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THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS: a LATIN AMERICAN and CARIBBEAN PERSPECTIVE Quotation Appearing on Back Cover

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THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS: a LATIN AMERICAN and CARIBBEAN PERSPECTIVE Quotation Appearing on Back Cover THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS: A LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN PERSPECTIVE Quotation appearing on back cover: Kofi Annan, Secretary-General of the United Nations, “In larger freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all. Report of the Secretary-General” (A/59/2005), March 2005. Notes and explanations of symbols The following symbols have been used in this study: Three dots (…) indicate that data are not available or are not separately reported. A minus sign (-) indicates a deficit or decrease, unless otherwise indicated. A full stop (.) is used to indicate decimals. Use of a hyphen between years, e.g. 2000-2002, signifies an annual average for the calendar years involved, including the beginning and ending years. The word "dollars" refers to United States dollars, unless otherwise specified. Figures and percentages in tables may not necessarily add up to the corresponding totals due to rounding. United Nations Publications LC/G.2331-P ISBN: 92-1-121558-7 Sales number: E.05.II.G.107 Copyright © United Nations, August 2005. All rights reserved Printed in Santiago, Chile - United Nations Applications for the right to reproduce this work are welcomed and should be sent to the Secretary of the Publications Board, United Nations Headquarters, New York, N.Y. 10017, U.S.A. Member States and their governmental institutions may reproduce this work without prior authorization, but are requested to mention the source and inform the United Nations of such reproduction. Acknowledgements The preparation of this document was coordinated by José Luis Machinea, Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC); Alicia Bárcena, Deputy Executive Secretary; and Arturo León, Regional Expert with the Social Development Division. Valuable contributions were made by Hugo Guzmán, Ernesto Espíndola and Reynaldo Bajraj, and inputs of major importance were provided by the technical teams of the following specialized agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations system: International Labour Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, World Health Organization/Pan American Health Organization, United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Children's Fund, United Nations Population Fund, World Food Programme, United Nations Human Settlements Programme and United Nations Development Fund for Women. The authors are particularly grateful for the collaboration of the following persons: Daniel Martinez, ILO Regional Director; Andrés Marinakis, Mónica Castillo and María Elena Valenzuela of ILO; Gustavo Gordillo, Assistant Director-General and Regional Representative of FAO for Latin America and the Caribbean; Marcio Porto, Marcela Ballara, Luis Gómez Oliver, Francisco Jiménez, Paul Lewin, María José Montero, Patricia Morales, Andrés Pascoe, Marcos Rodríguez and Fernando Soto of FAO; Ana Luiza Machado, Director, UNESCO Regional Office for Education in Latin America and the Caribbean; César Guadalupe of UNESCO; Mirta Roses, Director of PAHO; Daniel López Acuña, of PAHO; Elena Martínez, UNDP Regional Director for Latin America and the Caribbean; Enrique Ganuza of UNDP; Ricardo Sánchez, Regional Director, UNEP Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean; Edgar Arredondo Casillas and Kakuko Nagatani Yoshida of UNEP; Nils Kastberg, Director, UNICEF Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean; Pablo Froes, Liv Elin Indreiten, Alma Jenkins, Vivian López, Alfredo Missair, Christine Norton, Claudio Osorio, Susana Sottoli, Osvaldo Legon and Garren Lumpkin of UNICEF; Marisela Padrón, Director, Latin America and Caribbean Division of UNFPA; Rogelio Fernández Castilla, Margaret Arilla, Raquel Child, Javier Domínguez, Ralph Hakkert and Luis Mora of UNFPA; Pedro Medrano, Regional Director for Latin America and the Caribbean of WFP; Deborah Heins and Jaime Vallaure of WFP; Jorge Gavidia, Director, UN-Habitat/Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean (ROLAC); Alberto Parahnos of UN-Habitat/ROLAC; and Marijke Velzeboer-Salcedo, Chief, Latin America and the Caribbean Section of UNIFEM. The following persons were in charge of drafting the report: Reynaldo Bajraj, Alicia Bárcena, Carlos de Miguel, Ernesto Espíndola, Hubert Escaith, João Ferraz, Juan Carlos Feres, Hugo Guzmán, Dirk Jaspers, Osvaldo Kacef, Arturo León, José Luis Machinea, Sonia Montaño, Joseluis Samaniego and Fernando Sánchez-Albavera of ECLAC. Portions of the text were contributed by the following ECLAC staff members: Jean Acquatella, Diane