Prevention Through Design Peer-Reviewed Practice Designing Out Hazards in the Real World

By Anjali Lamba IOSH is leading a national initiative, development, implementation, employee training launched in July 2007, called Prevention and surveillance (Schulte & Heidel, 2009). NThrough Design (PTD). This initiative has As awareness of the PTD concept grows, more engaged the government, academia and industry SH&E professionals are calling for a concerted em- in promoting the concept of designing out and phasis on the engineering and technical aspects minimizing occupational risks. Following is a com- of a safe design during the planning phase, which prehensive definition of PTD: reduces risks and minimizes hazards throughout The optimal method of preventing oc- a facility’s life. This requirement is illustrated by a cupational illnesses, injuries and fatal- recent request for proposal for work at the Ports- ities is to “design out” the hazards and mouth Naval Shipyard that specified, “If it is not risks; thereby, eliminating the need to feasible to eliminate or prevent the need to work control them during work operations. at heights with its subsequent exposure to fall haz- This approach involves the design of ards, control measures shall be included in the de- tools, equipment, systems, work pro- sign to protect personnel conducting maintenance cesses and facilities in order to reduce work after completion of the project.” or eliminate, hazards associated with Research conducted in the U.S., European Union and some countries in the British Commonwealth IN BRIEF work. (Young-Corbett, 2011) has linked a good percentage of construction inju- •This article provides real- The purpose of PTD is to eliminate haz- ries and fatalities to decisions made before any con- world examples of preven- ards and reduce risk at the source by con- struction work started. This has resulted in an effort tion through design (PTD) sidering safety and health implications to get the designers to assess the risk their designs and successful applica- early in the design cycle; this is more ef- create for construction workers during construction tions of PTD concepts and fective than the traditional risk manage- of facilities and structures (Furst, 2011). principles. ment approach. PTD principles also tie in This article is based primarily on proceedings of • Early collaboration among with the well-known hierarchy of controls the practice session held during the August 2011 stakeholders is crucial for where engineering controls are always the NIOSH conference, “Prevention Through Design: successful incorporation of most effective, because they either remove A New Way of Doing Business,” which was orga- PTD elements in design and the hazard at its root, or contain or isolate nized to highlight the progress made in implement- construction. the hazard so that exposures are controlled ing the PTD initiative since its inception. Through •Other potential avenues to through design. PTD supports the adoption presentations focusing on real-world practice, pre- maximize PTD benefits in- of hazard control measures higher in the senters showcased successful applications of PTD clude working with design- hierarchy of controls by focusing on haz- concepts and principles that resulted in the design build firms, incorporating ard elimination and substitution followed or redesign of work premises, tools, equipment, PTD into LEED and involving by risk minimization through the applica- machinery, substances and work processes. De- OSHA in actively promoting tion of engineering controls and warning sign solutions ranged from reducing asphalt-fume PTD in construction. systems applied during design, redesign exposure of workers paving roads to redesigning •Strong federal agency and retrofit activities. However, PTD also a forklift to optimize the operator’s field of vision. leadership support of this supports the application of administrative Many sources create workplace hazards. A com- initiative is crucial. controls and PPE when they supplement or mon way to classify hazards is by type of hazard or complement an overall risk minimization hazard category. With this in mind, and to allow strategy and include appropriate program readers to quickly identify their areas of interest, practice examples have been organized according to these hazard categories: chemical, physical, er- Anjali Lamba, M.P.H., CIH, is a senior industrial hygienist with the Chemical gonomic and safety. Several presentations also pro- Engineering Branch within the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics at EPA. In this role, she provides technical support and guidance on worker exposure and moted the implementation and evaluation of PTD protection as well as workplace regulatory issues for EPA’s new chemicals and practices by utilizing rating systems and other tools existing chemicals programs. Before joining EPA, Lamba worked for consulting and products that aid practitioners in the design and companies and provided industrial hygiene support to several federal government construction of safe and green buildings and work- departments and agencies. She holds an M.P.H. in Environmental and Occupa- places. These are discussed in the “Rating Systems, tional Health from George Washington University. Tools, Products and Approaches” section (p. 38). 