Eurostat Handbook for Annual Crop Statistics

Home , Lavandin (horse), Mangelwurzel, Pseudocereal, Quinoa

Annual crop statistics Handbook 2020 Edition

TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ...... 3

1. Introduction ...... 5 1.1 Changes from previous versions ...... 6 1.1.1 Changes in classification ...... 6

2. Methodology ...... 9 2.1 Definitions and concepts ...... 9 2.1.1 Area ...... 9 2.1.2 Production ...... 13 2.1.3 Humidity degree ...... 13 2.1.4 Yield ...... 16 2.2 Units of measurement ...... 16 2.3 Data availability, coverage and non-significant crops ...... 17 2.3.1 Coverage and defining non-significant crops...... 17 2.3.2 Handling non-significant crops ...... 18

3. Classification...... 20 3.1 Classification and definition of products ...... 20 3.1.1 Specific definitions and concepts ...... 20 3.2 Classification per table ...... 26 3.2.1 Table 1 – Crops from arable land ...... 26 3.2.2 Table 2 – Vegetables and cultivated mushrooms ...... 58 3.2.3 Table 3 – Permanent crops ...... 81 3.2.4 Table 4 – Agricultural land use ...... 107

4. Data processing ...... 125 4.1 Calculation of aggregates ...... 125 4.1.1 Calculation of incomplete aggregates at national level ...... 125 4.1.2 Calculation of incomplete EU-aggregates at Eurostat level ...... 126

5. Data transmission ...... 127 5.1 Transmission method (EDAMIS) ...... 127 5.2 Web-Forms ...... 127 5.2.1 Table 1 – Crops from arable land ...... 127 5.2.2 Table 2 - Vegetables ...... 127 5.2.3 Table 3 – Permanent crops for human consumption...... 127 5.2.4 Table 4 – Utilised agricultural area ...... 128 5.3 Transmission deadlines ...... 128 5.4 Flags for data transmission ...... 129 5.4.1 Observation status flags for ACS ...... 129 5.4.2 Confidentiality status flags for ACS ...... 130

6. Quality reports ...... 132 6.1 Communication of methodological changes ...... 132

Table of contents

6.2 Quality reports ...... 132 6.2.1 ESS Standard for Quality Reports (ESQRS 2.0) ...... 132 6.2.2 Updates to the quality reports ...... 138

7. ANNEX I – Summary table for variables of annual crop statistics (including aggregates) ...... 139 TABLE 1: Crops from arable land ...... 139 TABLE 2: Vegetables (including melons), strawberries and cultivated mushrooms ...... 141 TABLE 3: Permanent crops for human consumption ...... 143 TABLE 4: Agricultural land use ...... 145

8. ANNEX II - Instructions for data delivery ...... 146 1. Working with Web-forms ...... 146 1.1 Creating Web-Forms ...... 146 1.2 Customising Web-Forms...... 147 1.3. Structure of the Web-Forms ...... 148 1.4 Colours in the Web-Forms ...... 149 2. Flag reporting in Web-Forms ...... 150 2.1. Non-significant and non-exiting (NSC) flags ...... 150 2.2. Other observation status flags ...... 152 2.3 Confidentiality status flags ...... 154 2.4 Data transmission for flags other than NSC-flags ...... 156 3. Completeness of the Web-Form ...... 156

9. ANNEX III - Validation rules (EDAMIS-Web-Forms and data processing) ...... 157 1. Validation rules in EDAMIS ...... 157 2. Validation rules in the dataprocessing at Eurostat ...... 158

10. ANNEX IV - Datasets and deadlines ...... 164 Index of Figures ...... 166 Index of Tables ...... 167

4 Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020)

Introduction 1

1 Introduction

Statistics on crop products are a tool for monitoring and managing the market of crop products. They are also becoming an increasingly important instrument for evaluating agricultural policy. Within the European Institutions, the main institutional users of crop data are DG Agriculture and Rural Development, DG Health and Food Safety, DG Environment, Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Parliament, the Court of Auditors and European agencies (e.g. European Environment Agency (EEA), European Food Security Authority (EFSA)), as well as national bodies dealing with agriculture, trade in agricultural products and food. Economic and social players in the 'agricultural world' (enterprises, farms, producers' and consumers' associations, trade unions, consultancy bodies, private and public research bodies, etc.) are likewise very important users of crop statistics. Current EU statistics on crops include data on various crop products or groups of products linked to  cultivated, harvested and production areas,  production,  yields and  agricultural land use. Since 2004 the crop statistics are freely available to all interested users on Eurostat's website. Previously, EU statistics on crops were governed by two Regulations — one on cereals (Council Regulation 837/90) and the other on main crops other than cereals (Council Regulation 959/93) — and two Gentlemen's agreements (dating from 1990) — one on additional voluntary variables on main crops, vegetables and fruits and the other one on early estimates for cereals and main crops and vegetables and fruits. The new Regulation (Council Regulation 543/2009) was adopted in June 2009, repealing Council Regulation 837/90 and Council Regulation 959/93. The main objectives of the new Regulation were to:  reduce the number of legal acts, and to integrate and simplify them;  adapt statistical requests to the simplified new Common Agricultural Policy and to new products;  facilitate the use of the most appropriate and efficient methods of data collection;  replace Gentlemen's agreements with EU legislation in areas where there is regular production of Community statistics which have reached sufficient maturity. The new Regulation merged the two previous Regulations on 'cereals' and 'other crops' and incorporated partially the old Gentlemen's agreement on early estimates and the detailed statistics on production of fruit and vegetables. From 2015 onwards the annual crop data collection follows Council Regulation 543/2009, as modified by Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/1557 and the ESS Agreement from May 2015 (see Annex IV), which covers further variables and some early estimates.

Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020) 5

1 Introduction

The main operational aims of the handbook are to:  provide the Member States with common concepts and definitions in order to improve the harmonisation and comparability of data produced in the Member States and published by Eurostat  present the definitions and explanatory notes on the products listed in the Regulation, harmonised with the Farm Structure Survey definitions  set out more clearly the thresholds and the non-significant crops contained in the Regulation  provide the data users with methodological and conceptual clarifications The handbook, with small updates to the previous one, has been released on January 2020. It is based on the previous years' handbooks.

1.1 Changes from previous versions 1.1.1 Changes in classification

1.1.1.1 2020 Changes in version 0.1 of 2020 Clarification of the classification of Hemp: Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) for tea, for cannabidiol (CBD) and for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were added to I1500 - Aromatic, medicinal and culinary plants. Class I2200 – Hemp includes Hemp grown for straw and class Other oil seed crops n.e.c. (I1190) includes Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) for hemp seed oil. Correction of a double-classification of Caper: Caper is classified under V9000 – Other fresh vegetables n.e.c. and should not be listed under Fresh pulses (V5000).

1.1.1.2 2019 Changes in version 0.2 of 2019 Clarification of the exclusion of seed of cotton from E0000 and their inclusion under I1150. Oilseeds, where the yield can be used as well for seeding are classified under their respective crop code. Same approach was taken for flax in 2018. Update on the dissemination of production and yield figures both in national humidity and standard EU humidity (chapter 2.1.3.1). Technical clarification on the reporting of non-significant and non-existent crop flags in Web-forms for Table 2 and Table 3 (Annex II – Instructions for data delivery).

1.1.1.3 2018 On what regards the classification, some minor changes, clarifications and corrections were included in this version of the handbook. Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum Schrank ex Schübl.) is to be considered in C1110 – Common wheat and spelt, in line with FSS. It was clarified that quinoa should be classified as C1900 - Other cereals n.e.c. (buckwheat, millet, canary seed, etc.), in line with the FAO classification. Although quinoa is not a grass (botanically it is part of the Amaranthaceae family), it is grown as grain crop and it is common to consider it a pseudocereal.

6 Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020)

Introduction 1

Although there is no change to the collection of cotton variables, some clarification was added to the present handbook, relative to the collection of area of cotton in tables 1 and 4. Because the area collected for cotton is not collected under 'Cotton seed' (I1150) and is reported as unique for cotton seed and cotton fibre under class 'Cotton fibre' (I2300), the codes for area of cotton in table 1 – ARAAR_A correspond in reality to AGRIPROD code 'Cotton' (I1150_2300) and the area aggregate for oilseeds should be treated as 'Oilseeds except cotton' (I1100XI1150). Take also note that the main area of cotton is not to be reported under 'Other oil seed crops n.e.c.' (I1190). The webform for 2018, is not changed and the classes for cotton will be named as in the previous campaign where the treatment for cotton was already the same. For other variables (production, yield, humidity) cotton seed and cotton for fibre are collected separately, as before. For P0000 - Dry pulses and protein crops for the production of grain (including seed and mixtures of cereals and pulses) and P1200 – Broad and field beans, clarified that broad and field beans are used as synonims (Faba vulgaris syn. Vicia faba L. (partim)). A typo was corrected in V5200 - Fresh beans, as dry beans are classified as part of P9000 – Other dry pulses and protein crops (and not P1200 – Broad and field beans). Aloe (Aloe vera, (L.) Burm.f.) and rose for rose oil or rose water to be extracted from the petals (normally Rosa x damascena Mill.), were added to I1500 - Aromatic, medicinal and culinary plants Clarified that fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is classified in I5000 – Aromatic, medicinal and culinary plants when used for seed or foliage, but in V4900 – Other root, tuber and bulb vegetables n.e.c. when the bulb is used. Fresh chickpeas were moved from V5100 – Fresh peas to V5900 – Other fresh pulses n.e.c. Rose hip (Rosa canina L.) was removed from V9000 - Other fresh vegetables n.e.c. Rose for human consumption, for example as marmelade, juice or tea (normally Rosa canina L.), goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.), golden berry (Physalis peruviana L.), strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) and kiwi berry, kiwai or hardy kiwi (Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch.) were added to the class F3900 - Other berries n.e.c. In 2017, mulberry trees (Morus sp.) were mentioned both as part of H9000 – Other permanent crops for human consumption n.e.c. and F3900 – Other berries n.e.c.; given that the fruit of the mulberry tree is used as a berry, the mention to it in other permanent crops for human consumption was removed. It was clarified that cultivated truffles (Tuber spp.) belong to H9000 – Other permanent crops for human consumption n.e.c., while wild truffles are not collected in Annual crop statistics. A typo was corrected in the code for sour cherries. The correct code is F1241. Small adjustments (mostly corrections of common and scientific names) were made in the Citrus class (T0000). Wrong mentions to nurseries code as U0000 were replaced by the correct code for nurseries: L0000 A clarification was added for class J0000 – Permanent grassland ("land used permanently for several consecutive years (usually more than five) to grow grasses and herbaceous fodder (…)")

