of the continent.
    [Show full text]
  • Little Genetic Differentiation As Assessed by Uniparental Markers in the Presence of Substantial Language Variation in Peoples O
    Veeramah et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010, 10:92 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/92 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria Krishna R Veeramah1,2*, Bruce A Connell3, Naser Ansari Pour4, Adam Powell5, Christopher A Plaster4, David Zeitlyn6, Nancy R Mendell7, Michael E Weale8, Neil Bradman4, Mark G Thomas5,9,10 Abstract Background: The Cross River region in Nigeria is an extremely diverse area linguistically with over 60 distinct languages still spoken today. It is also a region of great historical importance, being a) adjacent to the likely homeland from which Bantu-speaking people migrated across most of sub-Saharan Africa 3000-5000 years ago and b) the location of Calabar, one of the largest centres during the Atlantic slave trade. Over 1000 DNA samples from 24 clans representing speakers of the six most prominent languages in the region were collected and typed for Y-chromosome (SNPs and microsatellites) and mtDNA markers (Hypervariable Segment 1) in order to examine whether there has been substantial gene flow between groups speaking different languages in the region. In addition the Cross River region was analysed in the context of a larger geographical scale by comparison to bordering Igbo speaking groups as well as neighbouring Cameroon populations and more distant Ghanaian communities. Results: The Cross River region was shown to be extremely homogenous for both Y-chromosome and mtDNA markers with language spoken having no noticeable effect on the genetic structure of the region, consistent with estimates of inter-language gene flow of 10% per generation based on sociological data.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling Regional Coastal Evolution in the Bight Of
    MODELING REGIONAL COASTAL EVOLUTION IN THE BIGHT OF BENIN, GULF OF GUINEA, WEST AFRICA Ondoa Gregoire Abessolo, Magnus Larson, Rafael Almar, Bruno Castelle, Edward Anthony, Johan Reyns To cite this version: Ondoa Gregoire Abessolo, Magnus Larson, Rafael Almar, Bruno Castelle, Edward Anthony, et al.. MODELING REGIONAL COASTAL EVOLUTION IN THE BIGHT OF BENIN, GULF OF GUINEA, WEST AFRICA. Coastal Sediments’19, May 2019, Tampa, United States. 10.1142/9789811204487_0178. hal-02394959 HAL Id: hal-02394959 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02394959 Submitted on 11 Dec 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. MODELING REGIONAL COASTAL EVOLUTION IN THE BIGHT OF BENIN, GULF OF GUINEA, WEST AFRICA ONDOA GREGOIRE ABESSOLO1,2, MAGNUS LARSON3, RAFAEL ALMAR1, BRUNO CASTELLE4, EDWARD J. ANTHONY5, J. REYNS6,7 1. LEGOS, OMP, UMR 5566 (CNRS/CNES/IRD/Université de Toulouse), 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400, Toulouse, France. [email protected], [email protected]. 2. Ecosystems and Fisheries Resources Laboratory, University of Douala, BP 2701, Douala, Cameroun. 3. Department of Water Resources Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, S-221 00, Lund, Sweden. [email protected]. 4. EPOC, OASU, UMR 5805 (CNRS - Université de Bordeaux), Allée Geoffroy Saint- Hilaire – CS 50023 – 33615, Pessac Cedex, France.
