DOCSLIB.ORG

View “The History of Feminism”

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

2/19/2014 YCteen Story: The History of Feminism - Roberta Nin Feliz SEARCH OUR STORIES SEARCH STORIES BY TOPIC Addiction Bullying College Dating Family Friends Health High School HOME Identity Immigration LGBTQ Peer Pressure Sex & Pregnancy Social Justice Work & Money MORE STORY TOPICS YCteen publishes true stories by See all stories from issue Get great stories in For Teens teens, giving readers insight into #239, 'Teen Success Library' the issues that matter most in November/December ISBN: 9781935552017 Writing Contest young people's lives. 2013 [BUY NOW] Teens: Write For Us What's New [SUBSCRIBE NOW] YCteen writer wins at 2013 Ippies Awards New books by Youth Communication The History of Feminism published by Free Spirit ROBERTA NIN FELIZ YCteen story wins Honorable Mention in the I wanted to find out more about feminism, so I did some research. First I 2012 Casey Medals for wanted to know the actual definition. Meritorious Journalism According to Merriam-Webster, feminism is “the theory of the political, Sign up for our free economic and social equality of the sexes,” and, “organized activity on behalf email newsletter of women’s rights and interests.” I thought that sounded too vague, and I Strong Teens Growing Up GO wanted to know more about the history. I found out that the feminist Strong Muslim in movement in the United States is broken down into three “waves,” or Neighborhoods America: periods. [BUY NOW] Stories by STORE Muslim Youth [BUY NOW] SUBSCRIBE First Wave Feminism: Gaining Basic Rights LESSON PLANS Like 1 FROM THE AUTHOR In the mid-to-late 1800s, first wave feminism focused on granting LINKS WE LIKE women basic rights. In 1860, New York State passed the Married Tweet 0 Women’s Property Act, which gave married women the right to own ABOUT US Print property. (Before then, everything a woman owned became the CONTACT US property of her husband when she got married.) Other states passed similar laws in the decades that followed, and in 1920, women won the right to vote. Look Beyond Two Moms In the Label: My Heart: Second Wave Feminism: Equality at Work and at Home Teens Write Teens Explore About Busting the Adoption Stereotypes Option By the 1950s, the number of voting women was approximately equal to that of men. But [BUY NOW] [BUY NOW] professional jobs were still largely closed off to women. Companies even had written policies stating that women should be paid less than men. Most women were still expected to Behind the Scenes: Teen writers housekeep and raise a family. Now that we had the right to vote, “second wave feminism” describe what it's like to work at centered on women rebelling against that stereotype and seeking reproductive and work YCteen. rights. The Equal Pay Act, passed in 1963, prohibited unequal pay for women and men in the WATCH MORE VIDEOS same job with the same skill level. In 1973, the Supreme Court decided Roe v. Wade, which Teen Success Library made abortion legal in all 50 states. [BUY NOW] Follow us on: In a PBS documentary called Makers: Women Who Make America, I saw footage of feminists protesting against the Miss America competition in 1968. They didn’t agree with women being depicted as sex symbols and objects of pleasure for thousands of people. They stood outside with a garbage can they called a “freedom can.” They threw away items representing female oppression like bras and brooms. I thought it was so brave of some of them to yank their bras out from under their shirts. Third Wave Feminism: Expanding the Movement Single Copy of YCteen Represent: Magazine “Third wave” feminism, which began in the 1990s, Issue #107 - (Single Copy Gang Life Subscription) was a lot about including more women of color in the [BUY NOW] [BUY NOW] movement, and helping them find their voices. Many of them felt there were white women that could stay home living leisurely while many of them had no choice but to work. Not only that, they were also busy fighting for civil rights. It’s interesting to me that women of color struggled to find their voices because the only feminists I have come across have been "I Listen to Teens" Mug [BUY NOW] women of color. Now What? I thought: “What has feminism come to in this decade? What am I fighting for exactly?” Today, I feel as if feminism is being criticized a lot more. Some http://www.ycteenmag.org/issues/NYC239/The_History_of_Feminism.html?story_id=NYC-2013-11-08 1/2 2/19/2014 YCteen Story: The History of Feminism - Roberta Nin Feliz people argue that there is nothing else to fight for, that women got all of the things they were fighting for. But there’s still plenty of work to do. image by Little Brown & Company With liberation from the worst oppression of the past, we’ve inherited a new set of issues like the media’s portrayal of women as sex symbols, eye candy, and little Barbie dolls. In the future, I hope this changes. Another issue I feel still exists is that women are often depicted as damsels in distress. Many men around me think it’s their duty to protect me or other women from harm. Although I understand they have good intentions, I don’t want them taking the initiative to stand up for me when I am fully able to do it myself. Outside the U.S., feminism is even more important, often a life-or-death issue. Malala Yousafzai, a 16-year-old from Pakistan, was shot in the head by a gunman as she rode home on a school bus last October. The militants hoped to silence her and destroy her campaign for girls’ education in her country. She survived the attack and became the youngest Nobel Peace Price nominee. Malala serves as an inspiration to girls all over the world, including myself. Often times, we may feel we don’t have a voice or that we can’t change something but Malala shows us the opposite. After hearing about her I’m even more determined to speak about disrespect towards women. If a girl from Pakistan can be nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize at the age of 15, imagine what I can do in America, “the land of the free.” One thing I can do to promote change is to carry myself in a way that shows men I am not helpless and to speak up whenever I can. I can also get involved in organizations that fight for women’s rights like the National Organization for Women (NOW). Even something as simple as signing a petition can go a long way. In fact, I visited their website and signed the Pledge for Reproductive Freedom. Organizations like NOW help keep the feminist movement alive, and they remind me that I am not alone in the fight for women’s rights. (back to top) (NYC-2013-11-08) Copyright © Youth Communication. Permission is automatically granted to individual teachers to copy this story for use with a single class or group in nonprofit educational settings. Check our permissions page for all other uses. See all stories from issue Get great stories in #239, 'Teen Success Library' November/December ISBN: 9781935552017 2013 [BUY NOW] [SUBSCRIBE NOW] STORE | SUBSCRIBE | ABOUT US | CONTACT US | PERMISSIONS | PRIVACY Copyright © 2013 - Youth Communication - 224 W. 29th St. - New York, NY 10001 - Ph: 212-279-0708 - FAX: 212-279-8856 http://www.ycteenmag.org/issues/NYC239/The_History_of_Feminism.html?story_id=NYC-2013-11-08 2/2.
Recommended publications
  • Ecofeminism: the Pragmatic Posture of Feminism in 21St Century