34 ProfessionalSafety JANUARY 2013 www.asse.org PTD: Practice Area The area of practice in PTD focuses on demonstrating the value of including workers’ safety and health in design Chemical Hazards decisions and exploring links with the movements toward In keeping with PTD principles green and sustainable design. It also includes identifying and and the hierarchy of controls, en- sharing successful procedures, processes, equipment, tools gineering controls were developed and results through various means (e.g., online databases). and implemented to reduce work- For worker safety and health, sustainable design enhances er exposures to chemicals in the indoor environmental quality and optimizes operational and examples highlighted here. In ad- maintenance practices. Including provisions during facility dition, in two cases, multifaceted design, construction, occupancy and maintenance to prevent control strategies were developed injuries, illnesses and fatalities among workers is an essential through partnership between gov- component of sustainable design. ernment agencies, unions and in- dustry to reduce worker exposures to chemicals. Laboratory Chemicals Spray Polyurethane Foam Transportation of hazardous liquids poses risks In 2009, EPA established the Federal Advi- to facility occupants. Designing suitable routing sory Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF) workgroup through low-traffic areas and avoidance of exit in partnership with NIOSH, OSHA, Consumer corridors becomes difficult if not addressed during Product Safety Commission and the polyurethane the early-stage design of the facility (e.g., design industry to address several issues associated with of vapor-mitigation systems can enhance a facil- worker exposure to methylene diphenyl diisocya- ity’s operational safety should a liquid spill occur). nate (MDI) and other chemicals in SPF products. Some facilities use highly toxic, flammable and From top: Metal The workgroup has developed guidance on simple even pyrophoric gaseous materials. Exposure can grating (Photo 1) exhaust ventilation design principles for SPF ap- be prevented and mitigated by using overpacks controls expansion plicators and helpers since engineering control and containment carts for liquid chemical trans- of foam, while air strategies are the most effective means to pro- portation; installing emergency exhaust systems movers (Photos 2 tect workers during all phases of SPF application for vapor exhaust in case of a liquid spill event; and 3) can be used (www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/projects/spf/ventila and separating dock area and gas storage area to to exchange air in tion-guidance.html). Other on-site controls such handle dock area traffic when hazardous chemicals the spray zone. as isolation that are also effective in controlling are present (Weaver, 2011). chemical migration include: enclosing the spray zone as much as possible; supplying air (active or Physical Hazards passive) at one end of spray zone and directing air- Noise and radiation were two physical hazards flow through spray zone from clean to contaminat- addressed during the presentations. Repeated expo- ed; filtering and exhausting air at the opposite end sures to loud noise can lead to permanent, incurable of the spray zone; and creating negative pressure hearing loss or tinnitus. Ionizing radiation has wide within the enclosure (Lamba, 2011). application in medicine and industry (e.g., in X-rays, Controls that are already being used at applica- as radioactive isotopes). Exposure to ionizing radia- tion sites include plastic sheeting to cover wall studs, tion can cause genetic changes, cancer and other metal grating to control expansion of foam (Photo health effects including death in extreme cases. 1), and using air movers to exchange air in the spray zone to reduce airborne chemical concentrations Buy Quiet & Quiet-by-Design (Photos 2 and 3). In addition, NIOSH has developed Controlling equipment noise emissions lim- a prototype SPF spraying booth (Photo 4). Com- its employee exposure and reduces the need for prehensive hands-on safety and health training for personal hearing protection. It lowers the risk of workers also is crucial to prevent and reduce ex- noise-induced hearing loss, enables better speech posures. The SPF industry provides online training intelligibility, and improves safety, productivity for applicators and plans to offer hands-on worker training in the near future (Lamba, 2011). NIOSH has con- structed a proto- Asphalt Partnership type spray booth During the 1990s, National Asphalt Pavement (Photo 4, front Association formed a partnership with industry, view). NIOSH, other government agencies and unions to improve working conditions at paving sites. As a result, all U.S. manufactured slip-form pavers were redesigned with ventilation mechanisms to reduce workers’ exposure to asphalt fumes. In Europe, warm-mix asphalt has been successfully used to improve working conditions, cut overall emissions, save fuel, extend the paving season, improve qual- ity and increase the life span of the pavement. The first warm-mix demonstration sections in the U.S.

