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G R Øn Lan D TIDSSKRIFTET NR. 4/DECEMBER 2018 66. ÅRGANG GRØNLAND DET GRØNLANDSKE SELSKAB Se mere på Arktisk Instituts hjemmeside (www.arktiskinstitut.dk) eller gå direkte til billeddatabasen (www.arktiskebilleder.dk) Arktisk Institut, Strandgade 102, 1401 København K 3231 5050, eller [email protected] INDHOLD Artikler om det grønlandske erhvervsliv har været TIDSSKRIFTET GRØNLAND Udgivet af Det Grønlandske Selskab efterlyst af flere læsere. Det rådes der lidt bod på i dette L.E. Bruunsvej 10 nummer, hvor de sidste fire artikler alle kredser omkring 2920 Charlottenlund Telefon 61 60 53 31 Grønlands erhvervsmuligheder ud fra hver sin indgangs- Danske Bank konto: 9570-6403476 vinkel. E-mail [email protected] www.dgls.dk www.dgls.dk/tidsskriftet-gronland/ Og så nærmer Julen sig. Ud over en julehistorie sidst i IBAN DK 9820 0080 14 80 32 71 SWIFT/BIC NDEADKKK bladet har dette nummer af Tidsskriftet også en lille SE nr. 19 04 29 28 julekonkurrence, som vi ønsker læserne god fornøjelse med. Redaktion: Uffe Wilken Det Grønlandske Selskab Glædelig jul! Telefon 31 77 20 16 E-mail [email protected] 226 EMILIE SANDAGER OG JAKOB JENSEN: De i artiklerne fremsatte synspunkter er forfatternes egne – Hundesyge i Grønland og står i alle tilfælde for forfatterens 234 JULEKONKURRENCE: eget ansvar. Hvor er parcanisserne? Redaktionelle synspunkter 235 PER DANKER: i tidsskriftet dækker ikke nødvendigvis i alle tilfælde Det Der var engang et lokalblad Grønlandske Selskabs synspunkter. 256 METTE MØRUP SCHLÛTTER: Eftertryk i uddrag er tilladt med Ældres livshistorier – et bidrag til kildeangivelse. fortællingen om Grønland 261 PETER STOUGAARD: Tidsskriftet Grønland er udgivet med støtte fra bl.a. Aase og Jørgen Grønlands skjulte skatte vs. 2 Münters Fond, Kong Christian den 267 MAJKEN D. POULSEN, REBEKKA J. KNUDSEN, NYNKE Tiendes Fond og Augustinus Fonden KEULEN, KISSER THORSØE OG ROBERT FREI: Grafisk udformning Fedtsten – Godthåbsfjordens skjulte Uffe Wilken ressource Tryk 283 RIKKE BECKER JACOBSEN OG LILL RASTAD BJØRST: Narayana Press Småskalavirksomheder i Sydgrønland 295 CARINA REN OG DANIELA CHIMIRRI: Forsidebillede: Slædehunde (foto: Carsten Turisme i Grønland – før, nu og i Egevang). morgen 303 JØRGEN JUNGE BUSCH: Jul på en østgrønlandsk station 307 DET GRØNLANDSKE SELSKAB: Meddelelser fra Det Grønlandske Selskab AF EMILIE SANDAGER OG JAKOB JENSEN Hundesyge i Grønland Emilie Sandager er RESUMÉ født i 1992 i Aarhus. Flyt- tede til København i Den grønlandske slædehund er under stort pres. 2014. Færdiggjorde i juni Længe har antallet af slædehunde været 2018 bachelorgraden i faldende. Nedgangen skyldes i stor stil massive veterinærmedicin på Kø- sygdomsudbrud, der i flere tilfælde har slået benhavns Universitet og flere hundrede hunde ihjel ad gangen. Slæde- læser nu kandidatgra- hunden har stor betydning for grønlændernes den. Ved siden af studiet selvforståelse og en indsats er nødvendig for arbejder hun som hjælpelærer for de nystartede dyrlæ- bevarelsen af en sund og velfungerende gestuderende. Besøgte for første gang Grønland i april hundebestand. Hundesyge er beskrevet blandt 2018 efter mangeårig interesse for landet og den grøn- de grønlandske slædehunde siden 1860 og har landske slædehund. formentlig været grunden til de massive dødsfald blandt fangernes hunde. I denne artikel Jakob Jensen er født i 1996 i Klemensker på Born- beskrives kortlægningen af og problemstillingen holm. I 2015 flyttede han til København og i 2018 blev med de mange udbrud af virussygdommen – han uddannet bachelor i veterinærmedicin på Køben- hundesyge – og hvordan sygen smitter, samt havns Universitet. Jakob påbegyndte i september 2018 kandidatuddannelsen i veterinærmedicin. Ved siden af hvordan en sund slædehundebestand kan studiet arbejder han på tre forskellige smådyrsklinikker forvaltes. i Københavnsområdet heriblandt en med tilkaldevagter om natten og i weekenden. Jakob har stor interesse for opdræt af brugshunde, heriblandt jagt- og slædehunde. Baggrund I sommeren 2018 afleverede Emilie og Jakob deres afslut- Den grønlandske slædehund har en stor betyd- tende bachelorprojekt omhandlende hundesyge hos den ning for Grønlands historie og selvforståelse, grønlandske slædehund i et historisk perspektiv i samar- bejde med Qimmeq forskningsprojektet. og hunderacen menes at kunne spores tilbage til nogle af de første iniutbosættelser 4.000 år tilbage i tiden (Møhl, 1986) og har siden funge- Slædehundepopulationen har i de sidste 30 ret som et vigtigt redskab til transport og jagt. år været i kraftig nedgang (Grønlands Stati- Desværre er bestanden af slædehunde siden stik, 2018) og en særlig indsats for bevarelse 1990 og frem til 2016 halveret fra omtrent af den unikke hunderace er derfor søsat af 30.000 til 15.000 (Grønlands Statistik, 2018). forskningsprojektet