    [Show full text]
  • Memoirs of Hydrography
    MEMOIRS 07 HYDROGRAPHY INCLUDING Brief Biographies of the Principal Officers who have Served in H.M. NAVAL SURVEYING SERVICE BETWEEN THE YEARS 1750 and 1885 COMPILED BY COMMANDER L. S. DAWSON, R.N. I 1s t tw o PARTS. P a r t II.—1830 t o 1885. EASTBOURNE: HENRY W. KEAY, THE “ IMPERIAL LIBRARY.” iI i / PREF A CE. N the compilation of Part II. of the Memoirs of Hydrography, the endeavour has been to give the services of the many excellent surveying I officers of the late Indian Navy, equal prominence with those of the Royal Navy. Except in the geographical abridgment, under the heading of “ Progress of Martne Surveys” attached to the Memoirs of the various Hydrographers, the personal services of officers still on the Active List, and employed in the surveying service of the Royal Navy, have not been alluded to ; thereby the lines of official etiquette will not have been over-stepped. L. S. D. January , 1885. CONTENTS OF PART II ♦ CHAPTER I. Beaufort, Progress 1829 to 1854, Fitzroy, Belcher, Graves, Raper, Blackwood, Barrai, Arlett, Frazer, Owen Stanley, J. L. Stokes, Sulivan, Berard, Collinson, Lloyd, Otter, Kellett, La Place, Schubert, Haines,' Nolloth, Brock, Spratt, C. G. Robinson, Sheringham, Williams, Becher, Bate, Church, Powell, E. J. Bedford, Elwon, Ethersey, Carless, G. A. Bedford, James Wood, Wolfe, Balleny, Wilkes, W. Allen, Maury, Miles, Mooney, R. B. Beechey, P. Shortland, Yule, Lord, Burdwood, Dayman, Drury, Barrow, Christopher, John Wood, Harding, Kortright, Johnson, Du Petit Thouars, Lawrance, Klint, W. Smyth, Dunsterville, Cox, F. W. L. Thomas, Biddlecombe, Gordon, Bird Allen, Curtis, Edye, F.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa's Gulf of Guinea Forests: Biodiversity Patterns and Conservation Priorities
    Advances in Applied Biodiversity Science, no. 6 AABSAdvances in Applied Biodiversity Science Number 6 Africa’s Gulf of Guinea Forests: Africa’s Gulf of Guinea Forests:Biodiversity Patterns and Conservation Africa’s Biodiversity Patterns and Conservation Priorities John F. Oates, Richard A. Bergl, and Joshua M. Linder Priorities C Conservation International ONSERVATION 1919 M Street, NW, Suite 600 Washington, DC 20036 TEL: 202-912-1000 FAX: 202-912-0772 I NTERNATIONAL ISBN 1-881173-82-8 WEB: www.conservation.org 9 0 0 0 0> www.biodiversityscience.org 9781881173823 About the Authors John F. Oates is a CABS Research Fellow, Professor of Anthropology at Hunter College, City University of New York (CUNY), and a Senior Conservation Advisor to the Africa program of the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). He is cur- rently advising WCS on biodiversity conservation projects in eastern Nigeria and western Cameroon. Dr. Oates has conducted research on the ecology of forest primates in Africa and Asia since 1966, and has assisted with the development of rainforest protected areas in South India and West Africa. He has published extensively on primate biology and conservation and, as an active member of the IUCN-SSC Primate Specialist Group, has compiled conservation action plans for African primates. He holds a PhD from the University of London. Richard A. Bergl is a doctoral student in anthropology at the CUNY Graduate Center, in the graduate training program of the New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP). He is currently conducting research into the population and habitat viability of the Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) in Nigeria and Cameroon.
    [Show full text]
  • Prince Henry the Navigator, Who Brought This Move Ment of European Expansion Within Sight of Its Greatest Successes
    This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com PrinceHenrytheNavigator CharlesRaymondBeazley 1 - 1 1 J fteroes of tbe TRattong EDITED BY Sveltn Bbbott, flD.B. FELLOW OF BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD PACTA DUOS VIVE NT, OPEROSAQUE OLMIA MHUM.— OVID, IN LI VI AM, f«». THE HERO'S DEEDS AND HARD-WON FAME SHALL LIVE. PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR GATEWAY AT BELEM. WITH STATUE, BETWEEN THE DOORS, OF PRINCE HENRY IN ARMOUR. Frontispiece. 1 1 l i "5 ' - "Hi:- li: ;, i'O * .1 ' II* FV -- .1/ i-.'..*. »' ... •S-v, r . • . '**wW' PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR THE HERO OF PORTUGAL AND OF MODERN DISCOVERY I 394-1460 A.D. WITH AN ACCOUNr Of" GEOGRAPHICAL PROGRESS THROUGH OUT THE MIDDLE AGLi> AS THE PREPARATION FOR KIS WORlf' BY C. RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., F.R.G.S. FELLOW OF MERTON 1 fr" ' RifrB | <lvFnwn ; GEOGRAPHICAL STUDEN^rf^fHB-SrraSR^tttpXFORD, 1894 ule. Seneca, Medea P. PUTNAM'S SONS NEW YORK AND LONDON Cbe Knicftetbocftet press 1911 fe'47708A . A' ;D ,'! ~.*"< " AND TILDl.N' POL ' 3 -P. i-X's I_ • •VV: : • • •••••• Copyright, 1894 BY G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Entered at Stationers' Hall, London Ube ftntcfeerbocfter press, Hew Iffotfc CONTENTS. PACK PREFACE Xvii INTRODUCTION. THE GREEK AND ARABIC IDEAS OF THE WORLD, AS THE CHIEF INHERITANCE OF THE CHRISTIAN MIDDLE AGES IN GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE . I CHAPTER I. EARLY CHRISTIAN PILGRIMS (CIRCA 333-867) . 29 CHAPTER II. VIKINGS OR NORTHMEN (CIRCA 787-1066) .
