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Early Mass Selection Response of Two Quinoa Landraces Under Highlands Conditions in Northern Chile

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Early Mass Selection Response of Two Quinoa Landraces Under Highlands Conditions in Northern Chile Early Mass Selection Response of Two Quinoa Landraces under Highlands Conditions in Northern Chile 1* 2 1 Francisco FUENTES , Atul BHARGAVA , Claudia ROJAS-BERTINI 1 Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ingeniería, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad2 Católica de Chile, Casilla 306-22, Santiago, Chile. Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar-845401, India. *corresponding author: [email protected] BulletinUASVM Horticulture 77(2) / 2020 Print ISSN 1843-5254, Electronic ISSN 1843-5394 DOI:10.15835/buasvmcn-hort: 2020.0059 Abstract Quinoa has been cultivated since centuries in the Andean region as a seed crop by indigenous communities. The crop has gained renewed interest because of its highly nutritious grain with high-quality protein rich in essential amino acids, and several bioactive compounds, along with its ability to grow under stress conditions. Despite the importance of the crop, limited research work on breeding aspects has been undertaken, leading to lack of information on the understanding of levels of variability of genotypes for different traits and their interactions. The aim of the present study was to assess and quantify the early response to mass selection in two quinoa landraces in highland conditions. Mass selection experiments were conducted during two successive crop seasons using eleven morphological traits. Correlation, genetic gain (gg) per selection cycle and principal component analysis was carried out. Only plant height (PH) and number of branches (NB) presented changes between selection cycles in both germplasm lines. Grain yield per plant (GYP) was positively correlated with inflorescence length (IL), stem diameter (SD) and plant weight (PW) for both quinoa lines. The results obtained would be useful to facilitate selection of the most relevant variables of quinoa considering its variation and interactions in the highland environmentKeywords: in Chile. mass selection, highland, saponin Introduction Chenopodium quinoa important component of the food chain across a Quinoa ( Willd.) is an broad area of theet Andes,al., including partset al. of Bolivia, ancient crop that has been cultivatedet for al. the past Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina and Chile 7,000-8,000 years in the mountain regions of the (Vázquez-Luna 2019; Angeli , 2020). In Andes in South America (Fuentes , 2009). consideration of all these factors, the year 2013 was The crop has gained worldwide attention and declared “The International Year of Quinoa” by the renewed popularity because of its highly nutritious United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization grain with high-quality protein (particularly rich (FAO), in recognition of its role in attaining food and in essential amino acids) and several bioactive nutritional security, and its potential for eradicating compounds, along with its ability to grow under poverty (United Nations, 2011). etstress al., conditions (Fuentes and Bhargava, 2011; In Chile, quinoa is produced on small-scale on Fuentes and Paredes-Gonzalez, 2015; Martínez approximately 220 ha in the highlands of Atacama 2015). Quinoa grain is considered the most Desert, representing 31.2% of the national area 16 et al. FUENTES et al. et al. under its cultivation (Fuentes , 2017). Given types and the G × E interaction effects (Bertero , the enormous international demand for quinoa, 2004). In this study, no single quinoa genotype group indigenous communities have transformed their displayed consistently superior grain yield across all crop management system towards intensive the environments, and the genotype and the G × E production, including grain transformation interaction effects observed for the duration of the for diversification of value-added products. crop cycle had major influence on the cultivar perfor- However, the development of these initiatives is mance and on the form of G × E interaction observed still hampered by the heterogeneous quality of for the total above-ground biomass and grain yield. its grain, primarily due to the use of a mixture It was concluded that a good average performance of landraces for cultivation by the farmers who and broad adaptation of quinoa could come from the presume thatet al. a broader genetic base may reduce combination of medium–late maturity and high har- the risk of crop to variations in the environment vest index, and that simultaneous progress for grain (Fuentes , 2005, 2009). Due to the above yield and grain size can be expected from selection. mentioned production strategy, this practice -1is In spite of the great importance of quinoa characterized