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National Weather Service Instruction 10-1601 November 3, 2005
Department of Commerce $ National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration $ National Weather Service NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE INSTRUCTION 10-1601 NOVEMBER 3, 2005 Operations and Services Performance, NWSPD 10-16 VERIFICATION PROCEDURES NOTICE: This publication is available at: http://www.nws.noaa.gov/directives/. OPR: OS52 (Charles Kluepfel) Certified by: OS5 (Kimberly Campbell) Type of Issuance: Routine SUMMARY OF REVISIONS: This directive supersedes National Weather Service Instruction 10-1601, dated April 10, 2004. The following changes have been made to this directive: 1) Introductory information on the legacy verification systems for public (section 1.1.1) and terminal aerodrome (section 6.1.1) forecasts has replaced outdated information in these sections. 2) The verification of fire weather forecasts (section 1.4) and red flag warnings (section 1.5) has been added. 3) Monthly preliminary reporting requirements for tornado and flash flood warning verification statistics have been discontinued and respectively removed from sections 2.1 and 4.1. 4) Rule 2, implemented January 1, 2002, for short-fused warnings, has been discontinued for all tornado/severe thunderstorm (section 2.1.2) and special marine (section 3.3.2) warnings issued after February 28, 2005. Once VTEC is implemented for flash flood warnings (section 4.1.2), Rule 2 will also be discontinued for all flash flood warnings issued after the change. 5) The time of warning issuance for tornado, severe thunderstorm and special marine warnings is taken from the Valid Time and Event Code (VTEC) line (sections 2.1.3 and 3.3.3). 6) The National Digital Forecast Database (NDFD) quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPF) are now verified. -
The Fujita Scale Is Used to Rate the Intensity of a Tornado by Examining the Damage Caused by the Tornado After It Has Passed Over a Man-Made Structure
The Fujita Scale is used to rate the intensity of a tornado by examining the damage caused by the tornado after it has passed over a man-made structure. The "Percentage of All Tornadoes 1950- 1994" pie chart reveals that the vast majority of tornadoes are either weak or do damage that can only be attributed to a weak tornado. Only a small percentage of tornadoes can be correctly classed as violent. Such a chart became possible only after the acceptance of the Fujita Scale as the official classification system for tornado damage. It is quite possible that an even higher percentage of all tornadoes are weak. Each year the National Weather Service documents about 1000 tornado touchdowns in the United States. There is evidence that 1000 or more additional weak tornadoes may occur each year and go completely undocumented. The "Percentage of Tornado-Related Deaths 1950-1994" pie chart shows that while violent tornadoes are few in number, they cause a very high percentage of tornado-related deaths. The Tornado Project has analyzed data prior to 1950, and found that the percentage of deaths from violent tornadoes was even greater in the past. This is because the death tolls prior to the introduction of the forecasting/awareness programs were enormous: 695 dead(Missouri-Illinois-Indiana, March 18, 1925); 317 dead(Natchez, Mississippi, May 7, 1840);.255 dead(St. Louis, Missouri and East St. Louis, Illinois, May 27, 1896); 216 dead(Tupelo, Mississippi, April 5, 1936); 203 dead(Gainesville, GA, April 6, 1936). In more recent times, no single tornado has killed more than 50 people since 1971. -
Jane Jayroe-Gamble She Overcame Her Fears and Shyness to Win Miss America 1967, Launching Her Career in Media and Government
Jane Jayroe-Gamble She overcame her fears and shyness to win Miss America 1967, launching her career in media and government Chapter 01 – 0:52 Introduction Announcer: As millions of television viewers watch Jane Jayroe crowned Miss America in 1967, and as Bert Parks serenaded her, no one would have thought she was actually a very shy and reluctant winner. Nor would they know that the tears, which flowed, were more of fright than joy. She was nineteen when her whole life was changed in an instant. Jane went on to become a well-known broadcaster, author, and public official. She worked as an anchor in TV news in Oklahoma City and Dallas, Fort Worth. Oklahoma governor, Frank Keating, appointed her to serve as his Secretary of Tourism. But her story along the way was filled with ups and downs. Listen to Jane Jayroe talk about her struggle with shyness, depression, and a failed marriage. And how she overcame it all to lead a happy and successful life, on this oral history website, VoicesofOklahoma.com. Chapter 02 – 8:30 Grandparents John Erling: My name is John Erling. Today’s date is April 3, 2014. Jane, will you state your full name, your date of birth, and your present age. Jane Jayroe: Jane Anne Jayroe-Gamble. Birthday is October 30, 1946. And I have a hard time remembering my age. JE: Why is that? JJ: I don’t know. I have to call my son, he’s better with numbers. I think I’m sixty-seven. JE: Peggy Helmerich, you know from Tulsa? JJ: I know who she is. -
What Are We Doing with (Or To) the F-Scale?