NIOSH, DART were constructed in 2004 (Acott, 2011). www.asse.org JANUARY 2013 ProfessionalSafety 35 and comfort in the workplace. Buy-Quiet and Qui- processes. PTD also can increase productivity and et-by-Design concepts apply to the engineering of product quality, as one example illustrates. inhabited spaces and focus on controlling ambient noise instead of directly controlling exposure; this Toyota Manufacturing Design Process is achieved by purchasing and designing equip- Toyota has established ergonomic design criteria ment that is inherently low noise. in its vehicle design process. The criteria address 42 The Quiet-by-Design approach, typically ap- elements covering six categories (Toyota-specific): plied to large gas flow systems, encompasses Buy- force, weight, posture, tools, equipment and en- Quiet purchases of source components. In addition vironment. Development and implementation of to the obvious hearing loss prevention and other these criteria are part of kaizen, the company’s cul- advantages, it makes good economic sense to in- ture of continuous improvement (Horsford, 2011). vest in low-noise equipment during planning and design, rather than implementing expensive retro- Purdue University Research fit noise control solutions later (Cooper, 2011). Three different ergonomic hazards were elimi- National Aeronautics and Space Administration nated by graduate students at Purdue. Injuries (NASA) has adopted the Buy-Quiet approach in an related to the use of surgical tools (to perform lapa- effort to reduce noise at its field centers across the roscopic surgery) were prevented by redesigning U.S. In 2006, NASA added specific requirements surgical tools for persons with smaller hands. Most to its agency-wide occupational health policy. Each surgical tools are designed for males although NASA site must establish a program that includes many laparoscopic surgeons are female. noise emissions with technical and performance cri- Knee and back injuries suffered by EMT work- teria when purchasing or designing new equipment ers were addressed by designing an adjustable that is “expected to produce noise that is approach- stretcher. Laboratories were redesigned to comply ing hearing conservation levels of 80 dBA and high- with Americans With Disabilities Act, including er.” Noise emissions are considered equally with all wheelchair accessible workspaces to prevent inju- other specification criteria during the procurement ries among laboratory workers with lower limb dis- process, and a trade-off analysis is used to inform abilities (including amputations) through design the selection by assessing the long-term cost of (e.g., changing sink height and depth, reposition- exposure to each candidate product. NASA’s Buy- ing switches) (McGlothlin, 2011). Quiet Roadmap (http://buyquietroadmap.com/­ buy-quiet-purchasing), a publicly available online Safety Hazards resource facilitates the stepwise navigation of low- Falls remain a consistent cause of fatalities in the noise purchase (Cooper, 2011). U.S., and working at heights when installing roof rafters and roofing on conventional buildings is Purdue University Engineering Solutions particularly hazardous (Lyons, 2011). In 2009, falls At Purdue University, design-based engineering accounted for more than one-third (34%) of fatal solutions have been implemented to prevent ra- occupational injuries in construction (Behm, 2011). diation exposure among nuclear pharmacists. Ra- diation shields were redesigned to be adjustable to Preventing Slips, Trips & Same-Level Falls accommodate differences in the height and reach In 2008, same-level falls represented nearly 16% of petite female and taller male workers (McGloth- of total disabling injuries with more than $8 bil- lin, 2011). lion in costs (Liberty Mutual, 2010). Same-level fall frequency and cost trends have shown a rising Ergonomic Hazards trend since the first Workplace Safety Index was Ergonomic hazards can cause disabling, lifetime published in 2000. Fall prevention programs must musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) to the muscles be proactively managed and this starts with facil- and joints. MSDs are the fastest-growing category ity design. Prevention strategies include selecting of work-related injuries, with billions of dollars paid the right walkway surface, maintaining the surface out in compensation costs each year. Following are through good housekeeping programs and con- examples of reducing injuries by redesigning work ducting periodic inspections for defects. A viable slip, trip and fall prevention strategy focuses on parking lot and sidewalk/curb design, stairway de- Acknowledgments sign, entrance design and proper installation and design of matting systems (Maynard, 2011). The author thanks the following individuals for contribut- ing summaries of their PTD conference presentations for this Falls From Height: Contractors’ Perspective paper: Mohammad Ayub, Mark Behm, Beth Cooper, Kyle B. Interviews with contractors involved in industrial, Dotson, H. Landis Floyd, Peter Furst, Thomas.J. Lyons, Dan commercial and residential construction reveal a MacLeod, Wayne S. Maynard, James D. McGlothlin, Gopal theme that early recognition and control of possible Menon, Paul Moore, Danezza Quintero, Sathy Rajendran, hazards during design is much cheaper over a fa- Nicholas Tymvios and John Weaver. Special thanks to Pamela cility’s lifetime than working around those hazards Heckel of NIOSH for coordinating the development of this after occupancy. Prefabrication of elements off site paper, for providing valuable input and for reviewing its draft. in controlled areas can reduce the risk of falls from work at height during construction (Hinze, 2011). 