Almeras, Hugo Altomonte, Antonio Ávila, Jorge Bravo, Beverley Carlson, Ricardo Bielschowsky, Simone Cecchini, Manlio Coviello, Martine Dirven, Andrés Fernández, Gilberto Gallopin, José Javier Gómez, José Miguel Guzmán, Miguel Izam, Andrei Jouravlev, Xavier Mancero, Fernando Medina, Vivian Milosavljevic, Carlos Mussi, Nieves Rico, Jorge Rodríguez, Gunilla Ryd, Daniela Simioni, Miguel Solanes, Raquel Szalachman and Rodolfo Vilches. Valuable inputs and comments were provided by Renato Baumann, Rudolf Buitelaar, João Ferraz, Arthur Gray, Rebeca Grynspan, Bernardo Kosacoff, Jorge Mattar, Neil Pierre and Juan Carlos Ramírez. César Guadalupe of UNESCO and technical experts of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) were in charge of preparing the initial versions of chapters II and V, respectively. The following PAHO staff members were involved in drafting chapter V: María Cecilia Acuña, Yehuda Benguigui, Pedro Brito, Virginia Camacho, Carlos Castillo- Salgado, Pedro Crocco, Amalia del Riego, Christopher Drasbek, María de Lourdes Ferrer, Ricardo Fescina, Rafael Flores, Wilma Freire, Luiz Augusto Galvao, Elsa Gómez, Amparo Gordillo, Philippe Lamy, Eduardo Levcovitz, Daniel López Acuña, Enrique Loyola, Evelyn Martínez, Sofía Leticia Morales, Alfonso Ruiz, Patricia Schroeder, Gina Tambini, César Vieira, Carol Vlassoff and Fernando Zacarías. THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS: A LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN PERSPECTIVE Contents Foreword...........................................................................................xiii How this document was prepared .................................................xvii Introduction......................................................................................xix Chapter I The Millennium Declaration..............................................................1 A. The development agenda from a Latin American and Caribbean perspective.........................................................1 B. A decade of achievements and obstacles in Latin America and the Caribbean .......................................................5 C. The need for a comprehensive development strategy................10 1. Macroeconomic and productive development policies .........................................................................11 2. The synergies between growth and equity....................16 3. The architecture of equity-seeking social institutions: characteristics and attributes.....................17 4. The regional and global agendas ..................................21 Chapter II Combating poverty and hunger.......................................................23 A. Eradicating extreme poverty....................................................24 1. Introduction ..................................................................24 2. Inequalities ...................................................................38 3. The chances of achieving target 1 in the region ...........50 4. Public policy guidelines for poverty reduction..............53 v CONTENTS B. Eradicating hunger.................................................................................................................................56 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................56 2. Food security and hunger ...........................................................................................................60 3. Undernourishment levels and trends: progress towards the target..............................................62 4. Undernutrition levels and trends: progress towards the target....................................................68 5. Inequalities in the incidence of hunger.......................................................................................71 6. Policy guidelines ........................................................................................................................74 Chapter III Education as a pillar of human development ...............................................................................................79 A. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................79 B. The situation in the region .....................................................................................................................81 1. Access to primary education.......................................................................................................81 2. Progress at the primary level ......................................................................................................83 3. Completion of primary education: existing situation and projections for 2015..........................85 C. Inequalities.............................................................................................................................................89
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