Abrams, M. H. 167 Absurdist Theatre 271 Académie Française 141

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-30011-7 - The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism: Volume 6: The Nineteenth Century, c. 1830–1914 Edited by M. A. R. Habib Index More information

Index

Abrams, M. H. 167 Andersen, Vilhelm 471, 472 Absurdist theatre 271 Anderson, Benedict 101–2 Academie´ Franc¸aise 141, 386, 424–5 Andreevich (Evgeny Solovyov) 224 The Academy 2, 30, 32 Anglican Church, defence of 432 Acmeism 227–8 Annenkov, Pavel 6, 209, 212–13, 214 Adams, Henry 339 The Extraordinary Decade 213 Adams, John 188 On the Meaning of Literature for Adderly, Charles 425 Society 213 Addison, Joseph 70, 583 Annensky, Innokenty 227 Adorno, Theodor 238, 244 anthologies 168–9 Aeschylus 146, 222 anthropology 570–1 Aestheticism 8, 10, 65, 231, 344–5, Antin, Mary 338 346–9, 524–5 Antoine, Andre´ 15, 305, 548, 549–50 aesthopsychology 515–16, 578–9 Apollinaire, Guillaume 11, 358–9, African Americans 332, 337 363 Aikins, John (ed.), British Poets 168 art criticism 358–9 Akhmatova, Anna 227 The Cubist Painters (1913) 358, Aksakov, Konstantin 208, 212, 217 372 Aksakov family 206, 211 ‘The Futurist Antitradition’ (1913) Albert, Prince Consort 163 368 Albright, W. F. 270 ‘Zone’ 358–9 Alcott, Bronson 201 Appia, Adolphe 558 Alcott, Louisa May 10 Appleton, Charles 30 Little Women 336 Aquinas, Thomas, St 269 Aldrich, Thomas Bailey 43 Aragon, Louis 365–6 Alﬁeri, Vittorio 410–11, 494 Paris Peasant 368 Allen, Grant 33, 34, 35, 41, 44 Arber, Edward 60–1 Althusser, Louis 284, 288, 412 Archer, Frank 560 Althusserian 100 How to Write a Good Play (1892) American Civil War (1861–5) 450 546 American Revolution 188 Archer, William 548 Ammons, A. R. 204 Play-Making (1912) 555 Ampere,` J. J. 40 architecture 258–9 Analytical Review 24 The Argosy (periodical) 31 anarchy, fears of 524 Ariosto, Ludovico 415, 494 Andersen, Hans Christian 468 Aristophanes, The Symposium 202

655

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-30011-7 - The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism: Volume 6: The Nineteenth Century, c. 1830–1914 Edited by M. A. R. Habib Index More information

656 Index

Aristotle 231, 262, 265, 399, 481, Cromwell 419–20 493, 497, 498 Culture and Anarchy 102, 421, Poetics 557 423, 426–30, 431–2, 437, 442 Arnim, Bettina von 73–4 ‘Democracy’ 422 Arnold, Basil 431 ‘Dover Beach’ 421, 426 Arnold, Frances Lucy (nee´ Wightman) ‘Emerson’ 438 421 ‘Empedocles on Etna’ 421, 426 Arnold, Matthew 1, 5, 7, 12–13, 15, Essays in Criticism 48, 423–5, 426, 17, 18, 22, 27, 46, 48–9, 62, 70, 441, 447, 451, 614 102, 154, 162, 166, 170, 172–3, Friendship’s Garland 426, 430–1 180, 181, 183, 185, 233, 249, ‘The Function of Criticism at the 250, 263, 270, 392, 419, 451, Present Time’ 12, 24, 424, 425, 509, 535, 603, 608, 611, 613, 428, 442 615, 622 God and the Bible 432, 433–4, 614, ‘aliens’, treatment of 428–9 617 classification of British society ‘The Influence of Academies on 428–9 National Spirit and Literature’ comment on his own work 426 424 contemporary response 425, Irish Essays 436–7 430–1 Last Essays on Church and Religion critical approach 423 432, 434, 614, 617 definition of culture 427 Literature and Dogma 432–3, 434, disdain for Dissenters 614–15 603, 604–5, 614–17 education 419–20 ‘Literature and Science’ 437 as an educator 173 Merope 421, 498 French influences 422, 425 New Poems 421, 425 hostile criticism 617 ‘Numbers; or The Majority and the influence 419, 431, 441, 442 Remant’ 438 marriage/family life 421, 431 ‘Obermann Once More’ 426 on the nature of Jesus 616 ‘On the Modern Element in as a poet 419, 420–1, 425–6 Literature’ 422 poetic theory 531–2, 534 On the Study of Celtic Literature political backgrond 427–8 104 professional life 419, 421, 422, ‘On Translating Homer’ 422–3 426 ‘Pagan and Christian Religious public debate 437 Sentiment’ 424 religious and Biblical criticism Poems of Wordsworth 435 431–4, 606–7, 614–17 ‘Sohrab and Rustum’ 421 as school inspector 53–4 St. Paul and Protestantism 432, sense of audience 422 614 social commentary 425, 426, ‘Stanzas from the Grande 427–31 Chartreuse’ 421 theological writings 166 The Strayed Reveller 420 touchstone method 436, 532 ‘The Study of Poetry’ 435–6 undermining of ideals 182 ‘Tolstoi’ 438–9 ‘Balder Dead’ 421 ‘A Word About America’ 437–8

Index 657

Arnold, Thomas (father of Matthew) moral function 242 62, 419–20, 432 poetry 262–3 Arnold, Tom (brother of Matthew) avant-garde 420 antecedents 357–8 Arp, Hans 364–5, 373 cafe culture 367–8 ‘art for art’s sake’ movement 239–40, collaboration 373–4 411, 534 conﬂicts with the mainstream 368, see also Aestheticism; Parnassians 374–5 Artaud, Antonin 368 deﬁnition 357 arts (in general) female artists 367 connections with literature 16–17 journals 370 criticism 80–1 linguistic innovation 371 Hegelian theory of 253–61 manifestos 368–70 importance 269–70 politics 374 independence from ideology range of groupings 357, 367, 374 212–13 spiritual and mythical ideas 372 progressive stages of art 256–8 theatre 370–1 purpose 255–6 twentieth century 10–11 self transcendance 258 visual artists 372–3 sensuous aspect 255 d’Azeglio, Massimo 406, 410, 416 theory of development 7 see also visual arts Baader, Johannes 364 Ashbery, John, ‘Self-Portrait in a Baargeld, Johannes 364–5 Convex Mirror’ 204 Bacon, Francis, Sir 402 Ashley-Cooper, Anthony, Lord see Taine’s commentary on 401 Shaftesbury, third Earl Badaloni, Nicola 416 Ashton, Jennifer 535 Bagehot, Walter 14, 22, 23, 28, 32, Astruc, Zacherie 595 34, 489, 516 Athenaeum 29, 32, 36, 104 Bahr, Hermann 351 Atlantic Monthly 43, 44 Die Uberwindung¨ des Naturalismus Auber, Daniel 592 554 Augier, Emile 15, 544–5 Bain, Alexander 514 Augustine of Hippo, St 602–3, 607 The Emotions and the Will 509, Aurier, Albert 588–9, 598 512–13 Austen, Jane 76, 77, 512 Baju, Anatole 342 Jane Eyre 329 Bakhtin, Mikhail 14, 222, 228, 502, Pride and Prejudice 329 523 Austin, Linda 178 Bakunin, Mikhail 215, 358 Austin, Mary 338 Baldick, Charles 57 Austria 351–2 Ball, Hugo 364, 371 avant-garde movements 359 Balla, Giacomo 372 Austro-Prussian War (1866) 430 Balzac, Honorede´ 9, 14, 40, 148, autonomy, literary/artistic 6–7, 150, 293–5, 297, 298, 304, 231–6, 246–7, 255, 272 311–12, 332, 385, 399–400, 445, criticism as extension of 247–8 447, 448–9, 452, 458–9, 509, in Hegelian theory 264–5 518, 539

658 Index

Balzac, Honorede(´ cont.) Baumgarten, Siegmund Jacob 17, 606 comparisons to Trollope 453 Bavaria, education in 52 letters 449 Bazille, Fred´ eric´ 595 novel theory 517 Beardsley, Aubrey 346–7 Taine on 401 Under the Hill 347 ‘Avant-Propos’ 521 Beauclair, Henri, and Gabriel Vicaire, La Cousine Bette 303 Les Deliquescences´ d’Adore´ The Human Comedy 294, 383, 517 Floupette, poete` decadent´ 342 Lost Illusions 294–5 beauty, science of 256 Bancroft, George 77 Beckett, Samuel 271 Bang, Herman 472 Becque, Henry 304–5 Barbauld, Anna, On the Origin and Belgravia (periodical) 31 Progress of Novel Writing 516 Belinksy, Vissarion 6, 14, 15, 206, Barbey-d’Aurevilly, Jules Amed´ ee´ 341, 208–12, 218, 223, 486, 518, 342 541–2 Les Diaboliques 343–4 ban on works 213 Barlow, Joel, ‘The Hasty Pudding’ 189 criticism 213, 225 Barres,` Maurice 151, 371 genre theory 485 Barrish, Phillip 335 inﬂuence 494 Barthes, Roland 190, 309 ‘On the Character of Pushkin’s Bartoli, Adolfo 494 Poetry’ (1828) 212 Bataille, Georges 367 ‘Gogol and the Russian Tale’ Baudelaire, Charles 4, 7, 8, 10, 15, 16, 209–10 139, 142, 143, 144, 148–9, 191, ‘The Idea of Art’ (1859) 209 247, 248, 250, 297–8, 341, 342, ‘Literary Reveries’ (1834) 208 357, 386, 447, 450, 503, 531, ‘A Look at Russian Literature in 533, 536, 544–5, 592 1846’ 211 aesthetic theory 233, 240–2, 243–4, ‘ThePoetryofA.A.Fet’(1857) 526–9 212–13 commentary on visual arts 589, 591 ‘A Speech about Criticism’ 211 contrasts with Cousin 527–8 Bely, Andrei 206, 211, 226 inﬂuence 309–10 Benard,´ Charles 398 ‘Carrion’ 242 Benda, Julien 391, 392 ‘Correspondances’ 309–10, 526, Benjamin, Walter 190, 191, 248, 285, 591 354, 500 Les Fleurs du Mal 242–3, 301–2, Bennett, Arnold 458 341, 504, 527, 533 Bentham, Jeremy 200, 213–14 Notes nouvelles sur Edgar Poe 341 Bentley, Nancy 335 ‘The Painter of Modern Life’ 242 Berdyaev, Nikolai 225 ‘Les Phares’ 591 Berg, Leo 550 Salon of 1846 591 Bergson, Henri 12, 273, 310, 404, ‘Richard Wagner et Tannhauser¨ a` 546, 599–600 Paris’ 557–8 Berlioz, Hector 16, 592 Bauhaus 360 Bernard, Claude 548 Baumgarten, Alexander 6 Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Aesthetica 231 Jacques-Henri 140

Index 659

Bernays, Jacob, Grundzuge¨ der Bonnard, Pierre 559 verlorenen Abhandlung des Bookman 30 Aristoteles uber¨ die Wirkung der Booth, Wayne 462 Tragodie¨ 557 Borel, Petrus´ 140 Berst, Charles 184–5 Borges, Jorge Luis 363 Bertrand, Aloysius 143 Borne,¨ Ludwig 41–2, 116, 117–20, Besant, Walter 451, 454 121, 122, 128–9, 130, 132–3 ‘The Art of Fiction’ 454–5 contrasts with other critics 123, Bible 124 debate on authenticity 434, 606–7, focus on moral character 118 615–17 focus on political convictions literary criticism 17, 432–4, 602–22 119–20 non-literal interpretations 433–4 Die Waage 117–18 role in education 53–4 Bosanquet, Bernard 270 translations of 127 Bossuet, Jacques-Benigne´ 384 Bildung, notion of 52–3 Boswell, James 175–6 Bildungsroman genre 9, 315–16 Botkin, Vasily 6, 212–13 Bismarck, Otto von 115, 470 Bouilhet, Louis 297 Bjørnson, Bjørnstjerne 474 Bourdieu, Pierre 242, 243 Blackmur, R. P. 462 Bourget, Paul 350, 404 Blackwell, Thomas 608 Essais de psychologie Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine 25, contemporaine 342 27, 29, 31, 107–8, 154 Bowie, Andrew 231 Noctes Ambrosianae 26 Braddon, Mary Elizabeth 31, 514 Blair, Hugh 50, 58 Bradford, William, Of Plymouth Blake, William 168, 603, 608 Plantation 197, 198 ‘When Klopstock England Deﬁed’ Bradley, A. C. 3, 15, 46, 68, 69, 271, 97–8 525, 534–6, 538, 539–40 Blaue Reiter group 360, 369–70 ‘The Sublime’ 535–6 Blavatsky, Helena 372 The Teaching of English Literature Blind, Mathilde 32 47, 69 Blok, Aleksandr 6, 226 Bragaglia, Anton Giulio 368–9 ‘On the Contemporary Condition of Brahm, Otto 15, 137, 548, 549, 550, Russian Symbolism’ 226 552, 559 ‘On Lyric Poetry’ 226 Brake, Laurel 22, 38 Bloom, Harold 158, 204, 488, Brandes, Georg 13, 464–77, 549 618 criticisms 465, 470–1 Blum, Leon´ 41 and Danish literature 471–2 Boccaccio, Giovanni 322, 486, early life and education 465–6 494 feminist criticisms 465, 476 Boccioni, Umberto 361, 372 inﬂuences on 465, 467, 468–9 Boileau, Nicolas 384 legacy 476–7 Bolsche,¨ Wilhelm 9 literary allegiances 467–8 Natural History of the Modern political engagement 469, 475–6 Novel 319 relation to Roman and Greek Bolshevik Revolution 362–3 antiquity 466–7