36 ProfessionalSafety JANUARY 2013 www.asse.org Falls at jobsites are the primary cause of fatalities life cycle safety and health on in construction (CPWR, 2007). Consider these five vegetative roofs. solutions to reduce the risk of falls: While no occupational •Temporary straps embedded in a building’s deaths stemming from in- concrete frame and attached to the reinforcement stalling or maintaining roof- can be used with a personal fall arrest system by top vegetation have been construction crews. Once the permanent exterior documented, the hazards frame is complete, the exposed portion of these and risks are evident. Design straps can be removed (Tymvios, 2011). considerations include safe •Increasing the height of roof parapets allows access to users, fall protec- construction crews to work safely and install roof tion for installers and main- R anda ll Bu t le r fixtures without the risk of falling. The same para- tenance staff, structural load pets later protect maintenance workers (Tymvios, implications and the rela- 2011). tionship of vegetation to other known building A roof built on the •The placement of electrical conduit and me- hazards. Rooftop gardens provide a classic busi- ground (Photo 5) chanical systems underground or within the floor ness case for why safe design is preferred to safe being placed on slab, as opposed to overhead, eliminates the need redesign (Behm, 2011). a structure. for maintenance crews to work on ladders (Tym- vios, 2011). Capital Project Design & Execution •At the Bowen Wind Farm, permanent anchor Smart design can provide the design engineer points were attached to wind turbine structures to with the ability to promote correct responses dur- provide fall protection for maintenance workers ing emergencies. Examples include installing safety (McGlothlin, 2011). glasses holders at entry points to areas in which •Prefabricated structural elements reduce the they must be worn; use of voice commands to sup- need to work at heights. One contractor has elimi- plement building alarm tones for evacuation and nated construction of roofs on projects by assem- take-cover events; and use of automatic locking bling them on the ground. This not only eliminates and unlocking functions on doors to keep people the potential for someone to fall but the contrac- away from areas where a hazard exists, while fa- tor noted “we actually did it 30% faster than ex- cilitating access for emergency pected” since materials were easier to access and responders during emergency workers were not limited to the work area of one situations. Building security ladder step. He is now installing the shingles, light- systems can be programmed ing, ventilation ductwork and electrical systems in for access control to particular the ceiling spaces on the ground before the roof is areas. That control can be inte- lifted (Photo 5), further increasing safety and speed grated into the safety-training of the work (Lyons, 2011). program to ensure that all per- sonnel entering an area have Falling Objects been adequately trained for Huge PTD opportunities are evident when build- known present hazards and ings are constructed or renovated but execution re- their training is current (Weav- quires early planning. When the building rooftop er, 2011). structures and mechanicals are being repaired, the typical overhead pedestrian protection is common Ambulance Redesign and expensive (Photo 6). A simpler method keeps to Reduce EMS Injuries the items on the roof and requires little mainte- NIOSH’s Division of Safe- nance when installed correctly. For example, at one ty Research, Department of T.J. L y ons New York City, NY, site, the cost of maintaining Homeland Security and Na- © such sidewalk protection was $500,000 since the tional Institute for Standards project was to take 1 year and pedestrian protec- and Technology (NIST) are tion was needed over a full city block. Instead, a rooftop barrier was designed and installed (Photo Typical over- 7) before work started at a total cost of $110,000 to head protection protect the same area (Lyons, 2011). (Photo 6, above) and overhead Buildings: Safe to Construct, Operate & Maintain protection Green technology on rooftops (e.g., solar pan- installed on the els, wind turbines, vegetation) is an area in which roof (Photo 7, the integration of PTD concepts could eliminate left). hazards and reduce risk to workers. Rooftop and vertical vegetation are an emerging green building science. PTD does not compromise aesthetics or the environmental benefits of rooftop greenery. Exam- ples from green roof research in Singapore and the

