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Development and Gender Capital in India

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Development and Gender Capital in India Development and Gender Capital in India The Indian state of Kerala has invoked much attention within development and gender debates, specifi cally in relation to its female capital – an outcome of inter- related historical, cultural and social practices. On the one hand, Kerala has been romanticised, with its citizenry, particularly women, being free of social divisions and uplifted through educational well-being. On the other hand, its realism is stark, particularly in the light of recent social changes. Using a Bourdieusian frame of analysis, Development and Gender Capital in India explores the forces of globalisation and how they are embedded within power structures. Through narratives of women’s lived experiences in the private and public domains, it highlights the “anomie of gender” through complexities and contradictions vis-à-vis processes of modernity, development and globali- sation. By demonstrating the limits placed upon gender capital by structures of patriarchy and domination, it argues that discussions about the empowered Malayalee women should move from a mere “politics of rhetoric and representa- tion” to a more embedded “politics of transformation”, meaningfully taking into account women’s changing roles and identities. This book will be of interest to scholars and students of Development Studies, Gender Studies, Anthropology and Sociology. Shoba Arun is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Sociology at the Manchester Metropolitan University, UK. 15037-0149d-1pass-r02.indd 1 18-06-2017 08:22:21 Routledge Research on Asian Development 1 Development and Gender Capital in India Change, Continuity and Confl ict in Kerala Shoba Arun 15037-0149d-1pass-r02.indd 2 18-06-2017 08:22:21 Development and Gender Capital in India Change, Continuity and Confl ict in Kerala Shoba Arun 15037-0149d-1pass-r02.indd 3 18-06-2017 08:22:21 First published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 Shoba Arun The right of Shoba Arun to be identifi ed as author of this work has been asserted by him/her/them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data [CIP data] ISBN: 978-1-138-22196-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-40918-4 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Apex CoVantage, LLC 15037-0149d-1pass-r02.indd 4 18-06-2017 08:22:22 Dedicated to Mummy, Amma and Anantashree, –the women in my life for instilling, shaping, and challenging the meaning and practices of everyday feminism 15037-0149d-1pass-r02.indd 5 18-06-2017 08:22:22 15037-0149d-1pass-r02.indd 6 18-06-2017 08:22:22 Contents List of Tables viii List of Abbreviations ix Acknowledgements xi Glossary xiii 1 Introduction 1 2 Gender and development: a Bourdieusian framework 14 3 Situating gender capital in Kerala 33 4 Matriliny and kinship: transforming gendered habitus in semi-rural livelihoods 55 5 ICT and gender capital @work 75 6 Migrating gendered capital 96 7 Gendered violence and victimisation: symbolic violence and complicity 113 8 Asset accumulation and Adivasis : limits to legitimate capital 134 9 Conclusion 153 Index 165 15037-0149d-1pass-r02.indd 7 18-06-2017 08:22:22 Tables 2.1 Meshing of Theories: Pierre Bourdieu, Gender and Development Discourses 22 3.1 Social Indicators in Kerala and India 37 3.2 Work Participation Rates by Gender, 1983–2011 44 4.1 Interactive Effects of Gender, Habitus and Capital on Autonomy 69 5.1 Enablers and Disablers of Activation of Capital in IT Work 83 7.1 Perceptions on Causes of Domestic Violence against Women 121 7.2 Women’s Perceptions on Causes of Sexual Violence against Women and Girls 123 8.1 Selected Indicators of Adivasis in Kerala and India 138 8.2 Labour Force Participation Rates among STs 139 8.3 Household Asset Portfolio, by Type of Adivasi and Gender (%) 145 15037-0149d-1pass-r02.indd 8 18-06-2017 08:22:22 Abbreviations ADSS Adivasi Dalit Samara Samithi BJP Bharathiya Janata Party BME Black and Minority Ethnic BPL Below poverty line BPM Business Process Management BPO Business Process Outsourcing BRIC Brazil, Russia, India and China FGD Focus group discussion FLFP Female labour force participation GAD Gender and development GDI Gender Development Index GDP Gross Domestic Product GNI Gross National Income GSDP Gross State Domestic Product HDI Human Development Index ICT Information and communication technologies IES Institute