    [Show full text]
  • IOCCG Report 9
    In the IOCCG Report Series: 1. Minimum Requirements for an Operational Ocean-Colour Sensor for the Open Ocean (1998). 2. Status and Plans for Satellite Ocean-Colour Missions: Considerations for Com- plementary Missions (1999). 3. Remote Sensing of Ocean Colour in Coastal, and Other Optically-Complex, Waters (2000). 4. Guide to the Creation and Use of Ocean-Colour, Level-3, Binned Data Products (2004). 5. Remote Sensing of Inherent Optical Properties: Fundamentals, Tests of Algo- rithms, and Applications (2006). 6. Ocean-Colour Data Merging (2007). 7. Why Ocean Colour? The Societal Benefits of Ocean-Colour Technology (2008). 8. Remote Sensing in Fisheries and Aquaculture (2009). 9. Partition of the Ocean into Ecological Provinces: Role of Ocean-Colour Radiome- try (this volume). The printing of this report was sponsored and carried out by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, which is gratefully acknowledged. Reports and Monographs of the International Ocean-Colour Coordinating Group An Affiliated Program of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) An Associate Member of the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) IOCCG Report Number 9, 2009 Partition of the Ocean into Ecological Provinces: Role of Ocean-Colour Radiometry Edited by: Mark Dowell and Trevor Platt Report of an IOCCG working group on Global Ecological Provinces chaired by Mark Dowell and Trevor Platt, and based on contributions from (in alphabetical order): Gregory Beaugrand, David Broomhead, Janet Campbell, Emmanuel Devred, Mark Dowell, Stephanie Dutkiewicz, Nick Hardman-Mountford, Nicolas Hoepffner, Daniel Kamykowski, Alan Longhurst, Antonio Mata, Frédéric Mélin, Tim Moore, Jesus Morales, Trevor Platt, Mini Raman and Shubha Sathyendranath.
    [Show full text]
  • Beach Response to Wave Forcing from Event to Inter-Annual Time Scales at Grand Popo, Benin (Gulf of Guinea)
    water Article Beach Response to Wave Forcing from Event to Inter-Annual Time Scales at Grand Popo, Benin (Gulf of Guinea) Grégoire Abessolo Ondoa 1,2,*, Frédéric Bonou 2,3,4, Folly Serge Tomety 2,3,4, Yves du Penhoat 2,3,4, Clément Perret 2,3,4, Cossi Georges Epiphane Degbe 3 and Rafael Almar 2 1 Fishery Resources Laboratory, University of Douala, BP 2701 Douala, Cameroon 2 LEGOS (Université Paul Sabatier de Toulouse/CNRS/CNES/IRD), 31400 Toulouse, France; [email protected] (F.B.); [email protected] (F.S.T.); [email protected] (Y.d.P.); [email protected] (C.P.); [email protected] (R.A.) 3 Institut de Recherches Halieutiques et Océanologiques du Bénin, 03 BP 1665 Cotonou, Benin; [email protected] 4 International Chair in Mathematical Physics and Applications/Unesco Chair, University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Benin * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +237-699-76-73-34 Received: 31 March 2017; Accepted: 16 June 2017; Published: 21 June 2017 Abstract: This paper assesses the morphological storm-event impact, seasonal cycles, trends of wave forcing, and beach’s response at the coastal area of Grand Popo, Benin. Three and a half years’ worth of data were collected from 2013 to 2016, using a video system calibrated with field data collected during a 10 day experiment. A comparison was carried out with Wavewatch III IOWAGA wave hindcast data. The along-shore-averaged shoreline position exhibited a seasonal pattern, which was related more to the average wave height than the average storm intensity.
