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Home , Brassica fruticulosa, Crop wild relative, Oat, Quinoa

Funded by the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the

Crop wild relatives in Prioritizing for conservation action

Shelagh Kell University of Birmingham, UK

Eurosite/Farmer’s Pride webinar wild relative conservation – adding value to Europe’s natural sites 23 June 2020 Europe’s valuable diversity

§ Europe is an important centre of diversity of many and their wild relatives and these crop wild relatives (CWR) are potential genetic resources for crop improvement and thus important for food, and economic security § Food crops with significant CWR diversity in the region include (Triticum aestivum L.), (Hordeum vulgare L.), ( sativa L.), beet (Beta vulgaris L.), and other ( L. spp. and allied genera), and other alliums (Allium L. spp.), (Asparagus officinalis L.), (Lactuca sativa L.) and (Malus domestica L.) § and crops with CWR in the Europe include annual meadow grass (Festuca pratensis), white clover (Trifolium repens), (Medicago sativa L.) and common vetch ( sativa L.) Maxted, N., Avagyan, A. Frese, L., Iriondo, J.M., Magos Brehm, J., Singer, A. and Kell, S.P. (2015) ECPGR Concept for in situ conservation of crop wild relatives in Europe. Wild Species Conservation in Genetic Reserves Working Group, European Cooperative Programme for Genetic Resources, Rome, . ecpgr.cgiar.org/fileadmin/templates/ecpgr.org/upload/WG_UPLOADS_PHASE_IX/WILD_SPECIES/Concept_for_in__situ_conservation_of_CWR_in_Europe.pdf Crop wild relative prioritization A PRAGMATIC AND SYSTEMATIC APPROACH BASED ON THREE MAIN CRITERIA

NATIONAL OR REGIONAL CWR CHECKLIST

CRITERION 1 Socio-economic value of crops

Identify crops of high national, regional and global socioeconomic value

Create a list of genera encompassing high priority crop genepools

Extract taxa from CWR checklist in high priority crop genera (including synonyms)

LIST OF WILD RELATIVES OF HIGH PRIORITY CROPS

Utilization potential CRITERION 2 CRITERION 3 Relative threat status

Select taxa of Select taxa under greatest utilization threat potential +

LIST OF HIGH PRIORITY CWR

Kell. S.P., Ford-Lloyd, B.V., Magos Brehm, J., Iriondo, J.M. and Maxted, N. 2017. Broadening the base, narrowing the task: prioritizing crop wild relative taxa for conservation action. Crop Science. doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2016.10.0873 Production value (billion USD) CRITERION 1.Socio CRITERION 10 year averageannual year 10production humanvalue of food Includethese crops, crops crops in Europe but with CWR in CWR with but Europe in in in - economic value of crops Europe Europe plus HUMAN FOOD CROPS human Data source Data with CWR in in CWR with foodcrops the regionquinoa)(e.g. : FAOSTAT not the cultivated region CRITERION 1. Socio-economic value of crops ANIMAL FOOD CROPS

§ Numbers of fodder species listed in: ü Council Directive of 14 June 1966 on the marketing of fodder plant (66/401/EEC) and/or ü The EU Common Catalogue of Varieties of Agricultural Plant Species and/or ü Annex I of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and (ITPGRFA) § And/or fodder species for which seed production data are provided by the European Seed Certification Agencies Association (ESCAA) CRITERION 1. Socio-economic value of crops ANIMAL FOOD CROPS

Numbers of registered varieties of fodder crops in the EU with CWR in the region Fodder seed production acreage (ha) of crops with wild relatives in the region Data source: Common Catalogue of Varieties of Data source: European Seed Agricultural Plant Species Certification Agencies Association

Fodder certified seed quantities (t) of crops with wild relatives in the region

Data source: European Seed Certification Agencies Association

NATIONAL OR REGIONAL CWR CHECKLIST CWR Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean > 25,000 species