Changes in version 1.3 of 2018 Clarification on exclusion of seed of flax (and other oilseed crops) from seeds and seedlings (E0000) Exclusions of oilseeds from E0000 mentioned in the exclusions of industrial crops (I0000) Clarification on uses of seed of flax (for human consumption; for sale) included (I1140) Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis, (Link) C. K. Schneid.) added to Other oil seed crops n.e.c. (I1190) Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana, Bertoni) added to Other industrial crops n.e.c. (I9000) Clarification on exclusions for Flowers and ornamental plants (N0000)

Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020) 7

1 Introduction

A new legal act is mentioned for PDO and PGI wines as Regulation (EC) 479/2008 was repealed by Regulation (EC) No 491/2009 (W1110 and W1120). New tree added for Permanent crops (PECR), including the plants for plaiting and weaving (Z0000) It was clarified that if the value for YI is outside Min/Max for the previous 5 years +/- 40 % buffer, a warning with indication of the concerned items is issued and the timeseries are shown. In previous versions the outliars check was indicated as 5 years +/- 20 %. Eurostat informed the countries on 23 April 2018 in writing about the new practice for Regulation 543/2009 and Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/1557 not to re-deliver area data for the April, August, September and November deadlines if they are unchanged with respect to the previously transmitted data. This information was added to 5.3 - Transmission deadlines and to Annex IV.

8 Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020)

Methodology 2

2 Methodology

2.1 Definitions and concepts 2.1.1 Area

The main goal of crop statistics is to determine the productive area, i.e. the area linked to the production that is harvested or potentially harvested (including the items in Table 1 which refer to the area under cultivation and Table 3 which refer to the production area). When possible, an agronomically realistic area should be used, that is to say cultivated areas including the edges of fields, headlands, areas under isolated trees and wet areas, but not ditches, embankments, hedges, paths separating lots, or groves of trees. This corresponds closely to the approach used in the Farm Structure Survey, where non-productive area is supposed to be included under 'other land' (all those parts of the total area belonging to the agricultural holding which are not utilised agricultural area, unutilised agricultural area or wooded area). As the concepts of area differ within the four tables in the Annex to the Regulation 543/2009, an explanation of how the area concept is used in each table is given below.

2.1.1.1 AREA UNDER CULTIVATION (TABLE 1) Before the harvest, the area under cultivation corresponds to the sown area. After the harvest, the area under cultivation corresponds to the sown area excluding the non-harvested area (e.g. area ruined by natural disasters, area not harvested for economic reasons, etc.). Thus, the area can change during the crop year. For instance, if at the beginning of the crop year 100 ha have been sown with common winter wheat, and during the campaign 20 ha are ruined due to bad weather, the reported area up to the harvest period should be 100 ha (the sown area), but after the harvest it should be only 100-20=80 ha (the sown area minus the ruined area). Also, concerning winter and spring crops, if the winter wheat area is ruined during the winter and this area is re-sown with spring wheat, this change must be reported. For instance, if at the beginning of the crop year 100 ha have been sown with common winter wheat and during the winter these 100 ha are ruined, and if these 100 ha are re-sown with common spring wheat, the reported area in January will be 100 ha of winter wheat, but in June it will be 0 ha of common winter wheat and spelt and 100 ha of common spring wheat and spelt. Special note for plants harvested green: Only in cases when the same area is sown several times with plants harvested green during the same crop year the area should be counted as many times as the new crop was sown. If the grass is cut several times but the land is not re-sown in-between the area is counted only once.

Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020) 9

2 Methodology Special cases Successive cropping: where a parcel of arable land is used more than once during a given crop year and the area has only one crop each time, both areas should be considered as area under cultivation for each crop. For instance: 10 ha of ray grass followed by 10 ha of maize during the same crop year: both areas should be considered. Combined cropping: where a combination of crops occupies a parcel of arable land at the same time, the area under cultivation should be distributed between the different crops in proportion to the area of ground they occupy. For instance, if the relative proportions of 10 ha of combined maize/beans are 70 %/30 %, 7 ha should be recorded for maize and 3 ha for beans.

2.1.1.2 HARVESTED AREA (TABLE 2) The harvested area is closely linked to the harvested production. Table 2 is mainly linked to vegetables. Vegetables generally have a very short or shorter cropping time as main crops, which allow several harvests during the same year on the same parcel of land. For the harvested area to be defined correctly in this case, the concept of 'cropped area' has to be defined. 'Cropped area' corresponds to the total sown area for the production of a specific crop during the same year (the sum of the areas sown and harvested more than once in the same year). For instance, radishes have a cropping time of between 4 and 6 weeks. If 1 ha is sown and harvested four times with this crop, within the same year, the cropped area will be 4 hectares. Harvested area corresponds to that part of the cropped area which is harvested. Taking the previous example, if all the sown area is harvested except the last one, where only 80 % of the field is harvested. In this case we will have as harvested area: 1 x 3 + 1 x 0.8 = 3.8 ha.

2.1.1.3 PRODUCTION AREA (TABLE 3) Table 3 concerns permanent crops. The production area refers to the area that can potentially1 be harvested in the reference harvest year. All of the non-producing areas, such as new plantations that have not yet started to produce, should be excluded, as well as the abandoned areas. In addition, only the areas planted with permanent crops that are entirely or mainly intended to produce for the market should be included. Isolated trees such as linear-planted trees near roads (not belonging to an agricultural holding and not used for the market) should be excluded. In order to exclude 'extensive production' areas (usually areas with low production potential) which are difficult to survey, a minimum density of 100 trees per hectare or a maximum space of 10 metres between tree rows should be applied. An exception is made for sweet cherries, olive and walnut trees: if their production is entirely or mainly intended for the market, the areas should be surveyed, even if they are below this density threshold. This may lead to a fruit production figure that will be partly unrelated to the 'production area' because some harvested production could probably come from these 'extensive production areas'. But also for production figures mainly those crops should be taken into account which are entirely or mainly intended for the market or at least could be used on the market.

2.1.1.4 MAIN AREA (TABLE 4) The concept of 'main area' used in Table 4 corresponds, in general, to the area of the land parcel. The crop/occupation linked to that area is the unique or main crop having occupied the parcel during the crop year. In the case of annual crops, the main area should correspond to the sown area; in the case of permanent crops, to the total planted area; in the case of successive crops, to the main crop that occupied the parcel during that year; and in the case of simultaneous crops, to the corresponding area of the different

1 This means that the plants already bear fruit (are not too young) and are not abandoned for more than 5 years.

10 Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020)

Methodology 2 crops, etc. These special cases are described in more detail below. Areas of agriculture combined with woodland should be split up as well pro rata to the use of the ground. The main crop, where during one harvest year several crops are grown in succession on an area, is the crop that has the highest value of the production. If the value of production does not determine what the main crop is, then the main crop is taken as the one that occupies the ground for the longest time. The areas to be reported in Table 4 should refer to all the area occupied for a certain crop (each area is listed only once), independently of the fact that it is harvested or not, used for the production or not (for example the permanent crops area should cover the area in production and not yet in production and the abandoned area (max 5 years). Special cases Successive cropping: if a parcel of arable land is used more than once during a given crop year and the area has only one crop each time, the crop recorded should be the one with the highest economic value. If it is not possible to determine which is the main crop on the basis of the production value, then the main crop will be the one which occupies the ground for the longest period of time. All other crops are then regarded as secondary areas. For instance: if 10 ha of ryegrass are followed by 10 ha of maize during the same crop year: only the 10 ha of maize (as it has the higher value) should be considered. The 10 ha of ryegrass should be considered as a secondary area. Combined cropping: if a parcel of arable land is used throughout the growing season for the same fixed combination of crops (combined cropping), then the main area is split pro rata between the crops concerned. For instance, for 10 ha of combined wheat/peas in a ratio of 70/30, 7 ha should be recorded for wheat and 3 ha for peas. In this case there is no secondary area. Combination of successive and combined cropping: if a parcel of arable land is used more than once during a given crop year and with a combination of successive and combined crops, then each combination of crops occupying the land during the same period of time is valued separately, and the combination or the single crop with the highest value is taken as the main area. Where that area is used for combined cropping, the main area is divided up pro rata between the crops concerned. All other occupations are then regarded as secondary areas.

