Kelet-Ázsiai Duplanádas Hangszerek És a Hichiriki Használata a 20

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Kelet-Ázsiai Duplanádas Hangszerek És a Hichiriki Használata a 20 Liszt Ferenc Zeneművészeti Egyetem 28. számú művészet- és művelődéstörténeti tudományok besorolású doktori iskola KELET-ÁZSIAI DUPLANÁDAS HANGSZEREK ÉS A HICHIRIKI HASZNÁLATA A 20. SZÁZADI ÉS A KORTÁRS ZENÉBEN SALVI NÓRA TÉMAVEZETŐ: JENEY ZOLTÁN DLA DOKTORI ÉRTEKEZÉS 2011 SALVI NÓRA KELET-ÁZSIAI DUPLANÁDAS HANGSZEREK ÉS A HICHIRIKI HASZNÁLATA A 20. SZÁZADI ÉS A KORTÁRS ZENÉBEN DLA DOKTORI ÉRTEKEZÉS 2011 Absztrakt A disszertáció megírásában a fő motiváció a hiánypótlás volt, hiszen a kelet-ázsiai régió duplanádas hangszereiről nincs átfogó, ismeretterjesztő tudományos munka sem magyarul, sem más nyelveken. A hozzáférhető irodalom a teljes témának csak egyes részeit öleli fel és többnyire valamelyik kelet-ázsiai nyelven íródott. A disszertáció második felében a hichiriki (japán duplanádas hangszer) és a kortárs zene viszonya kerül bemutatásra, mely szintén aktuális és eleddig fel nem dolgozott téma. A hichiriki olyan hangszer, mely nagyjából eredeti formájában maradt fenn a 7. századtól napjainkig. A hagyomány előírja, hogy a viszonylag szűk repertoárt pontosan milyen módon kell előadni, és ez az előadásmód több száz éve gyakorlatilag változatlannak tekinthető. Felmerül a kérdés, hogy egy ilyen hangszer képes-e a megújulásra, integrálható-e a 20. századi és a kortárs zenébe. A dolgozat első részében a hozzáférhető szakirodalom segítségével a szerző áttekintést nyújt a duplanádas hangszerekről, bemutatja a két alapvető duplanádas hangszertípust, a hengeres és kúpos furatú duplanádas hangszereket, majd részletesen ismerteti a kelet-ázsiai régió duplanádas hangszereit és kitér a hangszerek akusztikus tulajdonságaira is. A dolgozat második részéhez a szerző összegyűjtötte a fellelhető, hichiriki-re íródott 20. századi és kortárs darabok kottáit és hangfelvételeit, és ezek elemzésével mutat rá a hangszerjáték új vonásaira. A művek elemzése rávilágít arra, hogy a hangszer, melynek több, mint ezer éven át változatlan tradíciója volt, melyen egyféle játékmóddal játszottak egyféle zenét, ma él és virágzik, új irodalma van és játékmódja számos játéktechnikával bővült. Zeneszerzők és előadóművészek egymást inspirálják, új darabok születnek és új lehetőségek nyílnak meg a hichiriki előtt. NÓRA SALVI EAST-ASIAN DOUBLE-REED INSTRUMENTS AND THE USE OF THE HICHIRIKI IN 20 th CENTURY AND CONTEMPORARY MUSIC DLA DOCTORAL DISSERTATION 2011 Abstract The main force of motivation behind writing the thesis was filling the gap, since no general introductory academic work on the double-reed instruments of the East-Asian region exist in Hungarian or other languages. The accessible literature only covers fractions of the whole topic, and most of that is written in one of the East-Asian languages. In the second part of the dissertation the relationship between hichiriki (a Japanese double-reed instrument) and contemporary music is examined, which is also a current subject, and largely unprocessed. Hichiriki is an instrument that has basically retained its original form from the 7th century to today. Tradition prescribes the exact manner in which to perform the rather limited repertory, which can be viewed as practically unchanged for hundreds of years. Of course, asking the question, whether an instrument like this is capable of change, whether it can be integrated into 20 th century and contemporary music, is inevitable. In the first part of the treatise the author gives an overview of the double-reed instruments, introducing the two basic double-reed instrument types, the ones of cylindrical and that of conical bore, followed by the detailed description of the double-reed instruments of the East-Asian region, also delving into their acoustic qualities. For the second part of the thesis the author collected the accessible scores and recordings of 20th century and contemporary pieces of music written for the hichiriki, and attempts to point out the new traits of playing the instrument through their analysis. The analysis of the works throws light on the fact that this instrument, which has had, for a thousand years an unchanged tradition and only one manner of playing only one kind of music is very much alive today, having a new range of literature, and its manner of playing expanded by several techniques. Composers and performing artists mutually inspire each other, new pieces are born and new perspectives open up before the hichiriki. i Tartalomjegyzék Tartalomjegyzék Táblázatok jegyzéke.........................................................................................................iii Képek jegyzéke..................................................................................................................iii Kottapéldák jegyzéke.......................................................................................................iv