660 Index

Brandes, Georg (cont.) Brodhead, Richard 337 relationship with German spirit Bronte,¨ Charlotte 76, 91 469–70 Jane Eyre 328 relationship with romanticism 466 Brook Farm (utopian experiment) resistance to contemporary powers 195, 201 464 Brooke, Stopford A., Rev., English significance 464–5 Literature from AD 670 to AD study of Sainte-Beuve 474 1832 (1876) 62–3 Æstetiske studier 471 Brooks, Cleanth 15, 241, 535 Benjamin Disraeli, Jarl af Brougham, Henry 51 Beaconsfield: en litterær Brown, Charles Brockden 82 charakteristik 473 Brown, John 202 Caius Julius Caesar 475 Browne, Sir Thomas 180 Danske digtere 471–2 Browning, Elizabeth Barrett 5, 15, 83, Det moderne gennembruds mænd 88, 90, 154–5, 168, 536, 620 471–2 Aurora Leigh 527, 533 Dualismen i vor nyeste philosophie A Drama of Exile (1844) 612 467 Browning, Robert 5, 15, 35, 88, Esaias Tegner:´ en 154–5, 527, 533, 583, 620 litteraturpsychologisk studie 473 Brownson, Orestes 189, 201 Ferdinand Lassalle: en kritisk Die Brucke¨ (group) 360, 372, 373 fremstilling 473 Bruckner,¨ Max 558 Forklaring og forsvar: en antikritik Brunetiere,` Ferdinand 4, 8, 14, 15, 16, 470–1 139, 146, 149–50, 306–7, 501–2, Goethe I–II 475 509, 554–5, 578 Hellas 475 criticism/rejection of theories Henrik Ibsen 473–4 487–8, 560, 575 Homer 475 evolutionism 573–5 Hovedstrømninger 468–72 genre theory 485, 486–8 ‘The Infinitely Small and Infinitely legacy 488 Great in Poetry’ 468 Evolution des genres 306, 573–5 Kritiker og portraiter 471 L’Evolutions des genres dans Michelangelo Buonarroti 474–5 l’histoire de la litterature´ 517 Petrus 475 Manuel de l’histoire de la litterature´ Sagnet om Jesus 475 française 150 Søren Kierkergaard 471–2 Nouvelles questions de critique 306 Urkristendom 475 Questions de critique litteraire´ 306 Voltaire I–II 475 Bryant, William Cullen 76 William Shakespeare 468, 474 Bryusov, Valery 219, 222–3, 559 Braque, Georges 11, 358, 359, 373 ‘On Art’ 222–3 Breton, Andre´ 365–6, 367, 369, 371 ‘The Keys to the Mysteries’ 223 British and Foreign Review 23 Buchanan, Robert, The Fleshly School The British Critic 154 of Poetry 533 British Quarterly 24 Bucher,¨ Karl 289 British Weekly 30 Buchner,¨ Georg 132, 194, 322–3, 541, Brøchner, Hans 467 542, 559

Index 661

Danton’s Death 323, 541, 550 392, 419, 430, 432, 433, 438, Lenz 541, 560 619 Woyzeck 323 artistic creed 174 Buckle, Henry Thomas 565, 569 background 173–4 Buffon, Comte de (Georges Louis critical method 174–5 Leclerc) 294, 383, 385, 387, German influences 286 517 social criticism 176 Buloz, Charles 40 ‘Characteristics’ 21 Buloz, François 40 The French Revolution 156 Bultmann, Rudolf 611 ‘The Hero as Man of Letters’ 176 Bulwer-Lytton, Edward 25, 177, ‘The Hero as Poet’ 176 510–11, 522 Past and Present 156–7 ‘On Art in Fiction’ 510 Sartor Resartus 176 Bunuel,˜ Luis 364 Signs of the Times 156, 427 Burckhardt, Jakob 221, 384, 409 Caro, Elme 397, 404 Burke, Edmund 104, 107, 271, 422, Carr, E. H. 170 437 Carra,` Carlo 366 Burliuk, David 362, 369 Carrigan, Sally 198 Burns, Robert 175, 436 Carson, Rachel 198 Burrow, John 170 Castagnary, Jules-Antoine 594 Butler, Joseph 434 Castille, Hippolyte 294 Butler, Marilyn 23 Catherine the Great (Empress of Butler, Samuel 620–1 Russia) 205, 206 Byatt, A. S. 86, 91 Catholic Church, defence of 621 Byrne, James 104, 111 Cellini, Benvenuto 474 Byron, George Gordon, Lord 16, 21, censorship 54, 82–3, 88, 92, 131, 158, 167, in Germany 116–17, 130–1, 133 175, 177–8, 191, 402–3, 436, in Russia 6, 213 451, 469, 592 Central Europe, new states 358 criticism 175 Cervantes, Miguel de 222, 474 Taine’s commentary on 401 Don Quixote 126, 215, 317–18 Cezanne,´ Paul 595–6 Cahan, Abraham 333, 338 Chaadaev, Petr 208 Calderon´ de la Barca, Pedro 541 Chambers, Robert 62 Cambridge University 46, 47, 67 Chamfort, Nicolas 140 Campanella, Tommaso 415 Champfleury (Jules François Felix Campbell, Thomas 25 Fleury-Husson) 8, 295, 296, 298 Specimens of the British Poets Champollion, Jean-François 298 107 Channing, W. H. 189 Canada, national identity 113 Channing, William Ellery 99, 108, Capek,ˇ Josef 359 109, 110–11, 189 Carleton, William 111–12 Chantepie, Leroyer de 297 Carlsbad Decrees (1819) 4, 116–17 Chaplin, Charlie 371 Carlyle, Thomas 5, 38, 39, 48–9, 58, Chapman, John 38, 86 76, 78, 85–6, 88, 91–4, 154, 161, Char, Rene´ 366 163–4, 170, 172–6, 180, 185, Charcot, Jean-Martin 302

662 Index

Charles X of France 140 Classicism 139–53 Charpentier, Georges 340 attempt at merging with Chase, Richard 194 Romanticism 144–5 Chasles, Philarete` 311–12 change of meaning 143–4 Chateaubriand, François-Renede´ 140, range of definitions 148–9 143–4, 153, 169, 379 Colburn, Henry 25, 26, 29 influence in Britain 162 Coleridge, J. T. 166, 170 Genie´ du Christianisme 162, 168 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 7, 78, 109, Les martyrs 140 157–8, 160–1, 163, 164, 165, Memoires´ d’outre-tombe 140, 393 175, 180, 232, 233, 254, 391, Moıse¨ 140 392, 536, 604, 608, 609 Rene´ 140 criticisms 191–2 Chatterjee, Partha 112 German influence 161 Chaucer, Geoffrey 436, 531–2, 583 Lectures on Shakespeare 159–60, Chavee,´ Achille 366 161 Chekhov, Anton 15, 549, 551–2, 561 Rime of the Ancient Mariner 191 The Seagull 551–2 Colet, Louise 244, 296, 297 Chernyshevsky, Nikolai 207, 213–14, Collier, J. P., History of English 219, 223, 494, 544, 550, 551 Dramatic Poetry up to the Time ‘The Aesthetic Relation of Art to of Shakespeare 491 Reality’ 214 Collier, William Francis 62 The Anthropological Principle in Collini, Stefan 48 Philosophy 214 Collins, Anthony 606 ‘Studies in the Age of Gogol’ 214 Collins, John Churton 35, 41, 46, What Is To Be Done? 215 64–6, 68–9 Chesnutt, Charles 10, 333, 337 The Study of English Literature: A The Conjure Woman and Other Plea for Its Recognition and Conjure Tales 337 Organisation at the Universities Chesterton, G. K. 622 47, 64–6 Chirico, Giorgio de 366, 373 Collins, Wilkie 514 Chopin, Fred´ eric´ 592 comedy 266, 269 Chopin, Kate 10, 332 distinguished from “mere laughter” The Awakening 336 266 Christian Remembrancer 24 place in genre hierarchy 497 Christianity 257–8 community, in Hegelian theory 259 challenges to 184–5 Comte, Auguste 221, 380, 382, 394, see also Anglican Church; Catholic 544, 565, 569 Church; Protestantism; religion Condillac, Etienne´ Bonnot de 397 Christo (Christo Vladimirov Conrad, Joseph 13, 444, 457, 458 Javacheff) 601 Conrad, M. G. 319 Clampitt, Amy 204 Constant, Benjamin 233 Clarendon Commission Report 1864 Constructivism 365 54 Contemporary Review 28–9, 32 Claretie, Jules 548 Cook, J. D. 29–30, 31 Clark, Lewis Gaylord 188 Cooper, James Fenimore 82, 113, classical art, in Hegelian theory 257 188

Index 663

Coppee,´ François 246 Dallal, Jenine Abboushi 241 copyright 188 Dallas, E. S. 5, 14, 16, 38, 154, international 43 157–8, 159, 170, 492–3, 509 Corinne (fictional character) 72, 75 novel theory 513–15 Corneille, Pierre 400, 466, 575 The Gay Science 155, 493, 509, Corneille, Thomas 575 513–15, 567 Cornell, Kenneth 150 Poetics 492–3, 567 Cornhill Magazine 2, 27–8, 154, 424 D’Annunzio, Gabriele 354–6 Cotta, Johann Friedrich 118 Il fuoco 355–6 Courbet, Gustave 8, 295, 298 Il trionfo della morte 355 Cousin, Victor 15, 37, 38, 144, 233, Dante (Alighieri) 146, 152, 167, 222, 396, 397, 422, 525–8 411–12, 415, 494 Du vrai, du beau, et du bien 240, Divine Comedy 486 525–6 Inferno 297 Cowper, William 54 Danzel, Theodor Wilhelm, On Hegel’s Craig, Edward Gordon 559 Aesthetic Philosophy 496 Craik, George Lillie 61, 62 Darwin, Charles 1, 149, 155, 333, Crane, Harold Hart 538 383, 548, 570, 573, 574 Crane, Stephen 10, 332, 333, 335–6 The Origin of Species 30, 299 Maggie: A Girl of the Streets 336 Darwinism 575 Crashaw, Richard 168 Daudet, Alphonse 446, 452, 454, 459 Critic of Literature, Art, Science and Davidson, John 346, 348–9 the Drama 29 ‘A Ballad of a nun’ 349 Critical Review 24 Davis, Thomas 112 critics see reviewers de Man, Paul 251 Croce, Benedetto 12, 14, 270, 416, De Quincey, Thomas 5, 25, 36, 37–8, 417, 494, 501–2 154, 157–8, 163, 164, 170, 175 Aesthetics 501 Letters to a Young Man 162 Guide to Aesthetics 501 De Sanctis, Francesco 11–12, 14, 271, Poetry and Literature 501 406–18 Croker, J. W. 39, 77 academic career 407–9 cubism 590, 600 comparisons with Lukacs´ 413–14 cubo-expressionism see Czech Cubism contribution to Italian public life culture, concept of 429–30 410 Cunningham, Valentine 35, 41 early life 407 Cuvier, Georges 294, 306, 383, 385, genre theory 485–6 574 Hegelian influences 411–12, Czech Cubism 359 413–14 historical background 406–7 Dadaism 357, 364, 368, 374 imprisonment and exile 408–9, magazines 370 418 manifesto 369 inconsistencies of theory 412 recitations 371–2 influence 416, 417 theatre 371 public service career 409–10, 418 Daley, Kenneth 181 realism 413–14 Dalı,´ Salvador 364, 366, 373 role in 1848 revolution 408

664 Index

De Sanctis, Francesco (cont.) criticism 179, 445 theoretical program 408 Taine’s commentary on 401 theory of literary criticism 411–14, David Copperfield 329 416–17 Dombey and Son 90, 329 History of Italian Literature 11–12, Great Expectations 315 409–10, 414–16, 485–6 Little Dorritt 329 ‘La prima canzone di Giacomo Oliver Twist 328 Leopardi’ 409 Our Mutual Friend 445 Saggi critici 409 Dickinson, Emily 203–4 Saggio critico su Petrarca 410, 411 Diderot, Denis 397, 543, 544, 549, De Vere, Aubrey Thomas 110 609 Debussy, Claude 41 Digby, Kenelm, Broad Stone of Le martyr de Saint Sebastien´ 355 Honour 157 Prelude´ a` l’apres-midi` d’un faune Dilke, C. W. 38 358 Dilthey, Wilhelm 14, 16, 43, 270, decadence 8, 10, 243–4, 340–56, 358 405, 494, 499–501, 532, 538, definitions 347–8 569–70, 572–3 historical provenance 340–2 poetic theory 524–5 in Italy 354–6 ‘The Imagination of the Poet: Degas, Edgar 595 Elements for a Poetics’ 524, Degeneration 581–2 536 Delacroix, Eugene` 16, 529, 589, Disraeli, Benjamin 427–8, 470, 473 590–1, 593 Sybil 157 Faust 590 Dissenters, criticism of 431–2 Delaunay, Robert 358 Dobrolyubov, Nikolai 214–15, 216, DeLaura, David 431, 617 219, 223, 518, 544 Delvig, Anton, Baron 207 genre theory 495 Democritus 278 Dobson, Austin 63 Dennis, John, The Grounds of Doddridge, Philip 50 Criticism in Poetry 604 Doesburg, Theo van 365 Depero, Fortunato 372 Donne, John 68, 168 Derain, Andre´ 358 Donovan, Josephine 337 Derby, Lord (Edward Smith-Stanley) Dormann,¨ Felix 351–2 428 Dostoevsky, Fedor 9, 214, 216, 217, Derrida, Jacques 251, 271, 272, 309 219, 225, 332 Descartes, Rene´ 383 critical praise 210–11 Deschanel, Emile 145 criticism 219, 362 Desmarais, Cyprien 4, 141–2, 144 influence 220 Desnos, Robert 366, 371 philosophical depth of work 225 Determinism 384, 401, 402–3 relationship with Strakhov 217 Deutsche Revue 130 The Double 210 Dewey, John 333 ‘Mr. -bov and the Question of Art’ Diaghilev, Serge 362 216 Dickens, Charles 9, 57, 77, 89, 154, Poor People 210 188, 194, 249, 311, 320, 327–9, Dostoevsky, Mikhail 216 332, 515, 520 Douglass, Frederick 5–6