    [Show full text]
  • Science Education and Challenges of Globalization in Igbo Nation
    US-China Education Review B, ISSN 2161-6248 February 2013, Vol. 3, No. 2, 116-127 D DAVID PUBLISHING Science Education and Challenges of Globalization in Igbo Nation Ezeudu F. O., Nkokelonye C. U., Adigwe J. C. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria This paper reviewed the scientific contents in Igbo culture. Description of the Igbos who constitutes an ethnic group occupying southeastern Nigeria was made. It x-rayed the pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial culture of Igbo people and identified the scientific cultural activities, which can be harnessed to meet the challenges of modern day globalization. The advent of science and science education in Igbo culture and its applications in various cultural activities of the Igbos both in the pre-literate and post-literate era were discussed. The implications of these for the development of Igbo nation were examined and recommendations were made on how the scientific cultural activities can be improved to enhance the integration of the Igbo culture into the modern-day globalization. Keywords: Igbo, origin, culture, evolution, science education, colonial, globalization, challenges Introduction Igbo Origin and Cultural Evolution The Igbo nation is not to be introduced in the community of nations. The University of Nigeria, the first indigenous university in Africa, south of Sahara and north of the River Limpopo, is Igbo contribution to world civilization. From the 18th century, three Igbo patriots had acquired international fame and reputation (Afigbo, 1981, p. 145): (1) Olaudah Equiano
    [Show full text]
  • The Ecology and Conservation of the Critically Endangered Cross River Gorilla in Cameroon © 2012
    The Ecology and Conservation of the Critically Endangered Cross River Gorilla in Cameroon By Sarah Cahill Sawyer A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science, Policy, and Management in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in Charge: Professor Justin Brashares, Chair Professor Steve Beissinger Professor William Lidicker Fall 2012 The Ecology and Conservation of the Critically Endangered Cross River Gorilla in Cameroon © 2012 By Sarah Cahill Sawyer ABSTRACT: The Ecology and Conservation of the Critically Endangered Cross River Gorilla in Cameroon By Sarah Cahill Sawyer Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California, Berkeley Professor Justin Brashares, Chair The Cross River gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli; hereafter: CRG) is one of the world’s most endangered and least studied primates. CRG exist only in a patchy distribution in the southern portion of the Cameroon-Nigeria border region and may have as few as 300 individuals remaining, divided into 14 fragmented subpopulations. Though Western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla spp) probably once inhabited much greater ranges throughout West Africa, today CRG represent the most northern and western distribution of all gorillas and are isolated from Western lowland gorilla populations by more than 250 km. CRG have proved challenging to study and protect, and many of the remaining subpopulations currently exist outside of protected areas. Very little is known about where the various subpopulations range on the landscape or why they occur in a patchy distribution within seemingly intact habitat. Active efforts are currently underway to identify critical habitat for landscape conservation efforts to protect the CRG in this biodiversity hotspot but, to date, a lack of understanding of the relationship between CRG ecology and available habitat has hampered conservation endeavors.