    Ecofeminism: the Pragmatic Posture of Feminism in 21St Century

    International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature (IJSELL) Volume 2, Issue 8, August 2014, PP 1-6 ISSN 2347-3126 (Print) & ISSN 2347-3134 (Online) www.arcjournals.org Ecofeminism: The Pragmatic Posture of Feminism in 21st Century S. Sushma Raj Assistant Professor, Department of English, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam -530 045 Prof. L. Manjula Davidson Professor, Department of English, College of Arts & Commerce, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530 003 Abstract: For centuries, it was thought that the main enemy of women emancipation is gender and hence the androcentricism. Man exploited nature as much as nature-equivalent, the woman. The development of science, technology and philosophy of rational civilization suggested that the feminist aspirations are related to an ecological whole consisting of political, social and cultural constructs. The totality of the struggle is called ecofeminism in the 21st century. 1. INTRODUCTION Feminism is the struggle to achieve the aim that women should have the same rights, opportunities and dignity as men have in any given place and time. The idea that they are born unequal and hence titled for inequality had been discarded after the French revolution of 1789. Similar thinking gained momentum in the United States of America, after the unification of the country in 1848. England, though leading in many democratic values, could consider the issue only after 1878. Russia took up the gender question in 1848 and China much later in 1911. The history of feminism (Hartsock, 1983) dates back to a millennium after Christ, when women began to get educated in Athenian society of Greece.
  • Third Wave Feminist History and the Politics of Being Visible and Being Real