Index 665

The Narrative of the Life of Duchamp, Marcel 365, 371, 373 Frederick Douglass, An American Dujardin, Edouard 351 Slave, Written by Himself 202–3 Dumas, Alexandre, fils 15, 306, Dowden, Edward 46, 49, 60, 587 544–6, 548 Dowson, Ernest 347, 348–9, 352 La Dame aux Camelias´ 545, 552–3 Cynara 349 Dumas, Alexandre, pere` 461 Doyle, Brian 47 Dunlop, John Colin, The History of drama 15–16, 263, 265–9 Fiction 516 avant-garde 370–1 Dupanloup, Felix,´ Bishop 401 concept of play 238 Duranty, Edmond 8, 295, 595 conflict as central theme 267–8 The New Painting (La Nouvelle critics 304–6 peinture) 298 domestic 544–5 Duse, Eleonora 552–3 genres 266–7 Duval, Alexandre 141 as guide for the novel 522–3 Duyckinck, Evert 188, 191, 192 language of 265–6 Dvorak,ˇ Antonin 592 mixed genre 267 moralizing 305–6 Eagleton, Terry 238, 270 place in genre hierarchy 498 Earle, John 66 popular forms 539 Eastman, Charles Alexander 338 techniques for dramatic production Eaton, Winifred/Edith Maud 338 549–50 Echtermeyer, Theodor 132–3, 134 unifying of lyric and epic 265 eclecticism 526 unity of drama 265 economics, and literary theory 571 see also dramatic theory Edel, Leon 459 dramatic theory 539–61 Edgeworth, Maria 76 actors/actresses, role of 552–3 Edinburgh Review 2, 22, 28–9, 36 compromise between ancient and critiques of 32–3 modern 540 influence 43 formal questions 545–6 political agenda 23 recurring tendencies 547–8 readership 25 role of director 552 style of criticism 24 self-reflexive mode 551 Eichendorff, Joseph Freiherr von 116 see also drama Eigner, Edward 507 Dreiser, Theodore 10, 332, 333, 334 Einstein, Albert 372, 600 The Financier 334 Einundzwanzig Bogen aus der Sister Carrie 334 Schweiz 133 Drennan, William 105 Eliot, George 3, 5, 9, 17, 28, 38, 73, Dreyfus, Alfred 475 74, 75, 79, 85–94, 154–5, 163, Drtikol, Frantisekˇ 359 172, 179, 180, 183, 187, 194, Druzhinin, Aleksandr 6, 212, 213 330, 452, 506, 612–13 Dryden, John 436, 582 affinities with Arnold 614 Du Ponceau, Peter 111 commentary on narrative technique Dublin Review 23, 34 326 Dubois, P. F. 40 criticism 445 Ducamp, Maxime 340 journalism 31

666 Index

Eliot, George (cont.) Socialism: Utopian and Scientific literary cross dressing 87–8 286 role models 91 English Studies (academic discipline) social activism 89–91 50–1, 55–63 theory of realism 88–9 ambivalence 68–71 view of society 86–7, 89–91 attempts to emphasise importance Adam Bede 86, 89, 326–7, 328, of work 63–6 520, 613 conflict of scholarship and Daniel Deronda 86, 446, 452 popularization 60 The Essence of Christianity 611 growth of literary histories and ‘Felix Holt’s Address to Working primers 61–3 Men’ 173 renegotiation of 70–1 Middlemarch 86, 329, 445–6 in schools 54–5, 68 The Mill on the Floss 86 secondary education 64 Romola 452 social and educational purpose Scenes of Clerical Life 613 57 ‘Woman in France: Madame de Enlightenment 252 Sable’´ 86–8 Ense, Varnhagen van 116, 123 Eliot, T. S. 49, 161, 245, 265, 309, epic poetry 263–4 391, 462, 531, 617 historical context 264 Ellicott, Charles John, Bishop 617 medieval 314 Ellis, George, Specimens of the Early Epicurus 278 English Poets 107 Ernst, Max 364–5, 366, 373 Ellis, Havelock 582–3 Espinasse, Francis 29 Eluard, Paul 365, 366, 370 Etter, Brian K. 272 Emerson, Ralph Waldo 5, 81, 91, evangelism 617–22 189–90, 203, 334, 419, 438, 452, shaping of lower/middle class views 492 620 criticism 194 Evans, Marian see Eliot, George influence 203–4 Evolution 486–7, 573–8 relationship with Thoreau 199–200 Examiner 29 silence on political issues 201 Expressionism 11 ‘Experience’ 199–200, 203 ‘Fate’ 199–200 Die Fackel 137–8 Nature 199 Fackenheim, Emil L. 270 ‘Nominalist and Realist’ 200 Faguet, Emile 145 ‘The Poet’ 200 Falloux Laws 1850–151 ‘Self Reliance’ 199 Fantin-Latour, Henri 595 Engels, Friedrich 7–8, 278, 280–4, Fauriel, Claude 144 287, 288, 547, 550, 565 Fauvism 358 concept of mediation 283–4, 287–8 Feininger, Lyonel 360 echoing of Marx 282–3 Fenger, Henning 466, 468 espousal of realism 280–2 Ferguson, Samuel 112 reading of Balzac 281–2 Fern, Fanny 194 reconfiguring of Marxist doctrine Ferry, Jules 51 282–4 Fetterley, Judith 337

Index 667

Feuerbach, Ludwig 17, 86, 163, 214, education system 51–2 286, 610–11, 613 freedoms 391–2 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb 48, 53, 164, genre theory 486–8 175, 256 national character 381 Filla, Emil 359 novel theory 519 fin de siecle` 340, 342, 352–4, 356 periodicals 39–41 Firdausi, Shahnamah 264 realism 8 First World War 358, 465 Romanticism 139–53 Fitzgerald, Percy, Principles of tragedy 488 Composition and Dramatic see also French Revolution Effect 546 France, Anatole 8, 307–8, 368, 573 flaneur,ˆ figure of 7, 10, 191, 233, 589 Francis of Assisi, St (Giovanni Flaubert, Gustave 7, 8, 9, 14, 73, 74, Francesco di Bernardone) 451 148, 222, 235, 241, 243–4, Franco-Prussian War (1870–1) 404 296–8, 300–1, 390, 444–5, 446, Fraser’s Magazine for Town and 447, 458–9, 460, 506, 521–2, Country 25, 26, 27, 36–7, 539, 589 424 Correspondance 521 Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor Dictionnaire des idees´ reçues 381 284 Madame Bovary 297, 301, 332, Frederick II of Sicily 414 350, 396, 459, 504 freedom Marxist interpretations 281–2 artistic 455–6 response to criticism 294 in Hegelian theory 253, 254–5 Fleury-Husson, Jules François Felix and state authority 428 see Champfleury Freeman, E. A. 64–5, 66, 68 Fontainas, Andre´ 598 Frei, Hans 604, 609 Fontane, Theodor 9, 42, 116, 129, French Revolution 116, 156, 158, 136–7, 319, 320–2, 548 252, 384, 387 explorations of social conformity Freud, Sigmund 12, 193, 271, 366, 321–2 405, 599 Fontanes, Louis de 140 Freytag, Gustav 9, 43, 134, 318–19 Foote, Julia A. J. 337 Debit and Credit 318 Ford, Ford Madox 13, 457 Die Technik des Dramas (1863) Ford, Richard 328 546–7 Foreign Quarterly 23 The Friend 159, 160 foreign visitors, as literary device 430 Frith, William Powell 593–4 Formalism 502, 522–3 Derby Day 593 Forster, E. M, Aspects of the Novel Fromentin, Eugene` 589 462 Dominique 307 Fortnightly Review 28–9, 32, 33, 36 Froude, J. A. 424, 444 Foucault, Michel 93, 271 Fry, Roger 347 Fourier, Joseph 286 Frye, Northrop 616, 618 Fox, William Johnson 108–9 Fuchs, Georg 559 France 139–53 Fuller, Margaret 3, 74–5, 81–5, 88, Classicism 4 90, 91–4 decadence 340–6 comments on Eliot 91

668 Index

Fuller, Margaret (cont.) Gauguin, Paul 357, 372, 373, 597–8 contrasts public and private Who Are We? Whence Come We? writings 82–3 Whither Are We Going? 598 inﬂuence 87 Gautier, Theophile´ 10, 16, 140, 142, political achievements 201–2 144, 145–6, 233, 241–2, 243, relationship with female 245, 298, 310, 447–8, 529, 589, intellectuals 85 596 relationship with Harriet Martineau aesthetic theory 239–40 85 role in decadence movement 341–2 travels in Europe 85 Mademoiselle de Maupin 239–40, view of gender differences 84–5 341 ‘The Great Lawsuit. Man versus Gellner, Ernest 101–2 Men. Woman versus Women.’ genetics, theories based on 582–3 201 genre theory 481–505 Papers on Literature and Art 81, Anglophone 488–93 82–3 commendatory nature 504 Summer on the Lakes 81–2, 189, evolutionary approach 486–7, 198 573–6 Woman in the Nineteenth Century French 486–8 81, 83–5, 87, 201 generic labels 502–3 Furnival, F. J. 60 German 482–4, 495–501 Futurism 357, 358–9, 361–3, 368, hierarchy of genres 489, 496, 497, 590, 600 504–5 idiom 371–2 Italian 485–6, 494, 501–2 Italian 11 links to psychology 500–1 manifestos 368–9 mixing genres 489–90 publications 373–4 modern understandings 481 Russian 370–1 multiple genres for one work 488 nineteenth-/early twentieth-century Gadamer, Hans-Georg 237–8, 405 theories 493–502 Galezowski, Xavier 302 nineteenth-century debates 481–2 Gallagher, Catherine 328–9 philosophical-psychological notions Galsworthy, John 186, 556, 560 496–7 Galton, Francis 583 practical application 502–5 Gandhi, Mohandas K. 202 rejection 501–2 Garcin, Andre´ 295 Russian 485, 494–5 Gargallo, Pablo 364 Gentile, Giovanni 12, 270, 417 Garibaldi, Giuseppe 201, 409 Geoffroy, Julien-Louis 144 Garland, Hamlin 10, 334, 337 George, Stefan 352 Crumbling Idols 334 Germany 4, 115–38, 313–14 Gartenlaube 134–5 aborted revolution (1848) 134 Gaskell, Elizabeth 9, 89, 91, 327 avant-garde movements 359–61, Mary Barton 325–6, 329 364–5 Gaspary, Adolf 410 censorship 133 Gasset, Ortega y 14 development of modern literary Gaudier-Brzeska, Henri 363, 373 criticism 116

Index 669

drama 322–3 115, 135, 160, 163–4, 318, 419, education 52–3 424, 432, 433, 466, 472, 486, female critics 73–4 572, 576, 590, 608 genre theory 482–4, 495–501 affirmation by later critics 311 influence in England 163–6, 174–5 comparisons with Shakespeare influence in France 238–9 160–1 influence in Russia 207, 208–9 contempt for 120 literary criticism 41–3 critical loyalty 123 literary journals 134–5 criticism 118, 121, 132–4, 194 lyric poetry 323–4 death 9, 122, 314 political situation (pre-unification) discovery by later critics 124, 115 128 pre-eminence of prose narrative English commentaries 174–5 314–18 influence 315–16 pre-unification 313 music inspired by 592 provincialism 313 poetry 128 realism 9, 319–22 reactions to heavy criticism 122 repressive politics 130–1 rejection of 134 rise of nationalism 115 Faust 128, 131, 409 social novel 317–18 Die Leiden des jungen Werther see also Bavaria; Prussia; 127–8, 175 Prussian-Austrian alliance; Torquato Tasso 483 Weimar West-Ostlicher¨ Divan 482 Gervasio, Vincenzo 410 Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre 161, Gervinus, Georg Gottfried 14, 116, 164, 174, 314, 315–16 130, 569 Goethe, Ottilie 78 History of German Poetry 496 Gogol, Nikolai 15, 206, 207–8, Ghil, Rene,´ Traiteduverbe´ 310 209–10, 211, 213, 218, 225, 542, Gibbon, Edward 156, 174, 454 543 Gide, Andre´ 4, 139, 149, 150, 151, criticisms 215, 222 152–3 Dead Souls 212 Les nourritures terrestres 153 ‘A Few Words about Pushkin’ Gilbert, W. S. (and Arthur Sullivan), 207 Patience 348, 349 The Government Inspector 543 Gilfillan, George 29 ‘On Ukrainian Songs’ 207–8 Ginguene,´ Louis 140 Goldsmith, Oliver 54 Gippius, Zinaida 206, 220–1, 223 Goll, Ivan 369 Girardin, Saint-Marc 151, 239 Goncharov, Ivan 210 Gissing, George 329 Oblomov 215, 518 New Grub Street 519 Goncharova, Natalia 362, 373–4 Gleizes, Albert 600 Goncourt, Edmond de 343, 386, 446, Le Globe 39–40 506, 509, 518–19, 553, 597 Godwin, William 603 Germinie Lacerteux (1888, stage Goemans,¨ Camille 366 version) 549 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 4, 16, Goncourt, Jules de 386, 446, 506, 37, 38, 48, 52, 67, 73, 78, 83, 509, 518–19, 553, 589, 597