by low grain yields et(~500 al. kg ha ) cultivation in the highland areas in Northern Chile, and its heterogeneity that makes it non-suitable limited research work on breeding aspects has for marketable production (Bazile , 2014). been done, leading to lack of information on the Grain yield and grain size are frequently used etunderstanding al. of levels of variability of genotypes as selectionet criteria al. for quinoaet breeding al. programs for different traits and their interactions (Fuentes etbecause al. of their influence on commercial quality , 2009). In this context, the only report (Bhargava , 2006; Madrid , 2018; Murphy about Chilean quinoa germplasm evaluated , 2018). The main breeding methods used under highland conditions displayed significant in quinoa include masset al. selection, individualet al. differences among variables describing grain selection, pedigree method, hybridization and yields and morphological traits ofet two al. quinoa backcrossing (Murphy , 2018; Peterson , genotypes, providing the basal germplasm 2015). The intra- and inter-population selection material for this study (Fuentes , 2005). have been quite successfulet in al. exploiting the local The aim of the present study was to assess and adaptation of selected genotypes for increasing quantify the early response to mass selection grain production (Bertero , 2004). in two quinoa landraces in highland conditions. In quinoa, different analytical approaches have The results obtained would be useful to facilitate been employed to analyse the germplasm variability selection of the most relevant variables of quinoa based on different morphological traits. An investiga- considering its variation and interactions in the tion of genotype × environment (G × E) interaction of highlandMaterials environment and methods in Chile. ten varieties of quinoa in England demonstrated that Experimental site and plant material variables of grain yield, number of days to anthesis and maturity were strongly dependent on the vari- ety that led to the conclusion that earliness and grain Field experiments were conducted during crop yield were strongly associated at the level of variety, season 2015-16 and 2016-17 on Ancovinto farm but the pattern of G × E interaction differed among (19°23’23.44”S, 68°32’24.37”W, 3681 m above the variables measured (Risi and Galwey, 1991). An- sea level) belonging to indigenous commu nity of other study of stability for quantitative traits in four- Ancovinto (Tarapacá Region), Chile. The zone is teen quinoa lines suggested that selection for height, characterized by highland desert climate, with inflorescence size andet al. developmental stage could temperatures ranging between -17.6 and 24.4°C, be easily performed at an early stage of a breeding an average of 194 days with frost, and precipitation program (Jacobsen , 1996). Similarly, an inves- between 119.0 and 159.6 mm per year (Arenas, tigation on developmental stability under North 2011). The soil type was classified as Aridisol with European conditions has suggested the selection of sandy loam texture and the following soil parameters early, uniformly maturing plant with more branches, at 0-40 cm depth: pH (1:2.5)-1 = 8.8; electrical low saponin content and high seed yield (Jacobsen, conductivity 0.82 mmhos cm ; exchangeable sodium tion1998). conditions A comprehensive across three multi-environment continents assessed trial, 2%; and organic matter 0.7 % (analysed by standard involving multiple quinoa cultivars under irriga- methods at Agroanalisisred UC and laboratories). yellow The plant material used comprised two Bulletinthe grain UASVM yield Horticulture and 77(2) grain / 2020 size nature of the geno- quinoa lines namely, , because of the 17 Mass selection response of quinoa -1 inflorescence colour at grain filling stage. During (mm); GYP = grain yield plant (g); HI = harvest-1 the first cycle (C1), red and yellow lines consisted index (%) and SC = saponin content (mg g ). The in a bulked seed material of 38 and 39 quinoa definition of variation among each descriptor genotypes respectively, which were selected was made according to (IBPGR, 1981). Saponin according to high grain yield per plant from a mixed contentData was analysis measured using Koziol’s standardized 0 etcrop al. (C , traditional smallholder conditions), afrosimetric test (Koziol, 1991). where no prior selection had taken place (Fuentes 2 , 2005). For the second cycle (C ) was used a An analysis of variance, ®combining quinoaet al. new bulked seeds selection, which comprised 26 lines and selection cycles was performed by the red and 24 yellow genotypes, selected from 100 statistical software INFOSTAT (Di Rienzo , quinoa plants according to phenotypic similarity 2016). Means ofp each trait for two lines and two group obtained after multivariate analysis of cycles were used to make mean comparison with morphological traits
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