U.S. illustrate the opportunity for PTD to influence Jeff h u t c e ns www.asse.org JANUARY 2013 ProfessionalSafety 37 conducting ongoing re- •Composite steel beam design calculations search regarding ambulance should consider noncomposite beam design dur- design standards. The effort ing construction for construction live loads; and addresses vehicle crash- composite beam design for final condition. worthiness, occupant ergo- •Check structural stability against lateral-tor- nomics and human factors. sional buckling during the construction phase for Results of NIOSH vehicle bridge girders and any primary exterior steel truss crash tests, dynamic tests of that supports secondary steel trusses. equipment mounts, occu- • Wood truss manufacturers should design tem- Sc hn e id r E lec tri c pant restraints and seating porary braces for spans greater than 60 ft. systems are being trans- •Provide anchor points for fall protection dur- lated into standards by the ing construction work and for future maintenance In Photo 8, an arc-rated switchgear test National Truck Equipment work. shows arc-flash energy channeled away Association’s Ambulance •OSHA’s requirements for a factor of safety are from where a person could be standing. Manufacturers Division. different from consensus standards such as ACI, Future NIOSH testing and AISC, AITC and IBC regarding topics such as scaf- NIST human factors/ergonomic evaluations will fold design, fall protection anchorage, cable size for support development of new NFPA 1917, Automo- lifting beams and equipment. tive Ambulance Standards (Moore, 2011). In a steel and concrete construction project, the Canopy Steel Bridge (575 ft long and 11 to 18 ft Electrical Safety wide) was under construction when it collapsed Technical activities addressing safety by design, (Photos 11 and 12). At the time of the collapse, supported by Institute of Electrical and Electronics the entire structural frame was supported by more Engineers (IEEE) and NFPA, have advanced devel- than 15 temporary shoring towers and concrete opment and application of engineering design so- was being poured over the deck. Contributing fac- lutions in reducing exposure to electrical hazards. tors included: Changes made to the initial equipment design can •Permanent structures were made of high DuPont protect downstream users from the risk of electro- strength steel. Shoring designer assumed higher cution and arc flashes. Switchgear and equipment steel strength for temporary structure too, but were have been designed to contain and deflect away not specified in the shoring sketch. an arc within the unit (Photo 8). A simple device •Contractor did not specify steel strength while (Photo 9) allows the safe insertion and removal of procuring shoring towers. breakers while the installer is a safe distance away. •Design drawings required shoring towers to be Viewing ports (Photo 10) allow for inspection and spaced not more than 30 ft. Towers were relocated measurement from outside the panel (Floyd, 2011). by contractor to protect trees. •Some helical anchors had insufficient embed- Structural Collapses ment depth (Quintero & Menon, 2011). The fatality rate in the construction industry is IRISS approximately four times higher than the fatal- Rating Systems, Tools, Products & Approaches From top: A ity rate for all other industries. Construction er- Owner’s Role in Facilitating PTD simple device rors contributed to 80% of the structural collapses PTD is facilitated when SH&E professionals are (Photo 9) allows investigated by OSHA from 1990 to 2008 (Ayub, included in the early stages of the capital project the safe insertion 2011). The remaining 20% of the incidents were at- process. Safety design checklists help the design and removal of tributed to structural design flaws. team identify possible hazards. The informed owner breakers while the These fatal incidents might have been prevented may then select several options to design out a haz- installer is a safe had the hazards been considered and remedies ard. Facilitating this decision-making process are distance away. been incorporated during the design phase, along specific tools, such as building information manage- Viewing ports with proper coordination between the engineer ment systems, that virtually depict a building and all (Photo 10) allow and the contractor during construction. Particular its components before it is built (Toole, 2011). for inspection areas of interest for engineers at the design stage and measurement are (Ayub, 2011): Environmental Sustainability & Occupational from outside •Column width should be greater than or equal Safety for Preventive Maintenance the panel. to perimeter beam width. of Green Buildings •Provide details for rebar spacing, proper devel- As the number of green buildings increases, a opment length and splice length at beam-to-col- better understanding of the risks associated with umn joints. Avoid congestion of rebar to prevent green features could prevent injuries. The Oc- honeycombing (voids) in concrete. cupational Safety and Health Assessment and •Consider construction loads during the design Rating System for Green Buildings promotes the of (parking garage) floor slabs and columns. design of green building features that can prevent •For post tensioning beams, avoid fixed-end an- or minimize occupational hazards. One example chorage at both ends of an interior column. may be introducing numerous skylights for addi- •Formwork design calculations should consider tional lighting but ensuring design considerations properties of actual concrete mix used; rate of pour; for workers who may shovel snow around the sky- and use of retarder in concrete mix. lights or clean them so they cannot fall through 38 ProfessionalSafety JANUARY 2013 www.asse.org when the skylights are hidden under the snow (Omar, 2011).