CRITERION 1

Identify crops of high national, regional and global socioeconomic value

v Create a list of genera encompassing high priority crop genepools 210 human and animal food crops with CWR in Europe (+ ) v 102 genera Extract taxa from CWR checklist in high priority crop genera (including synonyms)

LIST OF WILD RELATIVES OF HIGH PRIORITY CROPS 5628 taxa (4373 species and 1255 sub-specific taxa)

CRITERION 2 CRITERION 3

Select taxa of Select taxa under greatest utilization threat potential +

LIST OF HIGH PRIORITY CWR CRITERION 2. Utilization potential The Gene Pool concept (Harlan and de Wet, 1971)

Prioritize the closest relatives (GP1B, GP2) + notable examples of tertiary relatives that have known use or potential use for crop improvement

The Taxon Group concept (Maxted et al., 2006)

Prioritize the closest relatives (TG1B, TG2, TG3) + notable examples of TG4 that have known use or potential use for crop improvement CRITERION 2. Utilization potential TERTIARY (DISTANT) WILD RELATIVES

Examples of traits in tertiary European priority CWR used in crop improvement

CROP CROP WILD RELATIVE(S) TRAIT(S) Cabbage Brassica napus L. Triazine Resistance Lettuce Lactuca virosa L. aphid resistance Oat Avena barbata subsp. hirtula (Lag.) Tab. Morais Powdery mildew resistance A. byzantina K. Koch / A. longiglumis Durieu Crown resistance A. eriantha Durieu Powdery mildew resistance A. strigosa Schreb. Crown rust resistance / resistance Rape L. Clubroot resistance / Seed yield B. tournefortii Gouan Resistance to Phoma lingam Fragaria moschata Weston Gene transfer (fertility) / Improved aroma F. vesca L. Anthracnose resistance / Improved aroma / Powdery mildew resistance F. viridis Weston Day neutral Brassica fruticulosa Cirillo Aphid resistance Erucastrum canariense Webb & Berthel. Aphid and blight resistance Wheat Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Shinners Leaf rust resistance Elytrigia bessarabica (Săvul. & Rayss) Prokudin Soil salinity tolerance E. curvifolia (Lange) Holub Spot blot resistance E. elongata (Host) Nevski virus / Fusarium head blight resistance / Salt tolerance / Wheat streak mosaic virus E. juncea (L.) Nevski / E. obtusiflora (DC.) Tzvelev Soil salinity tolerance Wine amurensis Rupr. Cold tolerance / Frost tolerance V. labrusca L. Cold tolerance V. riparia Michx. / V. rupestris Scheele Phylloxera vitifoliae resistance / Rootstock CRITERION 2. Utilization potential DATA SOURCES

npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearchcwr.aspx

Vincent, H., Wiersema, J., Dobbie, S., Kell, S., Fielder, H., Castenada, N., Guarino, L., Eastwood, R. and Maxted, N. 2013. A prioritized crop wild relative inventory to help underpin global . Biological Conservation 167, 265–275. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2013.08.011 www.cwrdiversity.org/checklist

NATIONAL OR REGIONAL CWR CHECKLIST CWR Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean > 25,000 species

CRITERION 1

Identify crops of high national, regional and global socioeconomic value

v Create a list of genera encompassing high priority crop genepools 210 human and animal food crops with CWR in Europe (+ Turkey) v 102 genera Extract taxa from CWR checklist in high priority crop genera (including synonyms)

LIST OF WILD RELATIVES OF HIGH PRIORITY CROPS 5628 taxa (4373 species and 1255 sub-specific taxa)

CRITERION 2 CRITERION 3 793 taxa (418 species and 375 sub-specific taxa)

Select taxa of Select taxa under greatest utilization threat potential +

LIST OF HIGH PRIORITY CWR CRITERION 3. Relative threat status RED LIST STATUS

European regional Red List assessments published in 2010

Bilz, M., Kell, S.P., Maxted, N. and Lansdown, R.V. 2011. European Red List of Vascular . Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 130 pp. ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/species/redlist/downloads/European_vascular_plants.pdf