5.6 What Are We Doing with (or to) the F-Scale? Daniel McCarthy, Joseph Schaefer and Roger Edwards NOAA/NWS Storm Prediction Center Norman, OK 1. Introduction Dr. T. Theodore Fujita developed the F- Scale, or Fujita Scale, in 1971 to provide a way to compare mesoscale windstorms by estimating the wind speed in hurricanes or tornadoes through an evaluation of the observed damage (Fujita 1971). Fujita grouped wind damage into six categories of increasing devastation (F0 through F5). Then for each damage class, he estimated the wind speed range capable of causing the damage. When deriving the scale, Fujita cunningly bridged the speeds between the Beaufort Scale (Huler 2005) used to estimate wind speeds through hurricane intensity and the Mach scale for near sonic speed winds. Fujita developed the following equation to estimate the wind speed associated with the damage produced by a tornado: Figure 1: Fujita's plot of how the F-Scale V = 14.1(F+2)3/2 connects with the Beaufort Scale and Mach number. From Fujita’s SMRP No. 91, 1971. where V is the speed in miles per hour, and F is the F-category of the damage. This Amazingly, the University of Oklahoma equation led to the graph devised by Fujita Doppler-On-Wheels measured up to 318 in Figure 1. mph flow some tens of meters above the ground in this tornado (Burgess et. al, 2002). Fujita and his staff used this scale to map out and analyze 148 tornadoes in the Super 2. Early Applications Tornado Outbreak of 3-4 April 1974. -
Minutes of a Regular Meeting, October 23, 2013
MINUTES OF THE REGULAR MEETING THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA OCTOBER 23, 2013 MINUTES Page Regular Meeting held September 18, 2013 ............................................................................... 33874 CAMERON UNIVERSITY REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY ......................................................33867 Substantive Program Changes ......................................................................................33868 Fiscal Year 2012-2013 External Audits ........................................................................ 33869 Curriculum Changes .....................................................................................................33870 ROGERS STATE UNIVERSITY REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY ......................................................33870 Contracts and Grants ..................................................................................................... 33871 125 Plan Document Service Provider ........................................................................... 33872 Multi-Campus Videoconferencing System ...................................................................33873 Fiscal Year 2012-2013 External Audits ........................................................................33873 THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY ......................................................33874 HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER Professional Service Agreements ................................................................................ -
4B.5 Connecting the Dots: a Communications Model of the North Texas Integrated Warning Team During the 15 May 2013 Tornado Outbr
4B.5 Connecting the Dots: A Communications Model of the North Texas Integrated Warning Team During the 15 May 2013 Tornado Outbreak 1* 2 1 1 Dennis Cavanaugh , Melissa Huffman , Jennifer Dunn , and Mark Fox 1National Weather Service Forecast Office Fort Worth/Dallas, TX 2National Weather Service Forecast Office Houston, TX On 15 May 2013, 19 tornadoes occurred across North and Central Texas, killing 6, injuring over 50, and causing more than $100 million in property damage. The majority of the impacts to life and property were the direct result of EF-3 and EF-4 tornadoes that affected the communities of Cleburne and Granbury. This study focuses on an examination of the North Texas Integrated Warning Team (IWT) communications through a thorough analysis of interactions between IWT members during this event. Communications from all members of the IWT were collected and organized so that a quantitative analysis of the IWT communications network could be performed. The results of this analysis were used to identify strengths and weaknesses of current IWT communications to improve the consistency of hazardous weather messaging for future high impact weather events. The results also show how effectively communicating within an IWT leads not only to more consistent messaging, but also to broader dissemination of hazardous weather information to the public. The analysis techniques outlined in this study could serve as a model for comprehensive studies of IWTs across the country. 1. INTRODUCTION media representatives, amateur radio operators, * and the National Weather Service (Doswell et al. On 15 May 2013, 19 tornadoes occurred 1999). IWTs work to provide a consistent message across North and Central Texas, killing 6, injuring regarding a hazard because at-risk populations over 50, and causing more than $100 million in will not immediately take action in response to the property damage (NCDC 2013). -
Tornadoes & Downburst