PTD Development Tools Canopy Steel Tools and processes to move these concepts for- Bridge (575 ft long ward include: and 11 to 18 ft •Use a risk-assessment-driven process that pro- wide) was under motes zero harm to people/environment. construction when •Use hierarchy of controls to achieve a tolerable it collapsed (Photos level of risk (as low as reasonably practicable, or 11 and 12). ALARP). •Investiage incidents and conduct root-cause analysis to generate lessons learned that drive im- proved understanding of risk and behaviors. •Train senior managers to understand the effect of facility design on injury/illness. •Use of 3-D simulation software to create virtual facilities that enable viewers to tour the planned project (Borowski, 2011).

ANSI Z10: Occupational Health & Safety Management Systems ANSI/AIHA/ASSE Z10-2012 provides a compre- hensive systematic approach to occupational safety management within organizations, and addresses processes to recognize opportunities to prevent in- cidents that may be missed by contemporary safety and health programs. Systems based on ANSI Z10- prove construction worker safety and health. SCSH 2012 and equivalent global standards are proactive is used to plan and assess the extent to which con- and include processes for continuously ensuring struction safety and health are given priority and and improving element effectiveness (i.e., plan, do, are addressed in project planning, design and con- check, act) (Dotson, 2011). struction. SCSH aims to eliminate construction site hazards and, thereby, reduce worker injuries and Building Life Cycle fatalities. Researchers recently launched a website Looking holistically at the life cycle of a capital (www.sustainablesafetyandhealth.com) that fea- project means identifying hazards inherent at ev- tures an online SCSH calculator (Rajendran, 2011). ery stage. Detailed steps are needed when plan- ning a capital project to assess the risks to workers OSHA Alliance: Construction Roundtable not only during its assembly but also after occu- OSHA has developed a series of educational pancy. Long-term threats to maintenance workers products through the Construction Roundtable Al- must be considered in the project cost calculations liance. The slide presentation, “Prevention of Fall (Furst, 2011). Fatalities and Injuries in Construction” (available in Costs/Benefits of Ergonomic Interventions English and Spanish), addresses the major causes of for Small Business falls in the construction industry and provides fall prevention guidance for design engineers, contrac- A new technique called time and physical de- tors and workers. Another slide presentation, “De- mands analysis is a proven tool to increase safety, sign for Construction Safety, 2-to-4-Hour Course,” quality and production from practical, simple but provides technical information on designing for effective changes in workstations for warehouse construction safety. Common exposures can be workers. For example, reengineering a pallet lift eliminated through design, such as falls from un- reduced back and shoulder strain incidents by 58% protected roof edges, falls through floor openings, and 33%, respectively, and produced a 48% time roof hatch access, skylights and insufficient heights savings. PTD solutions in another plant increased of roof parapets (Quintero & Menon, 2011). output from 125 units per day to 250. Changes in the method used to load a machine reduced the Conclusion time spent on the task by 93%. Not only did the Early collaboration between various stakehold- facility reduce lost-time incidents and claims, it ers is crucial for successful incorporation of PTD also realized a significant increase in efficiency and elements in design and construction. Ideally, ar- quality (MacLeod, 2011). chitects and engineers, SH&E professionals, facili- Sustainable Construction ties and operations management, and contractors Safety & Health Rating System would review and examine the constructability as- pect of the projects they design before construction The Sustainable Construction Safety and Health begins (Ayub & Menon, 2011). During initial de-