2.1.1.5 OVERVIEW OF VARIOUS AREA CONCEPTS IN DIFFERENT ACS TABLES Table 1 provides an overview of the various theoretical area concepts in the 4 tables of Annual Crop Statistics. In case it is not possible to respect the definitions explained above, the Member States are requested to clarify the situation in a written note added to the in the quality report. In practice many countries do not survey the areas in the field after sowing and after harvest but many get most of the area data from administrative sources or survey it only once in a crop year. In such cases the Member States may submit the sown area surveyed in spring of year n as harvested area too. If some areas are known not to have been harvested due to any reason (e.g. flooding, or draught), this should lead to reduced yield instead of reduced areas linked to the production. In such cases the final yield is lower than the mathematical yield for a given area because the not harvested areas are included in the calculation. If a Member State uses this approach without updating the area linked to the production, this needs to be explained in the quality report.

Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020) 11

2 Methodology Table 1. Area concepts and inter-table relations in Annual Crop Statistics. Table Label Definition Relation to Table 4

Table 1 Area under Sown area before harvest/harvested area If the land is sown/planted and cultivation after harvest. Often there is only one data harvested several times during the collection in the countries, so it is either same crop year Table 1 area under the sown area or harvested area. cultivation is bigger than Table 4 main area. If only 1 harvest is collected and the sown area is used in Table 1, the areas in Table 1 and Table 4 are equal. If harvested area is used in Table 1, Table 1 area can be smaller than the main area (sown area) in Table 4. Special note for plants harvested green: Only in cases when the same area is sown several times with plants harvested green during the same crop year, the area should be counted as many times as the new crop was sown. If the grass is cut several times but the land is not re-sown in-between the area is counted only once.

Table 2 Harvested Harvested area multiplied by number of If there are several harvests (as is area yearly harvests (e.g. if radishes are often for vegetables) the harvested cultivated on an area of 10 ha and the area in Table 2 is bigger than the radishes are sown and harvested 8 times, main area in Table 4. then the harvested area is 80 ha.)

Table 3 Production Area that can be potentially harvested that Production area in table 3 is often area year (excludes non-productive areas such smaller than the main area in Table as young plantations and abandoned area 4 as non-productive areas are for more than 5 years) excluded in Table 3.

Table 4 Main area Main area adds up to total UAA. For all arable crops (including vegetables) the sown area for the main crops occupying the land that year is included. The crop which gives the highest value of production (e.g. if radishes and plants harvested green are cultivated in alteration on one parcel, the main land use should be allocated to the crop which gives the highest value or if this is not possible, occupies the land longer that year). For permanent crops the main area refers to the total planted area (including young plantations and temporarily abandoned areas, up to 5 years).

12 Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020)

Methodology 2 2.1.2 Production

The annual data on production refers to the harvested production.

2.1.2.1 REFERENCE PERIOD As mentioned in the Regulation, the harvest year is the calendar year in which the harvest begins. The citrus fruit and olive harvest starts in the last quarter of the year and can finish in the following year, particularly for late-season varieties. By convention, the production of year n is the production for which harvesting started in year n, even though harvesting may finish in year n+1 (so N is the reference year for data published by Eurostat). For instance, if the orange harvest starts in December 2017 and ends in February 2018, the whole production should be recorded in for the year 2017.

2.1.2.2 PRODUCTION TERMS Table 2 below illustrates the main agricultural production terms and their meanings in this handbook.

Table 2. Production terms.

Biological (real) production

Harvested production

Usable production

Direct On-holding losses Harvesting Non- Marketed production consumption and wastage losses harvested

Agricultural production includes the activities of all agricultural holdings, specialised or non-specialised (with the exception of kitchen gardens); it includes agricultural production intended for sale or for direct consumption by the producer and his/her family. The kitchen gardens are areas devoted for the cultivation of agricultural products intended for self- consumption by the holder and his/her household, normally separated off from the rest of the agricultural land, and recognisable as kitchen gardens. Only occasional surplus products coming from this area are sold off from the holding. All areas from which products are consistently sold to the market belong under agricultural production items, even if part of the production is consumed by the holder and his/her household. This is also the case for areas producing forage for any animals, even though the animals are consumed by the holder and his/her family or areas cultivated by collective households, for example research institutions, religious communities, boarding schools, prisons, etc. These areas count as an agricultural holding if such a holding, while linked to a collective household, is operated in such a way as to fulfil the other criteria of an agricultural holding. These areas should be classified according to their use, in the same way as the areas of an agricultural holding. Annual production statistics comprise 'harvested' agricultural production including on-holding losses and wastage, quantities consumed directly on the farm and marketed quantities. 'Harvested' production inevitably includes (market) losses during transport, storage and packaging. 2.1.3 Humidity degree

2.1.3.1 HUMIDITY DEGREE IN SINGLE CROPS Humidity degree of arable crop products such as cereals, dry pulses, oilseeds and plants harvested green can vary to a great extent, and thereby lead to variations in production across the Member States. As one of the aims of the Regulation 543/2009 is to obtain harmonised data for all the Member States, some clarification on the humidity is needed for figures on production. The Member States can send data to Eurostat either with the national humidity or convert the figures into the standard European humidity (Table 3). Since 2018 Eurostat has published for the production and yield

Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020) 13

2 Methodology of cereals, dry pulses, oilseeds and plants harvested green both the national figures with national humidity and figures with the standard EU humidity. For national figures the dissemination database includes an additional column, which indicates the used national humidity. The tables can be found in the Eurostat dissemination database under titles Crop production in EU standard humidity and Crop production in national humidity.