Qimmeq, der via kultur- Historiske optegnelser har vist, at slædehun- historisk formidling, genetisk kortlægning dene adskillige gange er blevet ramt af alvorlig og sundhedsvidenskabelig forebyggelse for- sygdom, som har dræbt store dele af hunde- søger at komme racens overlevelse i møde. populationen inden for de seneste 160 år. Den 226 Tidsskriftet Grønland 4/2018 EMILIE SANDAGER OG JAKOB JENSEN Figur 1. Byer der refereres til i artiklen (kort: forfatterne). grønlandske befolkning er de seneste år blevet Smitten spredes enten via sekret (f.eks. spyt) opmærksom på konsekvenserne af de massive eller ved direkte kontakt mellem værtsdyrene. sygdomsudbrud, hvilket medførte oprettelsen Sygdommen rammer forskellige organer, og af et statsligt finansieret vaccinations- og chip- symptomer og alvorlighed vil variere fra hund mærkningsprogram i 2017 (Frandsen, 2017). til hund. Typisk ses flåd fra øjne og snude, diar- Hundene vaccineres nu bl.a. mod hundesyge, ré og opkast, og i nogle tilfælde påvirker virus- hvalpesyge og rabies. set hundens centralnervesystem således, at hunden får kramper, hyler og ændrer adfærd. Hundesyge Desuden kan man i de mere kroniske tilfælde Hundesyge, som også kaldes Canine Distem- observere forhornede snuder og trædepoter, per, er en smitsom virussygdom, der foruden da virusset påvirker huden i disse områder hunde også kan smitte bjørne, ræve og ulve. (Quinn, 2011). Tidsskriftet Grønland 4/2018 227 EMILIE SANDAGER OG JAKOB JENSEN Østgrønlandske slædehunde. (Bemærk: Ingen af de i artiklen viste hunde er angrebet af hundesyge. Foto: Carsten Egevang). Unghunde og hvalpe, der ikke er vaccine- 1940’erne og veterinærfaglige artikler og rede, er typisk i størst risiko for smitte, da undersøgelser fra 1988 og frem til 2018. de i tiden efter dieperioden har et særligt Forskellige teorier angående smitte- lavt immunforsvar. spredning og prædisponerende faktorer er Da der på hundepladser går mange opstillet på baggrund af beretninger i de hunde på relativt begrænset plads, er det pågældende arkiver og nyeste viden om- vigtigt, at alle hunde er vaccineret, da kring sygdomsudvikling i forbindelse med smitten ellers kan spredes hurtigt og have udbrud af hundesyge. alvorlige konsekvenser for hundene og Fra 1871-1936 blev der til det daværende hundeejernes erhverv, hvad enten det er inspektorat systematisk indberettet fra di- fangst eller turisme. strikterne Aasiaat, Qasigiannguit, Qeqer- tarsuaq, Ilulissat, Qullissat, Uummannaq Metode og Upernavik om alt fra vind og vejr, fang- Projektet har belyst og kortlagt udbrud ster, sundhedstilstande hos befolkningen af hundesyge i det nordvestlige Grønland og udbrud af hundesygdomme (Grønlands fra omkring 1860 til nutiden ved under- Nationalmuseum & Arkiv, 2018). søgelse og analyse af indberetninger fra Disse indberetninger, som nu til dags de daværende distrikter til inspektoratet. er opbevaret i Nuuk på Grønlands Na- Endvidere blev materialet suppleret med tionalarkiv, var hovedkomponenten i at litteratursøgninger i Grønlandsposten fra kortlægge tilfældene af hundesyge i de 228 Tidsskriftet Grønland 4/2018 EMILIE SANDAGER OG JAKOB JENSEN Figur 2. Halvering i antallet af slædehunde de seneste 30 år (kilde: Grønlands Statistik). Nordgrønlandske distrikter i denne pe- fra Danmark til Grønland for at beskrive riode. Disse indberetninger blev suppleret sygdommens karakter og omfang samt at med samtaler med Selvstyrets dyrlæger og forebygge smittespredning hos hundene. indberetninger og artikler om sygdomstil- Ud fra hans opdagelser og beskrivelser fælde i nyere tid. opstilledes forskellige retningslinjer, der skulle følges, såfremt der blev observeret Kortlægning af sygdommen sygdom hos hundene. Hundesyge blev første gang beskrevet i Retningslinjerne bar frugt, for i de efter- det nordvestlige Grønland omkring 1860. følgende år blev der kun beskrevet sporadi- Dette udbrud varede i ca. tre år og slog ske udbrud af svagere karakter. Her var det mange hunde ihjel. De efterfølgende år, primært hvalpe og svækkede hunde, der blev fra 1860 til 1885, observeredes mange små dræbt af sygdommen, mens voksne og vel- udbrud i enkelte nordlige områder om- ernærede hunde overlevede. Det kan derfor kring Upernavik og Uummannaq. tyde på, at de hunde, der havde overlevet tid- I 1885, 1896 og 1903 var der igen større ligere hundesygeudbrud, var blevet immuni- udbrud, der spredte sig over store områder seret, idet de havde dannet beskyttende anti- fra Upernavik helt ned til Aasiaat og slog stoffer mod virussygdommen, mens hvalpe størstedelen af den daværende hundebe- og svækkede individer ikke var beskyttet af stand ihjel. antistoffer fra hundens naturlige immunfor- I 1903 udbrød endnu et stort syg- svar. Problemstillingen er da, at hvalpe, der domstilfælde i de nordlige distrikter, blev født efter
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