NATIONAL OR REGIONAL CWR CHECKLIST CWR Catalogue for Europe and the Mediterranean > 25,000 species

CRITERION 1

Identify crops of high national, regional and global socioeconomic value

v Create a list of genera encompassing high priority crop genepools 210 human and animal food crops with CWR in Europe (+ Turkey) v 102 genera Extract taxa from CWR checklist in high priority crop genera (including synonyms)

LIST OF WILD RELATIVES OF HIGH PRIORITY CROPS 5628 taxa (4373 species and 1255 sub-specific taxa)

CRITERION 2 CRITERION 3 793 taxa (418 species and 375 sub-specific taxa)

Select taxa of Select taxa under greatest utilization threat potential +

LIST OF HIGH PRIORITY CWR 863 taxa (485 species and 378 sub-specific taxa) Fodder/forage 315 159 (green) 103 91 Vegetables ()/fodder 49 Vegetables (salad) 47 Oils/fodder 41 Pulses 34 Nuts 32 Related crop use categories of 863 European priority Spices/oils/vegetables (green) 31 CWR taxa (species and sub-specific taxa) Spices 30 /oils 22 Vegetables (flavouring) 21 Vegetables (root) 18 Oils 14 Sugar/fodder/vegetables (green) 12 Vegetables (flavouring/green) 9 Beverages 8 Fruits (savoury) 8 Fruits/oils 6 Vegetables (salad)/forage 5 Herbs 3 Sugar 2 © Joana Magos Brehm Oils/spices 1 Numbers of CWR of taxa (n = 1061) Wheat 26 Faba bean, narbon bean and vetches 20 15 Alliums 11 Stonefruits 10 Blackcurrant, gooseberry, redcurrant 10 Strawberry 9 Oat 9 Muscadine/wine grape 9 Cabbage, turnip and other brassicas 9 Alfalfa, barrel medic 9 Barley 8 Asparagus 8 Walnut 6 Numbers of traits of confirmed or potential use for the Rape 6 improvement of 62 crops in 194 European priority CWR Garden 6 taxa (169 species and 25 sub-specific taxa) 6 Watermelon 4 4 seed 3 Lettuce 3 Sugarbeet 2 Pistachio 2 Hazelnut 2 2 1 Lupins 1 Grass pea/common chickling 1 Finger 1 , melon 1 Crested wheatgrass 1 Apple 1 Numbers of traits (n = 225) Red List status 17% threatened or of 485 European Critically Endangered Not Applicable Near Threatened priority CWR Vulnerable 16 5 17 species Endangered 23 Near Threatened 26

6% Data Deficient Data Deficient Not Evaluated 29 209 43% Not Evaluated

33% Least Concern but Least Concern 160 require conservation action

Based on European regional assessments published in 2010. See Bilz, M., Kell, S.P., Maxted, N. and Lansdown, R.V. 2011. European Red List of Vascular Plants. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 130 pp. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/species/redlist/downloads/European_vascular_plants.pdf 43 86 globally threatened or Near Threatened European priority CWR species in 38 crop gene pools

19

13 11

6 5 5 5 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 1

Oat Alliums Lettuce Wheat Chickpea Eggplant Asparagus Sugarbeet Stonefruits Garden pea

Alfalfa, barrel medic Crested wheatgrass

Grass pea/chickling vetch etc.

Faba bean, narbon bean and vetches Cabbage, rape, turnip and other brassicas Numbers of species (n = 125) Clover (berseem, red, subterranean, white) Funded by the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union

Crop wild relatives in Europe Prioritizing species for conservation action

Shelagh Kell University of Birmingham, UK

Eurosite/Farmer’s Pride webinar Crop wild relative conservation – adding value to Europe’s natural sites 23 June 2020