for Employment Studies IGT Intergenerational Transmission IMR Infant Mortality Rate IRN Internationally Recruited Nurses IT Information Technology ITES Information Technology Enabled Services IUML Indian Union Muslim League LMS London Missionary Society LSGI Local self-government institutions MGLC Multi-grade learning centres MPI Multidimensional Poverty Index MVD Motor Vehicles Department NCRB National Crime Records Bureau NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NHG Neighbourhood Households Groups NHS National Health Service NREGA National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 15037-0149d-1pass-r02.indd 9 18-06-2017 08:22:23 x Abbreviations NSS National Sample Survey PHC Primary Health Centre PPP Purchasing power parity RTO Regional Transport Offi ce SAP Structural Adjustment Policies SC Scheduled Caste SDG Sustainable Development Goals SHG Self-help groups SJVSV Sadhu Jana Vimochana Samyuktha Vedi SNDP Sree Narayana Dharma Parpalana ST Scheduled Tribe UDF United Democratic Front UNDP United Nations Development Programme UPS Usual Principal Status UPSS Usual Principal and Subsidiary Status US United States VAW Violence against women WID Women in development 15037-0149d-1pass-r02.indd 10 18-06-2017 08:22:23 Acknowledgements The task of writing acknowledgements for any piece of work is immensely dif- fi cult as it often includes the efforts of an endless list of people, experiences and encounters, hence rendering the process of marking recognition far from simple. The process of writing and producing a book is arduous, as it woven through an intricate web of immeasurable support and critical engagement with schol- ars, colleagues, students, family and friends. Even simple conversations with stu- dents, peers and strangers have supported my work in a critical way. Foremost, I am grateful to the Department of Sociology and the Research on Applied Social Sciences Research (RCASS), particularly Berthold Schoene and Steve Miles, at the Manchester Metropolitan University who provided me with critical support and environment to complete the book. I would like to record my sincere thanks to colleagues at Routledge for their confi dence in this body of work and in my ability to fi nish this. I am indebted to scholars, policy makers and peers in the study of Kerala’s society, through their work, interest and intellectual discussions in shaping this study, notably the (late) K.K Subrahmanian Michael Tharakan, Vani Borooah, Bina Agarwal, Thomas Isaac, Devika, Praveena Kodoth, K. Push- pangadan, Irudhaya Rajan, George Joseph and Leela Joseph J, Ravi Raman, TK Jose, Aruna Sundarajan, Sarada Muraleedharan, Wendy Olsen and the British Sociological Association (BSA)’s Bourdieu Study Group. I have obtained fund- ing from The Nuffi eld Foundation for some part of the research, and assistance from various institutions in Kerala such as the Centre for Development Studies, Kudumbashree Mission, Planet Kerala, Shreyas (Wayanad) and SAKHI, Thiru- vananthapuram, and am grateful for their support. I am indebted to those who have read and commented on all or parts of this manuscript, and to encouraging colleagues, scholars and indulgent friends- Sas- kia Sassen, David Hulme, Kunal Sen, Debra Howcroft, Helen Richardson, Julia Rouse, Richard Heeks, Paul Kennedy, Leslie Sklair, Thankom Arun, Samuel Annim, Lord Beekhu Parekh, Burjor Avari, Susie Jacobs, Kathryn Chadwick, Scott Poynting, Bridget Byrne, Navtej Purewal, Vandana Desai, Savita Bailur, Caroline Moser, Sharon Morgan. Emily Goodier and Colin Jones provided much help with research and editorial assistance, and I would like to thank them. I am forever grateful to the women of Kerala particularly those who were part of my research, whose lives and experiences have brought life to this work, and 15037-0149d-1pass-r02.indd 11 18-06-2017 08:22:23 xii Acknowledgements made me welcome in different phases of the research, motivating me through their struggles for identity and dignity. Of course it is customary, but impossible to express or measure gratitude to the close network of family and friends, from whom I draw support and encourage- ment and who have sustained me at a very personal level and made allowances for my angst and frustration- notably my dear husband and friend, Arun. My daugh- ter, Anantashree has bestowed me with the meaning and meaningfulness of pursu- ing my interest on gender relations. The shortcomings are, of course mine alone. 15037-0149d-1pass-r02.indd
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