670 Index

Gorky, Maxim 224, 226 Unterhaltungen am hauslichen¨ Summerfolk 224 Herd 134 Gorodetsky, Sergei 228 Wally die Zweiﬂerin 131 Gosse, Edmund 27, 30, 41, 46, 63, 65 Gwynn, Stephen 63 attack on scholarly standards 35 Gourmont, Remy de 8, 309, 310–11 Habermasian 99 Gramsci, Anton 12, 412, 415, 416, Hackel,¨ Ernst 487, 548 417 Hafez 264 Prison Notebooks 409 Hale, Dorothy 506–7 Gramscian 100 Hales, J. W., ‘The Teaching of Gray, Richard 335 English’ 53–4 Gray, Thomas 436 Hallam, Henry 38, 109, 112 Elegy in a Country Churchyard Introduction to the Literature of 156–65 Europe during the Fifteenth, Greek art/literature 257 Sixteenth and Seventeenth drama 267–8, 499, 539–40 Centuries 66 in Marxist theory 279 ‘On some of the Characteristics of poetry 264 Modern Poetry’ 107 Greeley, Horace 81, 201 Hallische Jahrbucher¨ fur¨ deutsche Greene, George Arthur 355 Wissenschaft und Kritik 132–3, Greg,W.W.68 134 Die Grenzboten 134, 318 Hamann, Johann Georg 6 Griboedov, Aleksandr 211 Aesthetica in nuce 231 Woe from Wit 210, 542 Hammermeister, Kai 240–1 Grieg, Edvard 592 Hampden, R. D. 433 Grierson, H. J. C 68 Hardy, Thomas 9, 30 Grigoriev, Apollon 216, 217–18, Far From the Madding Crowd 445 544 Jude the Obscure 329 ‘On Truth and Sincerity in Art’ 218 Hare, Augustus 161, 165 Two Egoisms 217 Hare, Francis 161 Grillparzer, Franz 495, 543, 556 Hare, Julius 156, 160–2, 164, 170 Gris, Juan 358, 373 Hare, Marcus 161 Groos, Karl 573 Harper, Frances E. W. 337 Gropius, Walter 360 Harper’s Monthly Magazine 44 Grosse, Ernst, Anfange¨ der Kunst 573 Harris, Joel Chandler 337 Grossman, Allen 538 Harrison, Frederic 28 Grundtvig, N. F. S 466 Harsløf, Olaf 476 Gualdo, Luigi, Decadenza 355 Hart, Heinrich 319 The Guardian (Anglian periodical) 30 Hart, Julian 137, 319 Guerin,´ Maurice de 423–4, 451 Hauptmann, Gerhart 321, 322, 323, Guiccardini, Francesco 415 547, 549–50, 552, 556, 561 Guizot, Franc¸ois 387, 422 Hauptmann, Gustav 15 Gumilyov, Nikolai 227–8 Hausmann, Raoul 364 Gummere, Francis B. 577 Haverland, Anna 552 Gutzkow, Karl 117, 130, 131–2, 133 Hawthorne, Nathaniel 5, 82, 194–7, Die Ritter vom Geiste 131 449–50, 503

Index 671

relation to Romantic theory 194–5 Lectures on the History of relationship with Melville 193–4 Philosophy 253 silence on political issues 201 Phenomenology 267, 411, 412, 414 ‘The Artist of the Beautiful’ 194 Philosophy of Right 253 ‘The Birth-Mark’ 194 The Science of Logic 409, 411 The Blithedale Romance 195 Heiberg, Johan Ludvig 468, 471 ‘Drowne’s Wooden Image’ 194 Heidegger, Martin 273 ‘The Hall of Fantasy’ 197 Heine, Heinrich 4, 41–2, 116, The House of the Seven Gables 119–20, 130, 239, 314, 324, 424, 194–5, 503 430, 451, 469, 470 TheMarbleFaun194 conception of history 126 ‘Rappaccini’s Daughter’ 194 contrasts with contemporaries The Scarlet Letter 195–7, 450 122–9 Hazlitt, William 25 criticisms 119–20, 121, 128, 132–7 Select Poets of Great Britain 107 influence 129, 131 Heartfield, John 373 lyrical poetry 129 Hebbel, Friedrich 15, 322–3, 498, review of Menzel 122–3 542–3, 544, 550, 556 Atta Troll (1843) 129 Maria Magdalene 543 ‘The Baths of Lucca’ 125 Hebraism 429, 431 ‘Briefe aus Berlin’ 123–4 Heckel, Erich 359, 360 On the History of Religion and Hegel, Friedrich 1, 6, 7, 9, 42, 86, Philosophy in Germany 119–20, 125, 127, 135, 163, 170, 251–3, 127–8 270, 273, 276, 314–17, 399, 403, ‘Jehuda ben Halevy’ 129 465, 471, 482, 492, 613–14 ‘Journey from Munich to Genoa’ aesthetic theory 253–61 124 biography 251–2 Ludwig Borne.¨ Eine Denkschrift categorization of art forms 258–61 128–9 comments on Eastern literature 264 Reisebilder 124–5 criticism 272–3, 277–8, 395, 398, ‘Romanticism’ 123 495–7, 500 Die romantische Schule 4, 125–7, death 122 324 genre 484, 540 Hellenism 429, 466–7 historicism 252–3, 270 Hemans, Felicia 164–5 influence 14, 15, 17, 207, 208–9, Welsh Melodies 106 251, 269–73, 274–5, 316–17, Henein, Georges 366 395, 396–8, 411–12, 413–14, Henley, W. E. 30 485, 494, 495–7, 610–11, 613 Hennequin, Emile 8, 16, 581 influences on 255–6 approval 306 initial inspiration 252 attacks on work 306 theological commentary 609–10 Critique scientifique 300, 509, theory of tragedy 267–9 515–16, 578–9 three basic modes of thought Some French Writers 300–1 261–2 Hennings, Emmy 364 treatment of literature 261–7 Hennique, Leon´ 304 Aesthetics 484, 520 Henry, Charles 597

672 Index

Herbert, George 168 Home and Foreign 24 Herder, Johann Gottfried von 52, 100, Homer 140, 146, 222, 436, 505, 608 112, 127, 218, 469, 482, 572 Iliad 263–4, 490 influence in English-speaking world Odyssey 490 164–6 Honninghausen,¨ Lothar 527, 532 influence in Russia 207, 208–9 Hood, Thomas 26 The Spirit of Hebrew Poetry 165, Hook, Sidney 271 608–9 Hopkins, Gerard Manley 180, 527, Her´ edia,´ JoseMariade´ 146, 148, 151 619–20 Herschel, J. F.W. 28 Hopkins, Pauline Elizabeth 337 Hertel, Hans 476 Horace (Q. Horatius Flaccus) 588 Herwegh, Georg 133 Household Words 154 Herzen, Aleksandr 206, 209, 211 Howard, June 335 Hettner, Hermann 569 Howells, William Dean 10, 43–4, 331, Das moderne Drama 546–7 332, 333–4, 338–9, 440, 450, hexameters (verse form) 97–8 451, 453, 456, 457, 459 hierarchy of genres 588–9 Criticism and Fiction 333, 338, 520 Hill, George Birkbeck 69 The Hazard of New Fortunes 334 historicism 495–6, 505 ‘Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading’ problems of 499–500 490 psychology of 493–4 The Rise of Silas Lapham 334 resurgence 502 Hubner, Karl, ‘The Silesian Weavers’ histories, literary 169–71 281 Hoagwood, Terrence Allan 612 Huelsenbeck, Richard 364, 374 Hobbes, Thomas 604 ‘Dadaistic Manifesto’ 369 Leviathan 492 Hughes, Thomas 57 Hobsbawm, E. J. 100 Hugo, Victor 14, 142–3, 148, 298, Hodson, Frodsham 104 379, 390, 446, 492, 579 Hoffman, Charles Fenno 188 Les Burgraves 144, 145 Hoffmann, E. T. A. 191, 591 Hernani 139–40, 144 Hofmannsthal, Hugo von 15, 352, Odes et ballades 139 543, 552–3, 556–7, 561 Preface to Cromwell 142, 304–5, Das Marchen¨ der 672 Nacht 352 484, 540 Der Tor und der Tod 352 Huidobro, Vicente 359, 363 Hogarth, William 593–4 Humboldt, Wilhelm von 52–3, 219, Holberg, Ludvig 472 605, 606, 607, 609 Holderlin,¨ Friedrich 251 influence 238 Holitscher, Arthur, Der vergiftete Hume, David 4, 107, 113, 273 Brunnen 353–4 ‘Of National Characters’ 103–6 Holloway, John 423 Hunt, Leigh 26, 158 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr 204 ‘What is Poetry?’ 488–9 Holy Roman Empire 313, 319 Hunt, Thornton 29 dissolution 115, 116 Hunt, William Holman, The Holz, Arno 551, 553 Awakening Conscience 593 Die Familie Selicke 551 Huret, Jules 342 Papa Hamlet 551 Hutcheson, Francis 50, 232

Index 673

Hutton, Richard Holt 22 avant-garde 361–2 Huxley, Thomas 13, 437 colonization 406 Huysmans, J.-K. 8, 146, 302–3, 309, genre theory 485–6, 494, 501–2 351 march towards independence 413, art criticism 598 485–6 A rebours 151–2, 342–3, 346, 348 Napoleonic occupation 406–7 Certains 598 national identity 416 political function of intellectuals Ibsen, Henrik 15, 185–6, 289, 323, 413, 414–15, 416–18 464, 473–4, 543, 544, 549–50, risorgimento 409 557, 561, 583 subordinate political status 406–7 praise 555 unification movement 406 reception of plays 558–9 Ivanov, Viacheslav 206, 226–7 A Doll’s House 550, 551 Ghosts 552 Jackson, Andrew 334 Idea see Spirit Jacob, Max 359 idee´ maıtresseˆ 400–1 Jacobs, Harriet, Incidents in the Life Ikeler, A. Abbot 176 of a Slave Girl, Written by Imbriani, Vittorio 494 Herself 203 impressionism 137–8, 358, 590, James, Alice 446 594–7 James, Henry 10, 13, 14–15, 30, 35, Indian Civil Service 3 249, 331, 332, 333, 336, 338–9, individualism, conflict with desire for 347, 440–63, 503, 516, 523, 548, community 430 552 inductive science/poetics 571–2, aesthetic/moral motivations 584–5 443–4 defined 584–5 contemporary appreciation 451 Industrial Revolution 116, 172–3, 432 critical approach 454 Ingelow, Jean, The Story of Doom 612 early life 441 interpretation, relationship with as founder of novel theory 506–8 evaluation 503–4 French influences 441–2 Ionesco, Eugene` 271 genre theory 490–1 Ireland influence of Arnold 441, 442 language 112 influence on other writers 13, 457, literature 111–13 461–3 Irving, Washington 5, 76, 188 move to London 446–7 ‘The Legend of Sleepy Hollow’ 190 pessimism 444 ‘Rip Van Winkle’ 190 Prefaces to novels 459–62 The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey reviews 440 Crayon, Gent 190, 198 stay in Paris 446 Isbell, John Clairborne 238–9 The Ambassadors 458 Iser, Wolfgang 180–1 The American 443 Ishiguro, Kazuo 13, 457 ‘The Art of Fiction’ 443, 445, 451, L’Italia (newspaper) 410 453–6, 460, 490, 507–8, 521–2 Italy ‘The Aspern Papers’ 449 1848 uprisings 408 The Awkward Age 459, 490

674 Index

James, Henry (cont.) Janco, Marcel 364 ‘Criticism’ 442–3, 457 Jane, Maria 31 ‘Daniel Deronda: A Conversation’ Jarry, Alfred 357, 560 446 Jawlensky, Alexej von 372 Essays in London and Elsewhere Jean Paul (Johann Paul Richter) 118, 457–8 164, 492 ‘The Figure in the Carpet’ 445, 461 Jefferson, Thomas 188, 334 French Poets and Novelists 443, Jeffrey, Francis 22, 23, 24, 25, 39, 175 447–9 Jensen, Carsten 477 ‘The Future of the Novel’ 444, Jespersen, Otto 470 457–8 Jeune, Simon 395 The Golden Bowl 458 Jewett, Sarah Orne 333 Hawthorne 443, 449–50 The Country of the Pointed Firs ‘The Lesson of Balzac’ 490 336 ‘The New Novel’ 457, 458–9 Jewsbury, Geraldine 31 Notes on Novelists 457–8 Johnson, Lionel 345, 347, 348–9 ‘The Novels of George Eliot’ 445 ‘The Church of a Dream’ 349 Partial Portraits 443, 451–2, 457 ‘The Cultured Faun’ 349 The Portrait of a Lady 339, 443, Pageant 348 446, 448, 457 Johnson, Samuel 157, 175–6 The Princess Casamassima 444, Johnstone, Christian Isobel 31 456, 460–1 Jones, Henry Arthur, The Corner Roderick Hudson 437–8, 443, Stones of Modern Drama 555 460 Jouanny, Robert A. 150 The Spoils of Poynton 461 Joubert, Joseph 381 TheTragicMuse448, 459, 461 Jouffroy, Theodore´ 40, 396 What Maisie Knew 461 journalism The Wings of the Dove 444, 458 effect on literature 503 James, William 6, 204, 582 higher journalism 21–2, 32 The Varieties of Religious professionalization 21–2 Experience 339 see also periodicals; reviewers Jameson, Anna 3, 31, 74–5, 77–81, journals see periodicals 85, 91–4 Jowett, Benjamin 619–20 criticisms 79 Joyce, James 187, 241, 309 impact on contemporaries 93 Ulysses 504 Celebrated Female Sovereigns 78 judgment 255–6 Diary of an Ennuyee´ 78 Jullian, Philippe, Esthetes` et magiciens The Loves of the Poets 78 354 Sacred and Legendary Art 80–1 Shakespeare’s Heroines 78–80, 93 Kahn, Gustave 309, 597 Visits and Sketches at Home and Kames, Lord (Henry Home) 98, 106, Abroad 78 113 Winter Studies and Summer Elements of Criticism 105 Rambles in Canada 78, 79 Sketches of the History of Man 105 Jameson, Fredric 272, 274–5, 290, Kandinsky, Vassily 360, 367, 372, 373 335 Der gelbe Klang 560 Jameson, Robert 78 ‘On the Question of Form’ 369