    Third Wave Feminist History and the Politics of Being Visible and Being Real

    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Institute for Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Theses Studies 6-12-2006 Third Wave Feminist History and the Politics of Being Visible and Being Real Robbin Hillary VanNewkirk Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/wsi_theses Part of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons Recommended Citation VanNewkirk, Robbin Hillary, "Third Wave Feminist History and the Politics of Being Visible and Being Real." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2006. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/wsi_theses/1 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Institute for Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THIRD WAVE FEMINIST HISTORY AND THE POLITICS OF BEING VISIBLE AND BEING REAL by ROBBIN VANNEWKIRK Under the Direction of Peter Lindsay ABSTRACT This project works to illuminate some of the main theoretical claims that writers of the third wave make in order to understand these claims as rhetorical devices used to make themselves visible and real. Being visible is a common theme in third wave texts and realness is a site that is both contested and embraced. Being Visible and being real work together to situate third wave actors in a U.S. feminist continuum that is sprinkled with contradiction and ambiguity. This thesis will examine the contextual development of third wave feminism, and then using examples of realness and visibility in the three third wave anthologies, Being Real, Third Wave Agenda, and Catching a Wave, this thesis will interrogate at the rhetorical significance of those themes.
  • Anthropocentrism and Androcentrism – an Ecofeminist Connection

    Anthropocentrism and Androcentrism – an Ecofeminist Connection

    Södertörns högskola | Institutionen för Kultur och Kommunikation D-uppsats 15 hp | Filosofi | Höstterminen 2009 Anthropocentrism and Androcentrism – An Ecofeminist Connection Av: Daniel Pérez Marina Handledare: Hans Ruin CONTENTS Introduction 1 Karen Warren’s Ecofeminism 3 What is Ecofeminism? 3 Warren on anthropocentrism and androcentrism 13 Anthropocentrism 15 Human bias 15 Human chauvinism 16 Anthropocentrism / Human-centrism / Human-centeredness 17 Androcentrism 29 Male bias 29 Male chauvinism 31 Androcentrism / Male-centrism / Male-centeredness 32 Androcentrism, Anthropocentrism, and Warren 45 Bibliography 52 INTRODUCTION The starting point of this paper is an ecofeminist claim, namely anthropocentrism has been androcentric. My purpose will be to discuss and explain this statement. Ecofeminism, anthropocentrism, and androcentrism will therefore be the central themes. In the first chapter I shall introduce ecofeminism. It will be Karen J. Warren’s version of it that I shall describe. Karen Warren (b. 1947) has significantly contributed to the development of the philosophical aspects of ecofeminism as well as to the establishment of ecofeminist philosophy as a scholarly field. She writes about ecofeminism in the West, and to the question ‘what is ecofeminism?’ she responds that it is the perspective that, despite differences and disagreements, asserts and presupposes that: (1) There exists a system of oppression that enforces the domination of nature. (2) There exists a system of oppression that enforces the domination of women. (3)
  • Generation X and the Invention of a Third Feminist Wave

    Generation X and the Invention of a Third Feminist Wave

    GENERATION X AND THE INVENTION OF A THIRD FEMINIST WAVE by ELIZABETH ANN BLY Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Renée Sentilles Department of History CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY January, 2010 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis/dissertation of _____________________________________________________ candidate for the ______________________degree *. (signed)_______________________________________________ (chair of the committee) ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ (date) _______________________ *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. Copyright © 2009 by Elizabeth Ann Bly All rights reserved iii For Gabe, Kristin, and Xoe And in memory of Judith Northwood (1964-2009) iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix ABSTRACT xiii INTRODUCTION 1 White Grrrls 7 ―We Don‘t Need Another Wave‖ 11 Generation X, Feminism, and Contemporary History 19 ―The Order of Things‖ 25 CHAPTER ONE: “Generation X and the 1970s Pop Cultural Discourse on „Women‟s Lib‟” 32 ―Women‘s Lib‖: The Media‘s ―Charred Bra‖ Revolution 35 A Day in the Life: ―Women‘s Lib‖ as Spectacle 38 ―And Then There‘s Maude‖: ―Women‘s Lib‖ and Adult TV 46 Women‘s Lib
  • The National Organization for Women in Memphis, Columbus, and San Francisco