A mellékelt CD anyaga......................................................................................................vi Köszönetnyilvánítás.......................................................................................................viii I. RÉSZ: A DUPLANÁDAS HANGSZEREK JELLEMZŐI.............................................1 1. A duplanádas hangszerek áttekintése..........................................1 1.1 A duplanádas hangszerek definíciója...................................................................1 1.2 A duplanádas hangszerek besorolása...................................................................1 1.2.1 a hagyományos nyugati rendszer szerint...................................................1 1.2.2 a Hornbostel-Sachs rendszer szerint...........................................................2 1.2.3 Ázsiában............................................................................................................3 1.2.3.1 Kína............................................................................................................3 1.2.3.2 Korea..........................................................................................................4 1.2.3.3 Japán .........................................................................................................5 1.3 A duplanádas hangszerekről általában................................................................5 1.3.1 A két alapvető duplanádas hangszertípus..................................................5 1.3.1.1 Hengeres furatú duplanádas hangszerek...........................................6 1.3.1.2 Kúpos furatú duplanádas hangszerek.................................................7 2. Hagyományos duplanádas hangszerek Kelet-Ázsiában.................9 2.1 Kína.............................................................................................................................9 2.1.1 Hengeres furatú duplanádas hangszerek Kínában..................................10 2.1.2 Kúpos furatú duplanádas hangszerek Kínában.......................................32 2.2 Korea........................................................................................................................59 2.3 Japán.........................................................................................................................62 3. A duplanádas hangszerek akusztikája........................................70 3.1 A nád működése.....................................................................................................70 3.2 A különböző furattípusok akusztikus tulajdonságai.......................................72 ii Tartalomjegyzék 3.3 A duplanádas hangszerek alapanyagai..............................................................74 3.4 A kelet-ázsiai duplanádas hangszerek akusztikai jellegzetességei..............75 II. RÉSZ: A HICHIRIKI A 20. SZÁZADI ÉS A KORTÁRS ZENÉBEN........................77 4. Hichiriki a hagyományos zenében.............................................. 78 5. Hichiriki a 20-21. századi zenében.............................................86 5.1 Japán zene...............................................................................................................86 5.1.1 Modern gagaku, reigaku..............................................................................87 5.1.2 Szóló hichiriki..............................................................................................108 5.1.3 Versenyművek.............................................................................................115 5.1.4 Kamarazene és ensemble, keveredés nyugati hangszerekkel.............117 5.1.4.1 Több hichiriki......................................................................................117 5.1.4.2 Hichiriki és shō ...................................................................................120 5.1.4.3 Hichiriki és pengetősök.....................................................................124 5.1.4.4 Hichiriki és oboa..................................................................................126 5.1.4.5 Egyéb összeállítások ..........................................................................130 5.2 Nem japán szerzők művei..................................................................................135 5.3 Hichiriki a szórakoztató zenében.....................................................................144 6. Összegzés.................................................................................. 147 FÜGGELÉK...............................................................................................................153 7. Az idegen szavak átírásáról...................................................... 153 7.1 Kínai.......................................................................................................................153
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