Index 675

Kant, Immanuel 5, 7, 48, 52, 163, Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb 97–8, 164, 175, 190, 192, 225, 239, 572 240, 246, 250, 254, 273, 536 Der Messias 97 aesthetic theory 231–6, 243 Knoepflmacher, U. C. 614, 620 comparisons with Hegel 255–6, Knowles, James 28 262–3 Knox, T. M. 254 differing aesthetic theorists Knudsen, Jørgen 468–9, 477 243–4 Krainy, Anton see Gippius, Zinaida influence 232–4, 236, 242, 248–9, Kraus, Karl 116, 129, 137–8 269, 285 Kristeva, Julia 309 influence in France 238–9 Kritische Waffengange¨ 137 influence in Russia 208 Kruchenykh, Alexei 362, 369, 371–2, Kaplan, Amy 335, 337 374 Karamzin, Nikolai 206 Victory over the Sun 370 Pantheon of Russian Authors 206 Zangesi 372 Kautsky, Karl 284, 285, 289 Krylov, Ivan 206 Kazin, Alfred 336 Kubista,ˇ Bohumil 359 Kean, Charles 548 Kuhne,¨ Gustav Keats, John 88, 158, 174, 436 Europa 134 ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’ 191 Kupka, Frantisekˇ 372 Keble, John 15, 154, 166–8, 170, Kushner, Tony, Angels in America 527 204 The Christian Year 166 Kuzmin, Mikhail Lectures on Poetry 166 ‘On Beautiful Clarity’ 227 Keller, Gottfried 9, 319–20 Green Henry 320 La Bruyere,` Jean de, Caracteres` Kelly, Katherine 186 162 Kent, Christopher 32 La Fontaine, Jean de 395 Kerr, Alfred 116, 129, 137 Labiche, Eugene` 546 Khlebnikov, Velimir 227, 362, 369, Labriola, Antonio 12, 274, 287–8, 371–2, 374 412, 417 ‘Enchantment through Laughter’ Lacan, Jacques 310 372 Lafayette, Madame de, La Princesse Khomiakov, Aleksei 206, 208 de Cleves` 383 Kierkegaard, Søren 465, 467, 471–2, Laforgue, Jules 309, 348, 595 474 Laharpe, Jean-François de 140 King, Martin Luther, Dr 202 Lamartine, Alphonse de 140 Kingsley, Charles 56, 57 Meditations´ 139 Kipling, Rudyard 9, 30 Lamb, Charles 25, 54, 175, 180 Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig 359, 360–1, Landor, Walter Savage 160–1 367, 372, 373 Landow, George P. 178, 619 Kireevsky, Ivan 99, 212 Lane, John 348 Kirkland, Caroline 82 Lang, Andrew 30, 348 Kivy, Peter 535 Lange, Konrad, Das Wesen der Kunst Klancher, Jon 25 573 Klee, Paul 360 Lanier, Sidney 15 Kleist, Heinrich von 572 The Science of English Verse 534

676 Index

Lansdowne, Lord (Henry The Physiology of Common Life Petty-Fitzmaurice) 420 511 Lanson, Gustave 579–80 The Principles of Success in Lardner, Dionysius 38 Literature 511–12, 566–7 Larionov, Mikhail 362, 373–4 Problems of Life and Mind 566 Laromiguiere,` Pierre 396 Lewis, Percy Wyndham 363, 368 Lassalle, Ferdinand 282–3, 473 Lindau, Paul 548 Franz von Sickingen 547 Lindop, Grevel 37 Laube, Heinrich 130, 551 Linnaeus, Carl 383, 385, 387, 574 Lautreamont,´ Comte de Linton, Eliza Lynn 31 (Isidore-Lucien Ducasse) 143 Lissitzky, El 362, 365 Lawrance, Hannah 31 Liszt, Franz 16, 409, 592 Lawrence, D. H. 187, 458 literary criticism The Leader 29 competing streams 30–1 Lecomte, Marcel 366 connection with politics 125–7 Leconte de Lisle, Charles Marie Rene´ connections with other disciplines 4, 146, 310 16–17 Poemes` antiques 146 contexts and conditions 21–45 Lee, Vernon 522–3 critical principles 63 ‘Dialogue on Novels’ 327 definition of principles 65–6 Leidecker, Kurt F. 270 emergence as academic subject 2–3, Leiris, Michel 371 46–8, 56–66 Lemaıtre,ˆ Jules 308–9 expansion and development Lenin, Vladamir 223–4, 288 44–5 ‘Party Organisation and Party French/English, relationship Literature’ 289–90 between 33 Lenz,J.M.R.194, 542 function of criticism 32–5 Leopardi, Giacomo 408, 413, 414, genre criticism 13–16 486 history 602–3 Lermontov, Mikhail 211, 222, influences of continental models 44, 485 48–9 Leroux, Pierre 40 as an institution 2–3 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim 132, 168, as instrument for restoring order 284, 543, 572, 609 381, 385 significance 134 judicial 585–6 Laokoon 593 in liberation movements 411 Letourneau, Charles. L’Evolution major figures 11–13 litteraire´ dans les diverses races national movements in 3–6 humaines 573 nationalization 47–8, 49 Lewes, G. H. 9, 16, 21–2, 28, 29, nineteenth-century, influence on 36–7, 38, 85, 90, 155, 163–4, later periods 17–18 325, 329–30, 509, 511–12, 513, objections to 57 514, 520, 540, 566–7 professionalization 21–2, 36–9 ‘The Condition of Authors in relationship with other intellectual England, Germany and France’ trends 1–2 39 retributive nature 385

Index 677

social and historical context Ludwig II of Bavaria 352, 545 412–13 Lukacs,´ Georg 7–8, 9, 14, 264, 280, trends in 6–8 285, 290, 539 Literary Gazette 29 comparisons with De Sanctis literature 413–14 as a commodity 571 History and Class Conciousness ethical/philosophical purpose 183 274 Livy (T. Livius Patavinus) 394, 404 The Theory of the Novel 316–17, Lloyd, David 109–10 502, 507 Locke, John 4, 17, 101, 193, 262, Lumiere,` Louis/Auguste 600 273, 604 Lunacharsky, Anatoly A Paraphrase and Notes on the ‘Dialogue on Art’ 224 Epistles of St. Paul 606 ‘The Tasks of Social Democratic Lockhart, J. G. 39 Art’ 224 Life of Scott 166 Luther, Martin 127 Lodge, David, Author, Author 461–2 Lutz, Tom 337 Loesberg, Jonathan 183, 234–5, 535 Luxembourg, Rosa 285, 290 Lombard, Jean. L’Agonie 344 lyric poetry 263, 264–5 Lombroso, Cesare 582 artistic autonomy 264–5 London, Jack 10, 335–6 in Germany 323–4 The Call of the Wild 335–6 historical context 265 London Magazine 25, 26 London Quarterly 24 Macauley, Thomas Babington, Lord London Review (1829) 23 22, 39, 54, 612 London Review (1835) 23 MacDonald, George 163–4, 170, Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth 188, 621–2 528 England’s Antiphon (ed.) 168–9 Longueville, Madame de 386 Machiavelli, Niccolo` 415, 486 Lorrain, Claude 351 Macke, August 369–70 Loti, Pierre 457 Mackenzie, A. S. 577–8 Louis-Philippe of France 140 The Evolution of Literature 577–8 Louis XIV of France 148, 384 Mackintosh, James, Sir 84 Louis XV of France 141 Macmillan’s Magazine 2, 27–8, Louis XVI of France 141 424 Louys,¨ Pierre 151 Maeterlinck, Maurice 309, 346, Lowell, James Russell 43, 189, 558–9, 560 440 Pelleas´ et Melisande´ 598 Lowth, Robert 17, 165, 166, 607–9 magazines see periodicals Lubbock, Percy 523 Magritte, Rene´ 366, 373 The Craft of Fiction 462, 506 Mahler, Gustav 358 Luca, Gherasim 366 Maine, Henry 576 Lucini, Gianpietro (ed.), Figurazioni Maine de Biran, ideali 355 Franc¸ois-Pierre-Gonthier 396, Lucretius, De Rerum Natura 156 397 Ludwig, Otto 543 Maistre, Joseph de 386 Between Heaven and Earth 318 Maker, William 269–70

678 Index

maldusiecle` see melancholy; spirit of Martens, Kurt, Roman aus der the age Decadence´ 354 Malevich, Kazimir 362, 369, 370, Martineau, Harriet 3, 31, 39, 73, 372, 373 74–7, 79, 88, 89, 91 Mallarme,´ Stephane´ 7, 8, 15, 41, 150, on Bronte¨ 77 151, 152, 192, 233, 234–5, 241, on Jameson 79 244–7, 248, 249, 250, 309, 311, relationship with Margaret Fuller 345–6, 348, 351, 352, 358, 533, 85 539, 589, 596, 597, 600 Autobiography 75, 77 criticisms of 353 Biographical Sketches 77 ‘Un coup de des’´ 589 Deerbrook 75 ‘Crisis in Poetry’ 537–8 Illustrations of Political Economy Divagations 310 75 ‘The Evolution of Literature’ Society in America 75, 82 238 Marvell, Andrew 168 Herodiade´ 343, 346 Marx, Karl 6, 18, 130, 133, 170, 358, ‘Music and Literature’ 234, 245 408, 530, 531, 547, 548, 565, ‘Richard Wagner, reverieˆ d’un poete` 617 franc¸ais’ 558 critique of religion 602, 610–11, ‘Windows’ 244 622 Mandelstam, Osip 227–8 death 282 Manet, Edouard 595–6 early writings 275, 278–9, 286 Mangan, James Clarence 112 Das Capital 286, 287 Manly, John Matthews 575–6 A Contribution to the Critique of Mann, Thomas 9, 350, 353–4, 355, Political Economy 275–8, 279 471 Economic and Philosophical Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen Manuscripts 274, 283, 286 353 The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Buddenbrooks 322, 354 Napoleon 278–9 DeathinVenice354 The German Ideology 278 Meine Zeit 352–3 Grundrisse 505 Mannheim, Karl 392 Manifesto of the Communist Party Manzoni, Alessandro 409 278 Marc, Franz 360 see also Marxist theory Marcus Aurelius (Roman Emperor) Marxist theory 7–8, 138, 223–4, 272, 222, 451 274–90, 550 Marcuse, Herbert 8, 285 core artistic and literary principles Marggraff, Hermann 323–4 275–8, 280 Blatter¨ fur¨ literarische genre theory 505 Unterhaltungen 134 Hegelian 274–5 Marinetti, Filippo 11, 358–9, 361–2, in Italy 409, 417 363, 370, 371, 600 material vs non-material needs ‘The Founding and Manifesto of 279 Futurism’ 361, 368 problems and contradictions 278, ‘Zang Tumb Tumb’ 371 279–80 Marsh, James 165 and realism 280–2

Index 679

related to speciﬁc art forms 279, McCullough, Kate 337 288 McEwan, Ian 13, 457 relationship of art and commerce Atonement 461 286–7 McKelvy, William R. 172, 612 relationship of art and economics McKerrow, R. B. 68 280 McLuhan, Marshall 190 relationship of ideology and art McPhee, John 198 275–9, 283–4 Mechanics’ Institutes 55 in Russia 289–90 mediation, concept of 321 traditions 412 Mehring, Franz 8, 138, 274, 283, 284, twentieth-century revisions 285, 290, 550 289–90 ‘Aesthetic Ramblings’ 285 see also Marx, Karl The Lessing Legend 284 Maseﬁeld, John 560 Meinecke, Friedrich 608 Masson, Andre´ 366, 373 Meiningen Court Theatre 548, Masson, David 14, 27, 32–3, 57–9, 552 63, 71 melancholy, as spirit of the age/nation British Novelists and Their Styles 380–2 58, 509, 516 Melville, Henry 618 Carlyle: Personally and in his Melville, Herman 5, 188, 192–4 Writings 58 ‘Hawthorne and His Mosses’ 193 The Life of John Milton 59 Moby-Dick 192–3, 503–4 The Poetical Works of John Milton Pierre 192 59 Menand, Louis 204 Shakespeare Personally 58 Mendelssohn, Felix 16, 592 Mathews, Cornelius 188 Mendes,` Catulle 343 Matisse, Henri 358 Mennesker og Værker i nyere Matthews, Brander, The Art of the evropæisk Literatur (Danish Dramatist 554–5 periodical) 472 Mauclair, Camille 559 Menzel, Wolfgang 9, 41–2, 118–19, Maudsley, Henry 579 120–2, 128–9, 131, 317 Maupassant, Guy de 8, 249, 308, 444, contrasts with other critics 122 452, 456–7, 461, 506, 509, review of 131 516–17, 519, 521 xenophobia 120 Pierre et Jean 302, 456, Die deutsche Literatur 120–1, 508 122–3 Maurice, F. D. 56, 60, 618, Meredith, George 326 622 Merezhkovsky, Dmitry 206, 211, 219, Mauroy, Prosper 40 220–2, 223 Maurras, Charles 150, 151 Eternal Companions 222 Mayakovsky, Vladimir 227, 362, 363, ‘On the Reasons for the Decline and 369 on New Trends in Contemporary The Bed Bug 370 Russian Literature’ 221 Mystery-Bouffe 370 Tolstoy and Dostoevsky 222 Mazzini, Giuseppe 97, 100–1, 103, Merim´ ee,´ Prosper 446, 541 106, 112, 408, 409 Mesens,E.L.T.366