    [Show full text]
  • THE RELIGIOUS RESPONSE to MIGRATION and REFUGEE CRISES in CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA Udoh, Emmanuel Williams, Ph. D Department
    FAHSANU Journal Journal of the Arts /Humanities Volume 1 Number 2, Sept., 2018 THE RELIGIOUS RESPONSE TO MIGRATION AND REFUGEE CRISES IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA Udoh, Emmanuel Williams, Ph. D Department of Religious and Cultural Studies, University of Calabar, Calabar - Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected]; GSM: 08034038013 Abstract The movement of people from one country to another in search of greener pasture, peaceful settlement and so on, has become very rampant in the world today. These same reasons have triggered internal migrations as well. Lives have been lost in the bid to circumvent immigration laws of countries by immigrants. The current spate of wars, political crises, natural disasters and hunger has led to increase in illegal migration in the world. Nigeria is not left out. We hear of boundary clashes and insurgencies, which have resulted in illegal emigration to other countries basically in search of job opportunities and better living conditions. Nigerians have severally been repatriated from foreign lands. Recently, over five thousand Nigerians were repatriated from Libya. Nigeria has also played host to migrants from neighbouring countries, and has experienced internal migration in several parts of the country. The frequently asked questions are: “what role can religion play in curbing the spate of illegal migration and refugee crises in Cross River State, Nigeria? The research discovered that religion can be a veritable partner to government in resolving this ever-increasing menace that has become an embarrassment to the state and nation. This work adopted qualitative or explorative research method. It employed the content analysis approach in examining available printed materials on the subject matter.
    [Show full text]
  • WEST AFRICA LIBYA 25° ALGERIA 25° WEST Western AFRICA Sahara Tamanrasset Fdérik
    20° 15° 10° 5° 0° 5° 10° 15° WEST AFRICA LIBYA 25° ALGERIA 25° WEST Western AFRICA Sahara Tamanrasset Fdérik Nouâdhibou Atâr 20° Akjoujt MAURITANIA 20° Tidjikja Kidal Nouakchott MALI A NIGER T Aleg Tombouctou Agadez Rosso Sene Kiffa 'Ayoûn el 'Atroûs gal L Gao Kaédi Saint-Louis A Louga Matam Sélibabi Tahoua 15° N Dakar Lake 15° Kayes Chad Kaolack SENEGAL Tillabéri T Mopti mbia Tambacounda Zinder CHAD Ga er Niamey Maradi I ig Diffa GAMBIA N Ségou BURKINA Dosso Sokoto C Banjul Kolda Koulikoro FASO Dédougou Katsina Ziguinchor Bamako Ouagadougou Kano Bissau Birnin Kebbi Gusau Maiduguri Koudougou Fada Dutse GUINEA-BISSAU Bobo- N'Gourma Niger Labé Sikasso Dioulasso Boké Léo Kandi O Mamou Kankan Banfora Kaduna Maroua GUINEA Bolgatanga Bauchi C Kindia BENIN Gombe Wa Jos 10° Faranah Odienné Kara Djougou NIGERIA 10° E Conakry Tamale e Kissidougou Lake Abuja nu Yola A Forécariah SIERRA Korhogo e Makeni Volta B Garoua Guéckédou Ilorin Lafia N Freetown Macenta Touba CÔTE Jalingo LEONE Bo Voinjama Nzérékoré D'IVOIRE Lac de GHANA Ado-Ekiti Makurdi Kenema ManKossou Bouaké TOGO Ibadan Ngaoundéré 25° 24° Sunyani Abomey Yamoussoukro Abeokuta CABO VERDE Dimbokro Santo Antão Robertsport LIBERIA Kumasi Cotonou Ikeja Daloa Lagos Benin City Enugu 17° 17° Monrovia Kakata Ho Santa Luzia Zwedru Guiglo Divo Koforidua Porto- Bamenda São Sal Gagnoa Buchanan Lomé Novo Owerri Bafoussam Vicente Fish Town Accra São Nicolau Cestos City Bight of Benin Calabar 5° Port 5° Greenville Abidjan Cape Harcourt CAMEROON Boa Vista Sekondi- Coast 16° 16° Barclayville San-Pédro Buea ATLANTIC Harper Takoradi Douala Yaoundé OCEAN Malabo São 0 100 200 300 400 500 km 0 50 km The boundaries and names shown and the designations used Tiago EQUATORIAL GUINEA Ébolowa 0 25 mi Maio on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance Fogo by the United Nations.
    [Show full text]