TORNADOES & DOWNBURST TORNADOES • A devastating F5 tornado about 200 meters wide plows through Hesston, Kansas, on March 13, 1990, leaving almost 300 people homeless and 13 injured. • Total destruction caused by an F5 tornado that devastated parts of Oklahoma on May 3, 1999. • A tornado is a violently rotating (usually counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere) column of air descending from a thunderstorm and in contact with the ground. Although tornadoes are usually brief, lasting only a few minutes, they can sometimes last for more than an hour and travel several miles causing considerable damage. In a typical year about 1000 tornadoes will strike the United States. The peak of the tornado season is April through June and more tornadoes strike the central United States than any other place in the world. This area has been nicknamed "tornado alley." Most tornadoes are spawned from supercell thunderstorms. Supercell thunderstorms are characterized by a persistent rotating updraft and form in environments of strong vertical wind shear. Wind shear is the change in wind speed and/or direction with height. • Tornadoes are natures most destructive weather hazard. Annual Number of Tornadoes per State (upper number) • Tornado incidence by state. The upper figure shows the number of tornadoes reported by each state during a 25-year period. The lower figure is the average annual number of tornadoes per 10,000 square miles. The darker the shading, the greater the frequency of tornadoes. • Average number of tornadoes during each month in the United States. Fujita Scale F0-F1 Fujita scale is a measure of tornado intensity Winds 60 - 115 mph quantified through a subjective analysis of relating tornadic damage to wind speed. -
2014 Heartland Regional Emmy® Award Recipients
2014 HEARTLAND REGIONAL EMMY® AWARD RECIPIENTS Morning Newscast - Larger Markets “7NEWS NOW: Snow Storm and Barricaded Man” KMGH, Denver Keely Walker, Producer Nicole Denne, Executive Producer Mitch Jelniker, Anchor Kelly Schuberth, Breaking News Producer Dana Hogan, Producer Bob Sandoval, Director Mike Nelson, Chief Meteorologist Tyler Lopez, Reporter Lindsay Sablan, Reporter Morning Newscast - Medium Markets “Good Morning Kansas: Tornado Touchdown” KAKE, Wichita Mike Iuen, Anchor Jemelle Holopirek, Anchor Jordan Shefte, Reporter Melisha Regier, Producer Daytime Newscast - Larger Markets “4 O'Clock on 9News Colorado Floods” KUSA, Denver Jennifer Marnowski, Producer Bob Pusatory, Director Linda Kotsaftis, Executive Producer Cody Crouch, Helicopter Photojournalist Matthew Fess, Pilot Daytime Newscast - Medium Markets “FOX23 News at Noon” KOKI, Tulsa Michelle Hodge, News Anchor Gregory DeBrosse, Managing Editor Evening Newscast - Larger Markets “Fox 31 Denver News at 9 - Front Range Floods” KDVR, Denver 1 Maureen Capasso, Executive Producer Brendan Wilkerson, News Producer Evening Newscast - Medium Markets “FOX23 News At 5” KOKI, Tulsa Suzanne Nadell, News Director Grace Orcutt, Executive Producer Brianna Collett, Producer Ron Terrell, News Anchor Evening Newscast - Smaller Markets “13 News at 6” WIBW-TV, Topeka Jon Janes, News Director Weekend Newscast - Larger Markets “A Community Stands Together” KUSA, Denver Liz Lambert, Producer Adam McPherson, Director Weekend Newscast - Medium Markets “FOX23 News Saturday” KOKI, Tulsa GregoryDeBrosse, -
1 International Approaches to Tornado Damage and Intensity Classification International Association of Wind Engineers
International Approaches to Tornado Damage and Intensity Classification International Association of Wind Engineers (IAWE), International Tornado Working Group 2017 June 6, DRAFT FINAL REPORT 1. Introduction Tornadoes are one of the most destructive natural Hazards on Earth, with occurrences Having been observed on every continent except Antarctica. It is difficult to determine worldwide occurrences, or even the fatalities or losses due to tornadoes, because of a lack of systematic observations and widely varying approacHes. In many jurisdictions, there is not any tracking of losses from severe storms, let alone the details pertaining to tornado intensity. Table 1 provides a summary estimate of tornado occurrence by continent, with details, wHere they are available, for countries or regions Having more than a few observations per year. Because of the lack of systematic identification of tornadoes, the entries in the Table are a mix of verified tornadoes, reports of tornadoes and climatological estimates. Nevertheless, on average, there appear to be more than 1800 tornadoes per year, worldwide, with about 70% of these occurring in North America. It is estimated that Europe is the second most active continent, with more than 240 per year, and Asia third, with more than 130 tornadoes per year on average. Since these numbers are based on observations, there could be a significant number of un-reported tornadoes in regions with low population density (CHeng et al., 2013), not to mention the lack of systematic analysis and reporting, or the complexity of identifying tornadoes that may occur in tropical cyclones. Table 1 also provides information on the approximate annual fatalities, althougH these data are unavailable in many jurisdictions and could be unreliable. -