680 Index

The Methodist Magazine 154 Moore, Thomas Metternich, Klemens von, Prinz 116, Irish Melodies 106 406 Lalla Rookh 113 Metzinger, Jean 600 morality, in fiction 90, 455–6 Meyerhold, Vsevolod 370, 559 Morawski, Stefan 280 Meysenburg, Malwida von 349 Moreas,´ Jean 4, 8, 150–1, 309, 310 Michaelis, Johann David 607, 608 Moreau, Gustave 346, 598 Michelangelo (Michelangelo di Salome´ 343 Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni) Morgan, Sydney, Lady 112 474–5 Italy 112 Michelet, Jules 399 The Wild Irish Girl 106 Micic,´ Ljubomir 369 Morisot, Berthe 595 Mikhailovsky, Nikolai 218–19, 221 Morley, Henry 48, 57, 59–60, 71 criticisms 222 English Writers: An Attempt ‘The Left and Right Hands of towards a History of English Count L. N. Tolstoy’ 219 Literature 59 Mill, John Stuart 15, 90, 213–14, 467, First Sketch of English Literature 476, 530–2 59, 62–3 genre theory 491–2 Morley’s Universal Library 59–60 On Liberty 531 Morley, John 22, 32–3, 36 Miller, J. Hillis 462 Morris, William 5, 180, 183, 274, Mills, W. H. 612 344, 583 Milton, John 54, 57, 59, 68, 83, 84–5, contribution to Marxist aesthetics 92, 146 285–7 Paradise Lost 489 medievalism 287 Miro,´ Joan 364 as a transitional figure 184 Mitchell, S. Weir 331 ‘Art and Socialism’ 286–7 Mobius,¨ Paul Julius 582 ‘Art Under Plutocracy’ 286 Modern Language Quarterly Morton, Thomas, The New English 67–8 Canaan 197–8 modernism 137, 143, 148 Moskvitianin (The Muscovite) 217 criticism from Tolstoy 222 Moss, Leonard 271 philosophical nature 225 Moulton, Richard 57, 584–5 Russian 220–3 Mozley, Anne 31 modernist literary criticism 227–8 Muller,¨ Friedrich Max 67 Moholy-Nagy, Laszlo´ 360, 365 Munch, Edvard 357, 359, 373, 599 Mondrian, Piet 372 Mundt, Theodor 130 Monet, Claude 594, 595–6 Murray, John 30, 38 Montaigne, Michel de 386 Murry, John Middleton 49 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de music 235, 258–9, 260, 497 Secondat, baron de 340 affinity with symbolist poetry 246 Montesquiou-Fezensac, Robert, comte analogy with visual art 591–2, de 343 596–7 Monthly Review 24 musicians 358 Moody, Dwight L 617–18 Musset, Alfred de 37, 40, 143, 447, Moore, George 112, 113, 346, 596 540–1, 558

Index 681

La Nuit venetienne´ 541 influence on writing 197–8 Mussolini, Benito 361–2 landscape, as a national advertisement 198 Nadezhdin, Nikolai 208 Naum, Gellu 366 Napier, A. S. 46–7 Nazi Germany 363 Napier, Macvey 38 Nekrasov, Nikolai 207, 210–11 Napoleon I, Emperor 51, 72, 134, Nemirovich-Danchenko, Vladimir 552 143, 162, 175, 205, 313, 406–7 Nerval, Gerard´ de 148, 298 Napoleon III, Emperor 296 Nesbit, Edith 32 national identity 103–5 Nevinson, C. R.W. 363 depiction in epic poetry 263 New Critics 245 National Observer 30, 32 New Monthly Magazine 25, 26 National-Socialist 360–1 The New Review 30, 32 nationalism 3–4, 47–8, 97–114 The Newbolt Report 71 antagonism towards 364 Newman, Francis W. 423 articulation of nation as a concept Newman, John Henry 420, 423, 425, 105–6 432, 621, 622 contradictory agenda 99 The Idea of a University 437 criticism 307–8 Newton, Isaac 604 imperial power 109–10 Nezval, Vitezslavˇ 359, 366, 373 literary 188–90 Nicholas I of Russia 205, 213, 215 literature as a measure of progress Nicolls, W. Robertson 30 105–9 Niebuhr, Barthold Georg 156 neoclassical elements 99 History of Rome 156 origins 98–9 Nielsen, Rasmus 467 resistance to imperial influence Nietzsche, Friedrich 10, 16, 116, 193, 109–14 220, 225, 240, 251, 270–1, 273, studies 100–3 345, 349–51, 355, 358, 464, 470, Native Americans 332, 337–8 471, 472, 494, 554, 581–2 Natural School 210–11 followers 219 Naturalism 8, 9, 137, 146, 319, 323, general theory of kinds 499 331, 456–7 influence 221 coinage of term 210–11 rejection by Tolstoy 222 criticism 321, 554–5 The Birth of Tragedy 227, 498–9, distinguished from realism 332 558 in drama 548–54 The Fall of Wagner 350–1 novels 414 Jenseits von Gut und Bose¨ 355 realism’s move towards 302 Nijinsky, Vladimir 358 rejection by symbolists 310 The Nineteenth Century 28–9, 32 relationship with socialism 550 nineteenth century, range of relationship with visual arts 594–6 intellectual movements 1–2 in the theatre 539 Nisard, Desire´ 4, 7, 145, 146–7, 239, in the US 9–10, 335–6 340 naturalist criticism 306–7 Studies in Literary Criticism nature 299–300 inferiority to art 254 Nodier, Charles 518

682 Index

Nolde, Emil 360 Oakley, Frederick 34, 37 Nordau, Max 353, 356, 580–2 objectivity, denial of possibility of Nordmann, Jean-Thomas 405 307–8 Norris, Frank 10, 332, 335 O’Brien, William 112 The Octopus 335 Oehlenschlager,¨ Adam 469, 473 North American Review 43, 44 ‘Of a National Character in North British Review 24, 29 Literature’ (anon.) 107–8 Norton, Andrews 612 Oken, Lorenz 576 Norton, Charles Eliot 440, 463 Oliphant, Margaret 9, 23, 31, 327 death 443 Opera 592 Norton, Grace 444, 446 Ortega y Gasset, Jose,´ Meditations on Nouge,´ Paul 366 Quixote 502 Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg) Ossoli, Giovanni 85 48, 163–4, 174, 235, 247–8, 249, Ostrovsky, Aleksandr 548 315 Ostrovsky, Nikolai 214–15, 544 novel 14–15 Ouspensky, Peter 372 definition 321 Oxford University emotional responses 510–11 Chair of Poetry 603, 607–8 as primary vehicle for truth 451–7 Merton Professorship of English as psychological enquiry 511–16 Language and Literature 46–7, rise as an art form 173 49, 64 as a technology 514–15 redefinition 64–6 theories of development 314–18 teaching European languages 66–7 as vehicle for reform 327–8 see also Bildungsroman; novel painting 258–9, 260 theory avant-garde 358–9 novel theory 506 Palmer,D.J.50, 64 acceptance of reading publlic Pamuk, Orhan 457 509–10 Pansaers, Clement´ 365 authorial voice 520–2 papacy, cultural hegemony in Italy British influence in Europe 515–16 406 classificatory systems 516–19 Parini, Giuseppe 413 differentiation from drama 510 Paris, as centre of culture/avant-garde discourse of type 518 358–9, 365–8 impassibilite´ 521–2 Parker, Theodore 201 importance of plot 512–14 Parnassian poetry 146, 234, 503 limits of psychological approach rejection by symbolists 310 515–16 Parny, Chevalier de 140 modern misconceptions 506, Pascal, Blaise 386 507–8 Pensees´ 162 novelist as natural historian Pasternak, Boris 227 517–19 Pater, Walter 7, 10, 15, 22, 27, 172, pre-Jamesian existence 506, 507, 180–3, 185, 231, 233, 235–6, 509 239, 241, 243, 247, 250, 431, recurrent tendencies 508–9 435, 493, 535, 596–7, 619–20 see also novel aesthetic theory 181–3 Novelle 314, 322 contrasts with Shaw 186–7

Index 683

influence 248–9, 344–5, 356 Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) 411, role of religious texts 181 415, 486, 494, 604 treatment of sexuality 183 Petrashevsky, Mikhail 217 Aesthetic Poetry 344 Petronio, Giuseppe 417 The Renaissance 180, 236 Peyre, Henri 143 Studies in the History of the philosophy 254 Renaissance 345 in Hegelian theory 256 pathology, literature as a product of Phonix¨ 132 580–2 Pica, Vittorio 354–5 Patmore, Coventry 15, 36 Picabia, Francis 365–6, 370 ‘Essay on English Metrical Law’ Picasso, Pablo 11, 358, 359, 373 (1857) 534 Pierce, Franklin 201 Pattison, Mark 28–9 Pillow, Kirk 272 Suggestions on Academic Pisarev, Dmitry 214, 215, 219, 518, Organisation, with Especial 544 Reference to Oxford 64 genre theory 495 Paul, St 429, 431–2 ‘The Realists’ 215 Paulucci, Henry 270 Pissarro, Camille 596 Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer 201 Planche, Gustave 7, 239 Peacock, Thomas Love 158 Platen, August von 125, 354 ‘The Four Ages of Poetry’ 14, 484 Plato 178, 231, 269, 309, 481, 482, The Pearl (anon.) 169 497, 609–10 Peirce,C.S.6, 204, 219, 333 Republic 533 Peisse, Louis 295 Plekhanov, Georgy 223, 274, 288–9 Percy, Thomas, Bishop 109 Art and Social Life 288–9 Reliques of Ancient English Poetry Letters with No Address 223 106 pochvennichestvo (native soil Peret,´ Benjamin 365, 366 movement) 215–18 periodicals 2, 154–5, 206–8, 293, Poe,¨ Aurelien´ Lugne´ 558–9 424 Poe, Edgar Allan 5, 15, 81, 188, anonymity of contributors 35–6 190–2, 200, 201, 233, 235, 243, avant-garde 370 341, 344, 447, 489–90, 528, 529, format 26–7 536 in France 293–312 aesthetic theories 192 in Germany 117, 134–5 influence on Mallarme´ 246 political agendas 23–4 non-fiction 191–2 prices 25–7, 29, 30 ‘The American Drama’ 489–90 readership 29, 42–3 ‘Ligeia’ 191 sectarian 24, 30 ‘The Man of the Crowd’ (1839) and the visual arts 589 191 Perkins, David, Is Literary History ‘The Philosophy of Composition’ Possible? 169–70 (1846) 192, 536 Perry, T. S. 440 ‘The Poetic Principle’ (1848) 192, Peter the Great of Russia 205, 206, 241 211, 216 ‘The Rationale of Verse’ (1848) Petersen, Clemens 467–8 192, 534 Petherham, John 106 ‘The Raven’ 192

684 Index

poetic realism 135–6, 318–19, 543 poststructuralism 270–1 poetic theory 524–38 Potebnya, Aleksandr 6, 219 correspondence theory 526–8, Thought and Language 219 536 Potter, Stephen 57 and the divine 525–6 Pound, Ezra 49, 363 focus on reading experience 534–6 Praz, Mario 343, 354 see also poetry Pre-Raphaelite 590, 593–4 poetry 15, 258–9, 260 Prevost-Paradol,´ Lucien-Anatole 393 appropriate themes 532–3 Prickett, Stephen 605 autonomy 262–3 Prince, John Critchley 83 censorship debate 533 Protestantism 172 definition of 167–8 Proust, Marcel 148, 241, 309, 385 distinguished from prose 261–2 Contre Sainte-Beuve 387–8 essential characteristics 261–3 Prussia, education in 52–3 etymology 525 Prussian-Austrian alliance 116–17 figurative language 262 Prutz, Robert 9, 130, 317–18, 547 fusion with prose 318–19 Deutches Museum 134 genres 261, 263–7 Pryse, Marjorie 337 in Hegelian theory 261–7 Przybyszewski, Stanislaw 599 Hegelian theory of 262 psychology 585–6 see also drama; epic poetry; poetic historicism 493–4 theory Public Libraries Movement 55–6 highest realization of romantic art Pugin, Augustus Welby 260–1 Contrasts (1836) 156 historical utility 529–30 Puoto, Masilio 407 mass readership 532, 533 Puritanism, criticism of 429, 431–2, new genres 533–4 450 practical role in life 530–1 purposiveness 262–3 primary/secondary poets 167 concept of 234 psychological theory of 166–8 Pusey, Edward Bouverie 163, 420 see also poetic theory Pushkin, Aleksandr 207, 212, 222 political events, impact on literary criticisms 213, 215, 362 criticism 2 praised by Gogol 207 Polti, Georges, Les trente-six The Captain’s Daughter 217 situations dramatiques 546 Evgeny Onegin 211, 213 Ponsard, François 540 The Tales of Belkin 218 L’Honneur et l’argent 540 Putnam’s Monthly Magazine 44 Lucrece` 144–5, 540 Pope, Alexander 436 Qualls, Barry 613 Porter, Charles A. 149, 538 quarterlies see periodicals Porter, Laurence 536–7 The Quarterly 2, 23, 28–9, 35 positivism 394, 565 readership 25 literary 579–80 style of criticism 24 Posnett, Hutcheson Macauley Quillard, Pierre 151 Comparative Literature 576–7 Quiller-Couch, Sir Arthur 3, 49, postmodernism 270–1, 476 69–70, 71