    The National Organization for Women in Memphis, Columbus, and San Francisco

    RETHINKING THE LIBERAL/RADICAL DIVIDE: THE NATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR WOMEN IN MEMPHIS, COLUMBUS, AND SAN FRANCISCO DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Doctor of Philosophy In the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Stephanie Gilmore, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2005 Dissertation Committee: Approved by: Professor Leila J. Rupp, Advisor _________________________________ History Graduate Advisor Professor Susan M. Hartmann Professor Kenneth J. Goings ABSTRACT This project uses the history of the National Organization for Women (NOW) to explore the relationship of liberal and radical elements in the second wave of the U.S. women’s movement. Combining oral histories with archival documents, this project offers a new perspective on second-wave feminism as a part of the long decade of the 1960s. It also makes location a salient factor in understanding post– World War II struggles for social justice. Unlike other scholarship on second-wave feminism, this study explores NOW in three diverse locations—Memphis, Columbus, and San Francisco—to see what feminists were doing in different kinds of communities: a Southern city, a non-coastal Northern community, and a West Coast progressive location. In Memphis—a city with a strong history of civil rights activism—black-white racial dynamics, a lack of toleration for same-sex sexuality, and political conservatism shaped feminist activism. Columbus, like Memphis, had a dominant white population and relatively conservative political climate (although less so than in Memphis), but it also boasted an open lesbian community, strong university presence, and a history of radical feminism and labor activism.
  • A Study of the Women's Suffrage Movement in Nineteenth-Century English Periodical Literature

    A Study of the Women's Suffrage Movement in Nineteenth-Century English Periodical Literature

    PRINT AND PROTEST: A STUDY OF THE WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY ENGLISH PERIODICAL LITERATURE Bonnie Ann Schmidt B.A., University College of the Fraser Valley, 2004 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREEE OF MASTER OF ARTS In the Department of History 43 Bonnie Ann Schmidt 2005 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Fa11 2005 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Bonnie Ann Schmidt Degree: Master of Arts Title: Print and Protest: A Study of the Women's Suffrage Movement in Nineteenth-Century English Periodical Literature Examining Committee: Dr. Ian Dyck Senior Supervisor Associate Professor of History Dr. Mary Lynn Stewart Supervisor Professor of Women's Studies Dr. Betty A. Schellenberg External Examiner Associate Professor of English Date Defended: NOV.s/15 SIMON FRASER UN~VER~~brary DECLARATION OF PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENCE The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. The author has further granted permission to Simon Fraser University to keep or make a digital copy for use in its circulating collection, and, without changing the content, to translate the thesislproject or extended essays, if technically possible, to any medium or format for the purpose of preservation of the digital work.
  • The Olive Branch March 2019