OSHA, D ir ec torat e o f Constr uc tion (SCSH) Rating System is a tool designed to im- www.asse.org JANUARY 2013 ProfessionalSafety 39 sign and planning, all hazards to construction and maintenance workers as well as to occupants must be identified and eliminated (Furst, 2011) with ad- Referenced Presentations ministrative or procedural controls serving as sup- port functions rather than the primary methods of Referenced presentations are available at mitigating risk (Weaver, 2011). www.asse.org/professionalaffairs_new/ Improved worker safety and reduced injury and ptd.php, under “Supporting Documents.” illness rates translate into lower workers’ compen- Biographical sketches for speakers are avail- sation costs and increased business value, includ- able under “Speaker Bios” on the same ing faster time to market, improved operational website. Referenced presentations were: efficiency, improved employee morale, reduction Acott, M. (2011). Plenary session. in employee absenteeism and turnover, higher Ayub, M. (2011). Structural collapses during product quality and greater market share (Schulte construction: Lessons learned 1990-2008. & Heidel, 2009). Behm, M. (2011). Vegetative roofs. For example, successful long-term Buy-Quiet Borowski, J. (2011). Plenary session. programs produce significant cost savings by re- Cooper, B. (2011). Buy-Quiet/Quiet-by- ducing the need for hearing protection, reducing Design. lost-time accidents and preventing costly mistakes Dotson, K.B. (2011). AIHA PTD-related during production (Cooper, 2011). Interviews with activities: Z-10. contractors in industrial, commercial and residen- Floyd, H.L. (2011). Progress in impacting tial construction reveal that it is much cheaper to policy in workplace electrical safety. make changes targeted at improving safety in the Furst, P. (2011). Life cycle approaches to construction budget as opposed to the operations project design. budget (Hinze, 2011). Hinze, J. (2011). PTD from the project and Education of all identified stakeholder groups contractor’s perspective. is an important task. Conference participants em- Horsford, W. (2011). Plenary session. phasized that a demand for PTD should be created Lamba, A. (2011). Spray polyurethane foam: through avenues such as the Construction User’s EPA considerations. Round Table, U.S. Green Building Council Leader- Lyons, T.J. (2011). Designing out the use of ship in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) ladders. and design-build firms. Working with design-build MacLeod, D. (2011). Costs/benefits of ergo- firms that have an incentive to incorporate PTD, nomic interventions for small business. incorporating these principles into LEED, and ac- Maynard, W.S. (2011). Plenary session. tively involving OSHA in promoting PTD in con- McGlothlin, J. (2011). Engineer 2020: Pre- struction are other potential avenues to maximize vention through design. the benefits of this concept (Schneider, 2011). Moore, P. (2011). Ambulance redesign to In the few years since NIOSH launched its ini- reduce EMS injuries. tiative, significant progress has been made in Omar, M. (2011). Incorporating OSH into minimizing worker risks through the design and LEED certification. redesign of facilities, work methods, processes, Quintero, D. & Menon, G. (2011). PTD cur- equipment and products, and by implementing rent and future activities and challenges. engineering-focused controls. The examples high- Rajendran, S. (2011). Sustainable construc- lighted in this article demonstrate that PTD is an ef- tion safety and health rating system. fective and efficient tool in creating safe and highly Schneider, S.P. (2011). Plenary session. functional facilities. However, much more remains Toole, M. (2011). Owner involvement in to be done, and strong federal agency leadership PTD. that has supported some of the initiatives detailed Tymvios, N. (2011). A review of safety on must continue. PS four LEED projects and PTD construction case studies. References Weaver, J. (2011). PTD as a part of capital CPWR. (2007). The construction chartbook: Con- project design and execution from the struction death and injury rates in selected industrial project manager’s perspective. countries. Retrieved from www.cpwr.com/pdfs/ Young-Corbett, D. (2011). Inclusion of PTD CB%204th%20Edition/31_50%20Safety%20and%20 into engineering education. Health.pdf Liberty Mutual Insurance. (2010). Libery Mutual Workplace Safety Index. Hopkin- Disclaimer ton, MA: Liberty Mutual Research Institute The findings and conclusions in this article have not for Safety. been formally disseminated by NIOSH and should Schulte P. & Heidel, D. (2009, June 17). not be construed to represent any agency determi- PtD in Motion (Issue 4). Retrieved from nation or policy. In addition, the contents of this www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ptd/pdfs/PtD- article do not reflect the views or position of EPA. inMotion-Issue4.pdf

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