Index 685

Rabelais, François 474 reception theory 580 Rachel (Elisa Rachel Felix) 144, 540 Reeve, Clara, The Progress of Rachilde (Marguerite Vallette- Romance 516 Eymery) Reeve, Henry 39 Marquise de Sade 344 Reformation 102 Monsieur Venus´ 343, 344 Regnier,´ Henri de 41, 309 Racine, Jean 140, 142, 143, 466, 540, religion 254 541 in Hegelian theory 256 Radcliffe, Ann 77 replacement 185–6 Raleigh, Walter 3, 68, 69, 70–1 see also Anglican Church; Bible; The Study of English Literature 47 Catholic Church; Christianity; Ranke, Leopold von 156 Dissenters; Marx, Karl; Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino) Protestantism; Puritanism 474 Remusat,´ Charles de 37, 40 Rapp, Carl 271 Renan, Ernest 8, 48–9, 104, 106, 301, Raudot, Claude-Marie 340 306, 391, 393, 396–7, 399, 422, Ray, Man 365 424, 425, 432, 442, 451, 474 The Reader: a Review of Current L’Avenir de la science 307 Literature 30 De l’origine du langage 401 reading public 178–80 Vie de Jesus´ 391 growth 173 Renton, William, Outlines of English realism 8–10, 146, 213, 295–302 Literature 63 absence from Germany 313 de Retz, Cardinal (Jean François Paul authorial voice 520–2 de Gondi) 384 champions of the realist novel 490 Reventlow, Henning Graf 604 characterization 325–6 Reverdy, Pierre 359, 370 criticism/rejection 298, 310, reviewers 329–30 acquiring books 38–9 disdain for 148–9 alleged powers 125 in France 8 anonymity 35–6 in Germany 9 choice of subjects 38, 39 in literary theory 413–14 distinction from critics 34 lower social classes 334–5 editorial powers 39 Marxist theory 280–2, 413–14 employment conditions 37–8 reactions against 8, 10–11 focus on authors’ politics 119–20 realist writer as sociologist 327 imprisonment 130–1 in Russia 209–11 professional code 118 scientific practice 518–20 salaries 36–7 social awareness 333 work conditions 120–1 social significance 326 reviews theory of 88–9 collection of 22 in UK 9 critiqued for excessive influence in US 9–10, 331–9 21 in visual arts 590, 592–4 surfeit of 33–4 see also poetic realism; social tone 24 realism Revolutionary upheavals 388

686 Index

Revue des deux mondes 28, 36, 37, rhetoric 189–90 40–1 rise of 139–40 Rhymers’ Club 348–9 separation of Idea and form 258 Richards, I. A. 586 in US 5–6, 197–8, 204 Richardson, Samuel, Clarissa 87 in the visual arts 590–2 Richelieu, Cardinal-duc de (Armand Roper, Derek 24 Jean du Plessis) 386 Rorty, Richard 271 Riede, David 172 Rosa, Alberto Asor 417 Rilke, Rainer Maria 539 Rosenkranz, Karl, History of German Rimbaud, Arthur 10, 143, 150, 309, Medieval Poetry 495–6 348, 357 Rossetti, Dante Gabriel 16, 355, 532, Ripley, George 189, 201 583, 589 Robertson, John MacKinnon 585–6 attack on poetry 533 Robinson, Mary 32 Rossler,¨ Jaroslav 359 Roche, William 272 Roth, Philip 457 La Rochefoucauld, François de 382, Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 51, 52, 72, 386–7 73, 140, 340, 469, 608 Maximes et reflexions´ 382 Royer-Collard, Pierre Paul 396 Rodchenko, Alexander 373 Rozanov, Vasily 211, 225 Roe, Frederick W. 175 Rozanova, Olga 374 Roebuck, J. A. 425 Rubow, Paul V. 466, 474 Rollinat, Maurice 344, 345 Ruge, Arnold 121, 130, 132–3, 134, romance, distinguished from novel 135 194–5 Rumi 264 Romanticism 1, 125–7, 420 Ruskin, John 5, 15, 70, 88, 154, 157, attempt at merging with Classicism 172–3, 177, 180, 183, 185, 286, 144–5 443, 527, 593–4, 597, 618–20, campaign against 145, 146–7 621 change of meaning 143–4 art criticism 178 coinage of term 162–3 background 177 criticism/rejection 77, 132–3, 135, criticism of contemporaries 141–2, 149, 175–6, 300, 413, 179–80 592–3 as an educator 173, 178–9 in England 4–5, 154–71, 175–6 influence 184 in France 139–53 responses to theories 181 in Germany 4 social/cultural criticism 178–9 in Hegelian theory 252, 257–8, Fiction, Fair or Foul 179 259–61 Fors Clavigera 178, 179 Heine’s views on 123 Modern Painters 177, 180 influence on avant-garde 357–8 ‘Of King’s Treasures’ 179 influence on Brandes 466 Praeterita 618 influences on 269 Storm Cloud of the Nineteenth modern legacy 204 Century 155 partial adherence to classicism 140 Russia reaction against 5–6 advent of literary criticism 205 reservations about 190–2 avant-garde movement 362–3

Index 687

censorship 6 retributive view of literary history debate between Westernizers and 386–7, 390 Slavophiles 206–12 Romantic tendencies 382 emergence as political power 205 Romanticism 383 Futurism 370 self image as a naturalist 383 genre theory 485, 494–5 stature as critic 380, 392 literature 205–28 use of legal metaphor 385–6 national identity 206–12 view of intellectual community 392 national literature 110 working routine 380, 389–90 novel theory 518 Cahiers intimes 386 political theory 223–4 Causeries du lundi 147, 380, 390, Soviet-era accounts of literature 397 206 Chateaubriand et son groupe 147, Russolo, Luigi 368 474 Ryland, Frederick, Chronological Les Consolations 382 Outlines of English Literature 63 ‘De la litterature´ industrielle’ 510 ‘De la tradition en litterature’´ 147–8 Sable,´ Madeleine de 86–7 Joseph Delorme 147, 308 Saint-Hilaire, Geoffroy 294 Nouveaux lundis 147 Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Port-Royale 147, 382, 386 Rouvroy, comte de 126, 390, Reﬂexions,´ Sentences et Maximes 544 Morales de la Rochefoucauld Sainte-Beuve, Charles-Augustin 1, 11, 382 12, 13, 15, 37, 39–40, 48–9, Volupte´ 147, 382 147–9, 151, 300, 379–83, 392, Saintsbury, George 15, 22, 30, 46, 49, 393, 422, 425, 442, 445–6, 454, 565 465, 471, 509, 544, 568 A History of Criticism and Literary attitude towards modernity 381 Taste in Europe 39, 63–4, 71 biography 379, 381 History of English Prosody 534 bourgeois identity 390 History of Nineteenth Century commentary on Taine 395, 397 Literature 539 conservatism 381, 384–5 A Short History of English criticism of 387–8 Literature 63–4, 68 history of decay 388–90 Salinari, Carla 417 inﬂuence 308, 445–6 Sand, George (Amantine Dupin, James’s tribute to 451 baronne Dudevant) 40, 73, 74–5, melancholic temperament 380–2 81, 85, 92, 94, 213, 308, 419, as naturalist 385, 387–8 447, 449, 459 poetic theory 530 Sankey, Ira 617 positivism 383 Sant’Elia, Antonio, ‘Manifesto of as precursor of modernity 384 Futurist Architecture’ 361 productivity 380 Sarcey, Francisque 16, 305–6, 393, relationship with historical 545–6, 548 determinism 384 Sardou, Victorien 305, 546 religious view of literature 390–2 Sarrazin, Gabriel 343 retributive view of criticism 381 Sartre, Jean-Paul 285

688 Index

The Saturday Review 29–30, 32 Schopenhauer, Arthur 1, 10, 220, Saussure, Ferdinand de 271 251, 270–1, 273, 310–11, 342, Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph 351, 358, 497, 542 164, 218, 251, 483–4, 492 influence 597 influence in France 238, 240 Schreiner, Olive 30 influence in Russia 207, 208–9 Schure,´ Eduard, Le Drame musical Schellinger, Paul 331 558 Scherer, Edmond 8, 306, 307, 441 Schwitters, Kurt 360, 365, 370, 371 Scherer, Wilhelm 16, 565, 568–71 science 402–3 Geschichte der deutschen Literatur establishment as a profession 155 569 mitigation 403 Geschichte der deutschen Sprache popular interest in 293–4, 305 569, 570 reaction against 10–11 Poetik 570–1, 572 see also scientific criticism Schiller, Friedrich von 48, 52, 67, 73, scientific criticism 293–4, 302–3, 305, 78, 106, 109, 115, 132–3, 174, 565–87 232, 239, 241, 247, 249, 250, advocacy 565–6 256, 285, 409, 482–3, 497, 498, doubts and limits 306–7 543, 572 failures 586–7 aesthetic theory 236–8, 244 inductive 584–5 criticism 118 judicial 585–6 influence 121–2, 238 novel theory 509 Die Horen 117 reactions against 8 Letters on the Aesthetic Education scientific method 16 of Man 168, 236–8 Scots Observer 30 On Naıve¨ and Sentimental Poetry Scott, Clement 548 483 Scott, John 25 Die Rauber¨ 483 Scott, Walter 16, 54, 62, 76, 88, 173, Schlaf, Johannes 551, 553 174, 175–6, 177, 311, 318–19, Schlegel, August Wilhelm 117, 124, 516, 590 133, 161, 163, 164, 483, 492, influence 294 541 music inspired by 592 influence 238 popularity in Germany 317 Lectures on Dramatic Art 168 Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border Schlegel, Friedrich 117, 124, 133, 106, 113 163, 164, 247–8, 249, 256, 315, Waverley 106, 112–13 483, 492 Scottish universities, study of English influence 238 texts 50 Schlegel-Schelling, Caroline 73–4 Scribe, Eugene` 544, 554 Schleiermacher, Friedrich 52–3, 163, Scribner’s Monthly 44 164, 612 Scudder, Horace 43 Schmidt, Eric 284, 571–3 sculpture 258–9 Schmidt, Julian 9, 43, 121, 134, 318 Scutenaire, Louis 366 Geschichte der Romantik 135 Seaman, Owen, ‘A Ballad of a Bun’ Schmidt-Rottluff, Karl 360 349 Schonberg,¨ Arnold 369 Sedgwick, Catherine 76–7, 82

Index 689

Seel, Martin 234 Shklovsky, Viktor 6, 220 Segur-Dupeyron´ 40 Shuter, William 180 Seifert, Jaroslav 359 Signac, Paul 597 Selden, Camille, ‘L’esprit moderne en Simon, Richard, Fr 605–6 Allemagne’ 405 Sinclair, Upton The Jungle 338 Serner, Walter 364 Skeat, Walter William 67 Seurat, Georges 596, 597 Slavophiles 213 Seven-Weeks War see Austro-Prussian Small, Ian Conditions for Criticism 34 War Smart, Felicity 603 Severini, Gino 374 Smith, Anthony D. 4, 98, 100, 102–3, Sewall, Samuel, Phaenomena 105–6 quaedam Apocalyptica 198 Smith, George 27 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, Smith, Goldwin 430 3rd Earl of 52, 232, 609 Smith, Sydney 22 Shakespeare, William 16, 54, 68, social constructionism 100 78–80, 88, 92, 93, 146, 152, 225, social realism 281, 288–9, 363, 495 268–9, 402, 404, 465, 468, 470, sociology, literary 579–80 474, 540, 541, 543, 556, 590 Solomon, Maynard 289 emergence 491 Solovyov, Evgeny see Andreevich Hegel on 271 Solovyov, Vladimir 110, 220, 223, music inspired by 592 225, 227 nineteenth-century commentary on Pushkin 220 159–61 ‘The Poetry of Yakov Polonsky’ Taine’s commentary on 401 220 Hamlet 79–80, 215, 269 Sontag, Susan 190 Macbeth 80 Sophocles 146, 421 Romeo and Juliet 79 Antigone 267–8, 540 Timon of Athens 283 Oedipus Coloneus 268 Shand, Innes 29 Oedipus Tyrannus 268 Shaw, George Bernard 5, 15, 30, 172, Sorel, Georges 288 180, 183, 184–7, 285, 555–7, Soupault, Philippe 365 581, 622 Souris, Andre´ 366 belief system 185–7 Southey, Robert 22, 60, 158 as a dramatist 184, 186 Select Works of the British Poets endorsement of social causes 186–7 107 Androcles and the Lion 184 Sovremennik (The Contemporary) Major Barbara 184 207 ‘Modern Religion’ 185 Spadolini, Giovanni 410 The Quintessence of Ibsenism Spain, avant-garde movements 363–4 185–6 Spalding, William 62 Shaw, Thomas B. 61 A History of Eglish Literature: With A History of English Literature 61 an Outline of the Origin and Shelley, Percy Bysshe 60, 83, 157–8, Growth of the English Language 167, 248, 603 61–2 ‘Defence of Poetry’ 484 Spaventa, Bertrando 409, 412, 417 Shestov, Lev (Leib Shvartsmann) 225 The Spectator 29, 36

690 Index

Speidel, Ludwig 548 Strachey, Lytton, Eminent Victorians Spencer, Herbert 221, 487, 574, 576, 91 579 Strakhov, Nikolai 216–17 The Philosophy of Style 567 Critical Analysis of War and Peace Spielhagen, Friedrich 9, 14, 319, 523 217 Beitrage¨ zur Theorie und Technik Stramm, August 371 des Romans 521–2 Strauss, David Friedrich 17, 86, 163, Spingarn, Joel 71 612–13 Spinoza, Baruch 126, 127, 128, 390, Strauss, Richard 557 397–8, 432, 433, 451, 467, 604 Strindberg, August 15, 323, 357, 464, spirit 269 553, 556, 561 higher level 259–61 Miss Julie 553 higher stage 257–8 Styrsky, Jindrich 366 infinite subjectivity in Hegelianism sublime, concept of 525, 535–6, 257–8 538 spiritualism 203 Suckau, Edouard de 393, 394 Spurgeon, Charles Haddon 617, 620, Sudek, Josef 359 622 Surber, Jere 271 St. Clair, William 173 Surrealism 366–7 Stael,¨ Germaine Necker de 72–3, art 372–3 74–5, 78, 84, 85, 88, 92–3, 94, bad taste 368 142, 144 journals 370 influence 143 manifesto 369 ‘Essay on Fictions’ 72 poetry 371 On Germany 162, 165, 238–9, 393 politics 374 On Literature Considered in its Surville, Laure 385 Relation to Social Institutions Suvorin, Aleksei 552 (1800) 72, 73 Swedenborgian theory 200 Stalin, Joseph 285, 290, 363, 367 Swift, Jonathan 97, 427, 430 Stalinism 186–7, 281, 288–9 Swinburne, Algernon Charles 233, Standing Bear, Chief 338 239, 242–4, 344, 435, 583, Stanislavsky, Konstantin 15, 548, 549, 596 552, 559 criticisms 533 Steiner, Rudolf 372 ‘Laus Veneris’ 347 Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle) 139, symbolic art, in Hegelian theory 148, 446 256–7 De l’amour 511 symbolism 8, 150, 152, 206, 244–7, Stephen, Leslie 22, 27, 32–3 309–12, 358, 581, 590, 597–600 Stevenson, Robert Louis 27, 30, 249, drama 558–9 443, 452, 456, 457 French 8, 536–8 ‘A Humble Remonstrance’ 454 influences 592 Stirling, J. H., The Secret of Hegel poetry 503 613–14 Russian 226–7 Storm, Theodor, Immensee 318 Symonds, J. A. 27, 575 Stowe, Harriet Beecher 88, 89 Shakspere’s Predecessors in English Uncle Tom’s Cabin 441 Drama 65, 491