    The Olive Branch March 2019

    The Olive Branch March 2019 The Olive Branch INSIDE THIS ISSUE • Celebrating Women: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow • Understanding Intersectionality • A Brief History of American Feminism • A Review of Selected Feminist Movements • Organizations Addressing Gender Based Violence • Conferences • On and Off Campus Events • Muncie Community Leaders • Organizations • Support Groups • About Us The Olive Branch is a publication of the Center for Peace and Conflict Studies at Ball State University. Every issue, we shine a spotlight on people, events, campus groups, conferences, and organizations who are working towards a more peaceful world. Marielle Franco Women’s March, 2017 Women’s Liberation Movement, 1970 Center for Peace and Conflict Studies 1 The Olive Branch March 2019 CELEBRATING WOMEN: YESTERDAY, TODAY, AND TOMORROW Throughout the month of March, America will celebrate the achievements of women from elementary school students learning about the suffragette movement, to museums cele- brating the works of women artists, and conferences dedicated to showcasing women in aca- demia and inspiring the leaders of tomorrow. While women have made enormous strides in the fight for equality, many accomplishments of the feminist movement are very recent, and it is important to reflect on those who overcame adversity to give the women of today the opportu- nities available to them. Aura Lewis’ illustration on the Women’s March The National Women’s History Project (NWHP) was founded in 1980 in Santa Rosa, California with the aim of celebrating the accomplishments of women. The organization was founded by activists Molly Murphy MacGregor, Mary Ruthsdotter, Maria Cuevas, Paula Ham- mett, and Bette Morgan in an effort to broadcast women’s historical achievements.
  • Redefining Female Success and Empowerment in a Post-Feminist Landscape

    Redefining Female Success and Empowerment in a Post-Feminist Landscape

    University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Honors Theses and Capstones Student Scholarship Fall 2013 The Personal, Political, and the Virtual? Redefining emaleF Success and Empowerment in a Post-feminist Landscape Linda Elizabeth Chardon University of New Hampshire - Main Campus Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/honors Part of the Business and Corporate Communications Commons, Communication Technology and New Media Commons, Film and Media Studies Commons, Gender, Race, Sexuality, and Ethnicity in Communication Commons, Mass Communication Commons, Social Media Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Chardon, Linda Elizabeth, "The Personal, Political, and the Virtual? Redefining emaleF Success and Empowerment in a Post-feminist Landscape" (2013). Honors Theses and Capstones. 202. https://scholars.unh.edu/honors/202 This Senior Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses and Capstones by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Linda Chardon The Personal, Political and the Virtual? Redefining Female Success and Empowerment in a Post-feminist Landscape Choice. Consumerism. Success. These are what define modern women’s liberation. This is the feminism of today. It is broken. The private and professional spheres are so immeasurably separated that women are left empty and unsatisfied. They don’t understand. They feel that women have progressed and moved forward, but the modern woman doesn’t see why progress doesn’t feel more progressive.
  • Antifeminism

    Antifeminism

    The European man, a hegemonic masculinity (19th-21st centuries) Antifeminism Christine BARD ABSTRACT Antifeminism is the countermovement of thought and action that is opposed to feminism. Its thematic range is as extensive as the fields of feminism’s intervention, and has evolved over time to oppose the rights gradually won by women. The ramblings of tortured minds? Isolated voices bringing age-old misogyny into modernity? Political discourse rooted in counterrevolutionary thought? An on the whole logical reaction by the “class of men” mobilized to conserve power? The scope of the subject calls for a periodization that logically follows the history of feminism, whose “first wave” extended across Europe from the late nineteenth century to the early 1960s. Poster for the National League for Opposing Woman Suffrage, circa 1910, United Kingdom.Source : wikimedia commons “Antifeminism”: the word dates from the late nineteenth century, at a time when “feminism” entered common usage. On the political level, antifeminism was well integrated within the body of European rights, although it also attracted other families of thought. For example, in the mid-nineteenth century, the Frenchman Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865), the “father of anarchism,” revealed himself to be simultaneously misogynistic, antifeminist, and a supporter of male domination. While as a whole antifeminism found its justification in the defense of tradition, it was flexible enough to also become an aspect of modernity: the Italian futurists from the early twentieth century wanted to “glorify war—the only cure for the world—militarism, patriotism [...] and contempt for women” (Manifesto of Futurism, 1912). What brought the antifeminists together was a fiercely differentialist discourse regarding the sexes, whose hierarchical and complementary social functions were, according to them, prescribed by nature and/or divine will.
  • International Women's Day