Oklahoma Statutes Title 69. Roads, Bridges, and Ferries
OKLAHOMA STATUTES TITLE 69. ROADS, BRIDGES, AND FERRIES §69-101. Declaration of legislative intent.............................................................................................19 §69-113a. Successful bidders - Return of executed contract................................................................20 §69-201. Definitions of words and phrases..........................................................................................21 §69-202. Abandonment........................................................................................................................21 §69-203. Acquisition or taking..............................................................................................................21 §69-204. Arterial highway.....................................................................................................................21 §69-205. Authority................................................................................................................................21 §69-206. Auxiliary service highway.......................................................................................................21 §69-207. Board......................................................................................................................................21 §69-208. Bureau of Public Roads..........................................................................................................21 §69-209. Commission............................................................................................................................21 -
Damage Analysis of Three Long-Track Tornadoes Using High-Resolution Satellite Imagery
atmosphere Article Damage Analysis of Three Long-Track Tornadoes Using High-Resolution Satellite Imagery Daniel Burow * , Hannah V. Herrero and Kelsey N. Ellis Department of Geography, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1000 Phil Fulmer Way, Knoxville, TN 37920, USA; [email protected] (H.V.H.); [email protected] (K.N.E.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 2 May 2020; Accepted: 8 June 2020; Published: 10 June 2020 Abstract: Remote sensing of tornado damage can provide valuable observations for post-event surveys and reconstructions. The tornadoes of 3 March 2019 in the southeastern United States are an ideal opportunity to relate high-resolution satellite imagery of damage with estimated wind speeds from post-event surveys, as well as with the Rankine vortex tornado wind field model. Of the spectral metrics tested, the strongest correlations with survey-estimated wind speeds are found using a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI, used as a proxy for vegetation health) difference image and a principal components analysis emphasizing differences in red and blue band reflectance. NDVI-differenced values across the width of the EF-4 Beauregard-Smiths Station, Alabama, tornado path resemble the pattern of maximum ground-relative wind speeds across the width of the Rankine vortex model. Maximum damage sampled using these techniques occurred within 130 m of the tornado vortex center. The findings presented herein establish the utility of widely accessible Sentinel imagery, which is shown to have sufficient spatial resolution to make inferences about the intensity and dynamics of violent tornadoes occurring in vegetated areas. Keywords: tornadoes; tornado damage; remote sensing; Sentinel-2; NDVI; PCA; Rankine vortex 1. -
Tornadoes Tornadoes
Tornadoes Tornadoes A tornado is a violently rotating column of air in contact with the ground Tornadogenesis is the formation of a tornado A visible condensation funnel is NOT necessary to have a tornado However, just a funnel without a circulation in contact with the ground is NOT a tornado Tornadoes may have wind speeds between 40 and 300+ m.p.h! Photo: D. Zaras, NOAA On a local scale, the tornado is the most intense of Dr. Christopher M. Godfrey all atmospheric circulations University of North Carolina at Asheville ATMS 179 – Fall 2013 ATMS 179 – Fall 2013 Tornado Alley When do tornadoes occur? Mainly during spring (April, May, June) in the U.S. Tornadoes can occur year-round! 75% of all tornadoes occur in the U.S. Note: This is the total number of tornadoes in Most tornadoes occur in tornado alley (central Texas a multi-year study. Do I know which years? No, to Nebraska) but you get the idea. Top number: # tornadoes reported by each state in a 25-year period Bottom number: Average annual # tornadoes per 10,000 square miles ATMS 179 – Fall 2013 ATMS 179 – Fall 2013 Tornado Frequency by Time of Day The Fujita Scale (Used prior to 2007) Most tornadoes occur from late afternoon through Relates tornado intensity indirectly to structural early evening (1−8 p.m.) and/or vegetative damage ATMS 179 – Fall 2013 ATMS 179 – Fall 2013 1 Tornado Damage The Enhanced Fujita Scale EF-Scale in use by the NWS starting February 1, 2007 More complex than F-Scale Photo: Jim LaDue ATMS 179 – Fall 2013 ATMS 179 – Fall 2013 Why the NWS created the EF-Scale EF-Scale Damage Indicators (DIs) Need more damage indicators The framed house is one of only 28 DIs identified initially To recalibrate winds a few FF--scalescale damage indicators.