Index 691

Symons, Arthur 10, 49, 347–8, 349 Essais de critique et d’histoire 394, The Symbolist Movement in 398–400, 403–4, 405 Literature 309, 348 Histoire de la litterature´ anglaise synaesthesia 303, 309–10, 343, 591 162–3, 394, 400–3, 405, 509, Synge, J. M. 560 515, 567–8 Szondi, Peter 270 LesOriginesdelaFrance contemporaine 394 The Tablet 30 Philosophes Classiques du XIXe. Taine, Hippolyte 1, 5–6, 8, 12, 13, 15, siecle` en France 394, 396–9 18, 47–8, 171, 271, 298–9, La Philosophie de l’art 394, 404 393–405, 441–2, 449, 465, 467, Tait, William 25–6 471, 509, 518, 532, 544, 548, Tait’s Edinburgh Magazine 27, 31 573–5, 576, 579, 580, 581 Tanguy, Yves 366 academic career 393, 402 Tanner, Tony 454, 462 approval 306 Tasso, Torquato 140, 415, 486, 494 attacks on work 306 taste 237 comments on own work 396, 404 judgment of 232 contribution to the scientific method The Tatler 154 567–8 Tatlin, Vladimir 372, 374 critical approach 393, 394–7 Tauber,¨ Sophie 364 critical method 403–4 Taunton Commission 54–5 critical theory 399–401 Taylor, Sir Robert 67 criticism 307, 401–2, 404 Taylor, William, Historic Survey of critics 397 German Poetry 38 Determinism 401, 402–3 Tchaikovsky, Pyotr 16, 592 doctoral thesis 395 Tegner,´ Esaias 473 early ambitions 393 Teige, Karel 366, 373 facultema´ ıtresseˆ theory 395–6, Teleskop (Telescope) 207, 208 405 Tennyson, Alfred, Lord 5, 35, 65, 88, historical context 393–4 154–5, 583 influence 300, 405, 449, 466, 468, ‘The Lady of Shalott’ 191 486, 567, 569, 578 In Memoriam 155, 166, 168 influences 397–8 Thackeray, William Makepeace 9, 16, as inspiration 301 27, 44, 57, 311–12, 327, 461, interest in author over text 404 520, 589 leading intellectual of the age 402, Vanity Fair 311, 329, 514, 589 405 theology, divorce from humanities 607 on Livy 395 The Theosophical Society 372 nature of self 405 Thierry, Augustin 40 poetic theory 529–30 Thiers, Louis-Adolphe 40, 142 position in the naturalist movement Thirlwall, Connop 156, 612 401 Thom, William 83 recent revival of Tainian criticism Thompson, Maurice 334 405 Thoreau, Henry David 5–6, 91, 189, De l’intelligence 394, 404, 405, 198–9 595 political achievements 201

692 Index

Thoreau, Henry David (cont.) Treaty of Vienna (1818) 406 political resistance 202 Trollope, Anthony 5, 9, 194–5, relationship with Emerson 199 327–8, 445, 452–4, 520, 521 ‘A Plea for John Brown’ 202 The Belton Estate 28 ‘Resistance to Civil Government’ He Knew He Was Right 453 202 The Way we Live Now 157, 329, Walden 198–9 594 A Week on the Concord and Trotsky, Leon 288 Merrimack Rivers 198–9 Trotskyism 290 Thorvaldsen, Bertel 466–7 Turgenev, Ivan 9, 206, 210, 211, 214, Tieck, Ludwig 116, 121, 164, 191 219, 225, 332, 444, 445, 446, Todorov, Tzvetan 89 447, 448, 450, 451, 458, 520 Toib´ ın,´ Colm, The Master 461 criticism 213 Tokin, Boskoˇ 369 Fathers and Sons 215, 217, 518 Tolstoy, Leo, Count 9, 214, 219, 225, ‘Hamlet and Don Quixote’ 215 332, 362, 438–9, 461, 520, 539 Sketches from a Hunter’s Notebook criticism 219, 222 210 relationship with Strakhov 217 Twain, Mark 10, 333, 533 Anna Karenina 438 The Adventures of Huckleberry War and Peace 217 Finn 336 What is Art? 222 Tylor, E.B 570 Torraca, Francesco 410 Primitive Culture 431 Torre, Guillermo de 363 Tzara, Tristan 364–5, 368, 370, 371, Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de 559 373 Toyen (Marie Cermˇ ınov´ a)´ 366 ‘Dada Manifesto’ 369 Trachtenberg, Alan 335 Tractarians 420 Uhland, Ludwig 125–6, 495 tragedy 266, 322–3, 542–3 Ultraismo 363–4 conflict as theme 267–8 United Kingdom distinction between modern and avant-garde movement 363 ancient 268–9 calls for social reform 5 domestic drama 543 continental influences 161–6 Hegelian theory of 271–2 decadent aesthetic 344–9 place in genre hierarchy 497 genre theory 488–9, 491–3 Renaissance emergence from national education system 50–1, morality plays 491 53–5 types of conflict 267–9 novel theory 519–20 tragicomedy 267 realism 9, 325–30 Trakl, Georg 371 Romanticism 4–5, 154–71 Transcendentalism 165, 189 scientific standing 511 criticism 192 Victorian critics 511–15 decline 201 United States Hawthorne’s attempts to distance break from English literary himself 195 influence 110–11 influence on later writers 203–4 epic poetry in 264 political preoccupations 201–2 European influence 9–10, 331–2

Index 693

European literary models 339 Viele-Griffin,´ Francis 151 genre theory 489–91, 492 Villari, Pasquale 409 immigrant literature 338 Villemain, A. F. 40 national literature 5–6, 76–7, 82, Villiers de l’Isle Adam, Auguste 539, 113, 440–1 558 periodicals 43–4 Contes cruels 344 pre-independence literature 197–8 Viola, Bill 601 realism 9–10, 331–9 Viollet-le Duc, Eugene` 402 regionalism 336–7 Virgil 140, 167 Romanticism 188–98, 204 Vischer, Friedrich Theodor 9, 322–3, specificity of locations 198 496–7 universality, as literary aim 110 Aesthetics or the Science of the Universities Beautiful 316 Extension Movement 56–7, 64 visual arts modern language/literature courses avant-garde 372–3 66–8 nineteenth-century trends 589–90 separation of faculties 605 relationship with literature theological focus 603–5 588–601 University College, London 57–60 surrealism 366 utilitarianism 213–14 writers’ involvement in 589 Vlaminck, Maurice de 358 Valery,´ Paul 4, 150, 151–2, 388 Vogu¨ e,´ Charles-Melchior de, Le Valla, Lorenzo 416 roman russe 509 Vallette-Eymery, Marguerite see Volney, Comte de (Constantin Rachilde François de Chassebœuf), Les van Buuren, Maarten 152 Ruines,oumeditations´ sur les van Gogh, Vincent 357, 370, 372 revolutions´ des empires 169 Varnhagen, Rahel Levin 73–4 Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet) 17, Vaughan, Henry 168 174, 340, 386, 393, 430, 466 Vedel, Valdemar 469, 470 Candide 430 Vendler, Helen 204 Dictionnaire philosophique 605–6 Venice, fin de siecle` spirit 354 Vorticism 11, 363 Verdi, Giuseppe 16, 592 Vries, Hugo de 575 Verlaine, Paul 8, 147, 150, 235, 246, Vuillard, Edouard 559 309, 342, 345, 348, 351 attacked by Mann 353 Wadsworth, Edward 363 ‘Langueur’ 342 Waggoner, Hyatt 204 Veron,´ Louis 40 Wagner, Cosima 558 Verrall, A. W. 70 Wagner, Richard 10, 16, 235, 245, Very, Jones 492 246, 346, 350–1, 355–6, 358, Veselovsky, Aleksandr 6, 220 409, 529, 547, 548, 557–8, 581, The Poetics of Plot 220 592, 598–9 Vesy 226 criticisms 222, 353 Vicaire, Gabriel see Beauclair, Henri influence 358 Vico, Giambattista 415, 416–17 Das Kunstwerk der Zukunft 592 Victoria, Queen of England 163 Oper und Drama 592

694 Index

Wagner, Richard (cont.) Ugo Bassi: A Tale of the Italian Tannhauser¨ 347 Revolution 112 Tristan und Isolde 347, 354, 355, Wilde, Oscar 7, 10, 15, 22, 32, 180, 601 233, 235, 239, 243–4, 247, 341, War of 1812 188 344–7, 357, 561, 581–2 Ward, Mary Arnold (Mrs Humphrey) ‘The Critic as Artist’ 248–50, 345 62 De Profundis 345 Robert Elsmere 182–3 The Decay of Lying 349 Ward, T. Humphrey (ed.), The The Importance of Being Earnest English Poets 435 238 Warner, Charles Dudley 334 The Picture of Dorian Gray 342–3, Warton, Thomas, History of English 344, 345–6, 356 Poetry 106–7 Salome´ 346 Watson, Rosamund Marriot 32 ‘The Soul of Man Under Socialism’ wave theory 569 345 Webb, R. W. 92 ‘The Truth of Masks’ 250 Weber, Carl Maria von 591 Wille, Bruno 550 Webster, Augusta 32 Williams, Raymond 280, 285 Weimar, duchy of 115 Wimsatt, W. K. 241 Weiss, Jean-Jacques 301–2, 394 Winckelmann, Johann Joachim 466–7 Wellek, Rene´ 494 Wittgenstein, Ludwig 171, 193 Wells,H.G.458, 462–3 Wollstonecraft, Mary 77, 91, 92–3, Wesley, Charles 603 603 Wesley, John 154, 168, 603 A Vindication of the Rights of Westernizers 213–14 Woman 201 Westminster Review 2, 23, 86, Woman’s World 32 154 women writers/critics 3, 72–94, Westphal, Merold 611 189 Wharton, Edith 10, 13, 332, 334–5, in avant-garde 367 457, 458, 462 critique of social conditions 327 The House of Mirth 334–5 decreased inﬂuence in France 141 Whately, Richard 433 elevation of womanhood 202 Whewell, William 566 as ‘freak of nature’ 74–5, 93–4 Whistler, James 591, 594, 596, 597 gender studies 92–3 Nocturne in Black and Gold 597 ‘lady writers’ 75 Ten O’Clock Lecture 597 level of achievement 92–4 Whitman, Walt 15, 194, 203–4, 264, ‘literary cross-dressing’ 87–8 265, 334, 444, 533, 538 as reviewers 31–2 Leaves of Grass 204, 533, 534 social status/rights 78 Wieland, Cristoph Martin 572 as students 67 Wienbarg, Ludolf 130 underestimation of literary role 507 Aesthetische Feldzuge¨ 131 university admissions 56 Wilberforce, Samuel, Bishop 617 Victorian double standards 90 Wilberforce, William 603 Wood, Ellen 31 Wilbur, Richard 191 Woolf, Virginia 13, 91–4, 187, 241, Wilde, Jane, Lady 108 309, 457, 505

Index 695

To the Lighthouse 461 Zeitgeist 433 A Room of One’s Own 79, 201 Zhirmunsky, Boris 6, 220 Wordsworth, Mary 77 Zitkala-Saˇ 338 Wordsworth, William 54, 76, 77, 83, Zola, Emile 8, 9–10, 15, 36, 41, 146, 85, 88, 110, 157–8, 160–1, 166, 249, 294, 299, 300–1, 302–4, 167, 175, 248, 250, 381, 432, 306, 308, 319, 414, 446, 456, 435, 451, 530, 532 458, 509, 519, 522, 539, 548–50, criticism 192 582, 590 Lyrical Ballads 158, 167, 247 commentary on Taine 401–2, 404 Prelude 604 criticism 321, 336, 452, 554 Working Men’s Colleges 55–6, 173 inﬂuence in US 332, 335 Worth, George 507 relationship with visual arts 595–6 Wundt, Wilhelm 511 L’Assommoir 595 Wyzewa, Theodore´ 558, 598–9 Mes haines 342, 401–2 Nana 452, 595 Yeats, W.B 30, 309, 347, 348, 355, ‘Le Naturalisme au the´atre’ˆ 559, 618 549 The Yellow Book 346–7 L’Oeuvre 595–6 Yierzerska, Anzia 338 Un page d’amour 595 Young, Edward 88 ‘Le Roman experimental’´ 303–4, Young Germany 116, 119, 122, 127, 332, 519, 521, 596 130–4, 239 Les Rougon-Macquart 303 and classical aesthetics 133–4 La Terre 308 criticism of 121 Ther´ ese` Raquin 401 introduction of 126–7 Zweckmassigkeit¨ , purposiveness 234