    International Women's Day

    INTERNATIONAL WOMEN'S DAY 8th March 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS THE HISTORY OF 2021 THEME OF INTRO/HISTORY 01 INTERNATIONAL 02 03 INTERNATIONAL OF FEMINISM WOMEN’S DAY WOMEN’S DAY COMMON NATIONAL TOPICAL ISSUES MISCONCEPTIONS COUNCIL OF 04 05 06 + USEFUL LINKS ABOUT FEMINISM YOUNG WOMEN 01. History Of International Women’s Day OUR DAY International Women’s Day has been observed since 1911, when Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland honoured it on the 19th of March. Since then, the world has witnessed a significant shift in both women's and society's thoughts about women's equality and emancipation. Many from a younger generation may feel that 'all the battles have been won for women' while many feminists from the 1970's know only too well the longevity and ingrained complexity of patriarchy. THE HISTORY OF IWD International Women's Day was honoured the first time in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland on 19 March. More than one million women and men attended IWD rallies campaigning for women's rights to work, vote, be trained, to hold public office and end IWD 2021 discrimination. Today! 1911 2011 1909 The 100 year centenary of After demonstrations for voting International Women's Day. In the rights in 1909, the first National US, President Barack Obama Woman's Day (NWD) was proclaimed March 2011 to be observed across the United States "Women's History Month", marking on February 28. Women IWD by reflecting on "the continued to celebrate NWD on extraordinary accomplishments of the last Sunday of February until women" in shaping the country's 1913.
  • Women Against Feminism: an Analysis of Anti-Feminist

    Women Against Feminism: an Analysis of Anti-Feminist

    Women Against Feminism: An Analysis of Anti-Feminist Comments on Tumblr Monica Pham Abstract: Social media has become an extremely popular media type in today’s world for sharing opinions about controversial topics. Women in particular, have taken to social media to get their voices heard on a topic about which everyone seems to have an opinion. This study explores the negative discourse surrounding feminism in over 100 posts made by women on the Tumblr site, “Women Against Feminism,” through qualitative content analysis. This analysis will categorize women’s main critiques and arguments against feminism to better understand the logic behind their anti-feminist stance. “The more I have spoken about feminism, the more I have realized that fighting for women’s rights has too often become synonymous with man-hating.” -Emma Watson Even 50 years after Betty Friedan played a vital role in the rebirth of post-war feminism, sparking the second wave of American feminism in the 20th century, the topic remains widely contested. There is still a constant and rather heated debate around the importance of feminism, and its ultimate goal for the equality of women and men in society.1 The evidence is clear in a speech given on September 20th, 2014, by UN Women Goodwill Ambassador Emma Watson at a special event for the HeForShe campaign, at the United Nations Headquarters, where she discussed what she believes is one of the misconceptions about feminism: that feminists hate men.2 Though “Feminism” has become an unpopular and uncomfortable word, many people have no problem discussing it on the Internet.
  • International Perspectives in Feminist Ecocriticism

    International Perspectives in Feminist Ecocriticism

    Copyrighted Material-Taylor & Francis Copyrighted Material-Taylor & Francis International Perspectives in Feminist Ecocriticism Exploring environmental literature from a feminist perspective, this vol- ume presents a diversity of feminist ecocritical approaches to affi rm the continuing contributions, relevance, and necessity of a feminist perspective in environmental literature, culture, and science. Feminist ecocriticism has a substantial history, with roots in second- and third-wave feminist liter- ary criticism, women’s environmental writing and social change activisms, and eco-cultural critique, and yet both feminist and ecofeminist literary perspectives have been marginalized. The essays in this collection build on the belief that the repertoire of violence (conceptual and literal) toward nature and women comprising our daily lives must become central to our ecocritical discussions, and that basic literacy in theories about ethics are fundamental to these discussions. The book off ers an international collec- tion of scholarship that includes ecocritical theory, literary criticism, and ecocultural analyses, bringing a diversity of perspectives in terms of gen- der, sexuality, and race. Reconnecting with the histories of feminist and ecofeminist literary criticism, and utilizing new developments in postcolo- nial ecocriticism, animal studies, queer theory, feminist and gender studies, cross-cultural and international ecocriticism, this timely volume develops a continuing and international feminist ecocritical perspective on literature,