Table 3. Standard EU-humidity Product Standard EU humidity Cereals (except rice) 14 % Rice 13 % Dry pulses and protein crops 14 % Rape and turnip rape seeds 9 % Sunflower seed 9 % Soya seed 14 % Linseed 9 % Cotton seed 9 % Plants harvested green 65% The transformation of the production or yield level between two humidity degrees (e.g. national harvest humidity and EU-standard humidity) is based on the following formula:

퐇퐚퐫퐯퐞퐬퐭퐞퐝 퐩퐫퐨퐝퐮퐜퐭퐢퐨퐧 퐱 (ퟏퟎퟎ − 퐡퐚퐫퐯퐞퐬퐭퐞퐝 퐇퐔) 퐏퐫퐨퐝퐮퐜퐭퐢퐨퐧 퐰퐢퐭퐡 퐬퐭퐚퐧퐝퐚퐫퐝 퐇퐔 = ퟏퟎퟎ − 퐬퐭퐚퐧퐝퐚퐫퐝 퐇퐔

Cereals harvested for grain with humidity between 25 and 35 % (for animal feed) will be recorded under cereals harvested for grain. Nevertheless, the production will be calculated to the 14 % standard humidity by aggregating them on the EU level. The data on plants harvested green is more and more used for agri-environmental purposes. For this reason it is important to be able to compare the data and to calculate sound production aggregates. At the moment the humidity degree varies between 0% and 80%. Although it is very difficult to assess the humidity of the plants harvested green the Member States need to assess the usual national harvest practices for the plants harvested green and deliver a best estimated average humidity value to Eurostat (e.g. 60-70% for fresh harvested crops (grass, maize, cereals) or 15- 20% for crops harvested dry /as hay). Table 4 gives some examples on common harvest humidity degrees for these crops. The minimum requirement is to send the humidity degree for the production of green maize and other cereals harvested green. If the production of other crops harvested green is sent to Eurostat, they need to be accompanied by humidity degree. For EU aggregates and national production and yield in standard EU humidity the same practice will be used as with the other crops.

14 Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020)

Methodology 2 Table 4. Examples of crops and humidity of plants harvested green under central European conditions. I. Plants harvested green / fresh Grass (1. cut) 78 – 85 % Grass (2.+ cut) 80 – 84 % Clover-grass-mixtures (1. cut) 80 – 85 % Clover-grass-mixtures (2.+ cut) 82 – 84 % Clover (1. cut) 80 – 88 % Clover (2.+ cut) 82 – 88 % Lucerne-grass-mixtures (1. cut) 80 – 85 % Lucerne-grass-mixtures (2.+ cut) 80 – 83 % Lucerne (1. cut) 79 – 82 % Lucerne (2.+ cut) 80 – 82 % Barley ~ 76 % Oats 76 – 80 % Rye ~ 78 % Field beans ~ 82 % Mixed pulses 80 – 88 % Sunflower ~ 82 % Rape and turnip rape 86 – 90 %

II. Plants harvested as silage Grass ~ 65 % Clover / -grass-mixtures ~ 65 % Lucerne / -grass-mixtures ~ 65 % Barley / wheat 58 – 62 % Oats ~ 65 % Rye ~ 75 % Field beans ~ 65 % Millet / sorghum / sudan grass ~ 65 % Rape and turnip rape 84 – 85 %

III. Plants harvested as hay Grass 13 – 16 % Clover / -grass-mixtures 13 – 16 % Lucerne / -grass-mixtures 13 – 16 %

2.1.3.2 HUMIDITY DEGREE IN AGGREGATES The countries which use different humidity degrees in the same aggregate (e.g. C0000) are reminded that it is necessary to take the humidity degree into account when calculating the production aggregate. There are two different methodological ways of doing it. They are shown below (Table 5 and Table 6). In the first example the parts are standardized to a known target humidity of the aggregate by using the formula presented below (an example is provided in Table 5). Eurostat uses this approach for calculating the EU-aggregates for production figures with different humidities.

Table 5. Standardizing the production to a pre-defined humidity degree. Production Humidity Standardized production to 14% HU Codes (1000 t) degree (%) (1000 t) C0000 Cereals 1095.349 14 1000+95.349 = 1095.349 (including rice) C1000 Cereals 1000 1000 14 (excluding rice) Calculation: (1000*(100-14))/(100-14) 95.349 C2000 Rice 100 18 Calculation: (100*(100-18))/(100-14) Some countries do the aggregate humidity standardisation by calculating the weighted average humidity for the arithmetic sum of production (Table 6).

Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020) 15

2 Methodology Table 6. Weighting the productions to an average humidity for a pre-set production aggregate. Production Humidity Weighted average of the production Codes (1000 t) degree (%) humidity C0000 Cereals x = (0.18*100 + 0.14*1000)/1100 = 1100 x=14.36 (including rice) 0.1436363 C1000 Cereals 1000 14 (excluding rice) C2000 Rice 100 18 Both approaches are feasible at national level for aggregates with different humidity degrees in the sub- parts. Both approaches have their pros and cons as shown in Table 7.

Table 7. Comparison of the two aggregation methods with different humidity degrees. Positive sides Negative sides Stable humidity over time, production is Production aggregate is not Standardizing production easy to compare over time and (always) the sum of its parts. between different (sub-) aggregates. Unstable humidity over time and between (sub-) aggregates. Production aggregate is the sum of its Weighting the humidity Production figures are not parts. comparable over time and between its sub-parts Eurostat recommends using as much as possible stable humidity degrees over time and across the items belonging to the same aggregate. It is a clear and transparent approach for the data users. The production and yield needs to be reported with the same humidity degree. 2.1.4 Yield

Yield is the indicator linking together the harvested production and area. Crop yield is calculated by dividing the harvested production by the harvested area. If the harvested area is not known, then the reference should be the sown area. Although in Annual Crop Statistics the yield is published in t/ha, it is still collected from data providers in 100 kg/ha (in line with the regulation). This means that since area is expressed in 1000 ha and production is expressed in tonnes, the data providers have to multiply the result of the division production/area by 10 in order to get the yield in 100kg/ha. The data users have access to the result in t/ha as an automated procedure is then used by Eurostat to publish the yield in tonnes of production per ha of harvested area with the reported humidity.

2.2 Units of measurement

The area is reported to Eurostat in 1 000 hectares (ha) of pure crop equivalent (cf. combined cropping). The production is reported to Eurostat in 1 000 tonnes (t) of basic product weight with the reported humidity. The yield is reported to Eurostat in metric decitonnes (100 kg) of production per ha of harvested area with the reported humidity (see also 2.1.4 above). The humidity is reported in water content % of the total weight of the product. The data for area, production and humidity should be reported with at least two decimal places. If more decimals are available for area and production, they can be submitted to Eurostat. For yield one decimal is sufficient.

16 Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020)

Methodology 2 2.3 Data availability, coverage and non- significant crops 2.3.1 Coverage and defining non-significant crops

Regulation 543/2009 Paragraph 1 of Article 3 states that Each Member State shall produce national/regional level statistics on the crops listed in the Chapter 4 and produced on the utilised agricultural area within its territory. Paragraph 2 of Article 3 states that statistics shall be representative of at least 95 % of the following areas: (a) total area under cultivation of crops from arable land (Table 1); (b) total harvested area of vegetables, melons and strawberries (Table 2); (c) total production area of permanent crops (Table 3); (d) utilised agricultural area (Table 4). Paragraph 3 of Article 3 also states that Variables with a low or zero prevalence in a Member State may be excluded from the statistics, provided that the Member State in question informs the Commission of all such crops and of the applicable threshold for low prevalence of each such crop by the end of the calendar year immediately preceding each of the reference periods. In addition there are also two footnotes linked to compulsory delivery of data for Tables 2 and 3:  For lettuces, tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers (capsicum) and strawberries under glass or high accessible cover (Table 2) it is stated that the data delivery is compulsory for those Member States where the national harvested area is at least 500 ha/type of vegetable.  For permanent crops (Table 3) it is said that for nuts, citrus fruits, grapes and olives the data delivery is compulsory for those Member States where the production area of each of these aggregates cover at least 500 ha. Although Regulation (EC) No 543/2009 does not include a proper definition for non-significant crops, the extracts from the legislation point out three important issues:  The statistics shall be representative of at least 95% of the main area at the level of the four main tables  For cultivation under glass or high accessible cover (tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuces, peppers (capsicum) and strawberries) and for nuts, citrus fruits, grapes and olives the reporting national threshold is 500 ha  The Member States have the right to exclude variables with zero and low prevalence from statistics but they need to respect the two above-mentioned conditions. The following additional guidelines steer the identification and delivery of non-existing/ significant crops:  All existing figures regardless how small they are should be delivered to Eurostat if they are not confidential.  The assessment of zero /low prevalence should be done on the basis of the area and the production should follow the area (e.g. if area is 0 or low prevalence also the production should be the same (exception: chicory).  It is recommended to use the maximum thresholds specified in Table 8 and Table 9 in order to increase the comparability of the data. The 95% representativeness requirement means automatically that the threshold for the non- significant crops (NSC) is strongly linked to the production area size of the country. For that reason it is impossible to declare one threshold that fits all the national needs. For that reason only the maximum threshold is fixed to 500 ha for Regulation Tables 1, 2 and 3. The effective national threshold needs to respect the 95% representativeness requirement and it depends on the size of the production area and the structure of the sector (some dominant or several equally sized crop items). For Regulation Table 4 the reporting obligation

Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020) 17

2 Methodology covers all classes without a threshold, as it contains land use data, and as some of the areas are small in all countries. Table 8. Maximum national thresholds. Table Thresholds for national data 1 500 ha maximum 2 500 ha maximum 3 500 ha maximum 4 Always significant For regional data delivery the following thresholds presented in Table 9 are proposed.

Table 9. Recommended regional thresholds.

Threshold Table Main regional reporting threshold for single regions

Countries with NUTS 1/2 Countries without NUTS regions 1/2 regions

BE, BG, CZ, DK, DE, IE, EL, ES, FR, HR, IT, HU, NL, AT, EE, CY, LV, LT, LU, MT PL, PT, RO, SI, SK, FI, SE, UK

1 5 000 ha Never 500 ha

4 Always significant Never Always significant

Eurostat will analyse yearly the previous FSS and annual crop statistics data for determining if the 95 % representativeness threshold has been respected in declaring the non-significant variables. This will be used as a criterion in the compliance monitoring. In addition to the crop level transmission thresholds, there are thresholds linked to specific deadlines. The deadlines with specific transmission thresholds are January, June and August deadlines for area and yield concerning Table 1 of the Regulation (EC) No 543/2009 (amended by Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/1557). Any deviation from the above recommendations would need to be justified in the quality report. 2.3.2 Handling non-significant crops

The list of crops considered by a Member State as non-significant (low or zero prevalence) has to be reported to Eurostat before the start of the crop year. The Member States need to indicate this in the Web- Forms CROPROD_ARAAR_A, CROPROD_ARAPR_A, CROPROD_ARAVEG_A and CROPROD_ARAPER_A. The following principles guide the data entry into Web-Forms:  Fill in a '0' for all crops which do not exist in your country.  Fill in 'N' (flag for low prevalence) for all crops below the reporting threshold in case no numerical data are available (or would be confidential).  Fill in 'L' (flag for not collected data) for o those obligatory crops which are combined with another class. Mark the other class with the flag D (definition differs). Example: if shallots are combined with onions, shallots should be marked with L and onions with D and in the quality report it should be explained that onions include also shallots. o voluntary crops which are not collected or not yet available e.g. due to late harvest. o 'L'-flag should be used as rarely as possible.

18 Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020)

Methodology 2  Send all available data of your country. Prioritize numerical values to flags if the numerical values are not confidential. If they are confidential and if the area is non-significant, N-flag should be prioritized over C-flag. Respecting these conventions is very important in order to have coherent and consistent data so as to make the informatics system work properly and to calculate accurate EU aggregates. In case of changes in data availability and non-significant crops (during crop years or between the crop years), the Web-Form has to be updated. For more information on delivering the NSC-flags, please refer to Annex II of the handbook.

Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020) 19

3 Classification

3.1 Classification and definition of products

The classification of all crop products in the crop statistics follows in most cases the classification used in the Farm Structure Survey. 3.1.1 Specific definitions and concepts

3.1.1.1 MIXTURES OF CROPS Mixtures of crops usually have to be recorded in the respective crops or in the pre-defined mixture classes. Mixtures of crops should as far as possible be recorded elsewhere, either according to the definitions of the respective variable, or if nothing is mentioned, under the crop with the highest economic value.

3.1.1.2 GROUPING OF CROPS If a crop cannot be recorded separately, it should be grouped with crops of the same kind rather than with other crops of a different category. As an example, small areas with oil-flax should not be included in other arable land, but rather under 'other oil seed crops'.

3.1.1.3 DUAL PURPOSE CROPS Dual purpose crops, such as cotton, have several uses. Cotton, for instance, is cultivated for the seed (oil and oilcake) and fibre. The area under cultivation for dual purpose crops should be recorded only once. For the area statistics, cotton is recorded only under cotton fibre, because that is the most important product of the crop. For the production statistics, 10 ha of cotton will produce 'x' kg of cottonseeds and 'y' kg of cotton fibre. They are coded accordingly under I1150 'Cotton seed' and I2300 'Cotton fibre'. Other dual purpose crops such as soya seed (oil and protein) are reported only under I1130 'Soya' for area and production statistics, because the seed can be used only for one of these products and the farmer may not know for which of the products it will be used. Cereals which are grown for the production of grain, but which also produce straw that can be used for energy purposes or other uses, are not considered as a dual purpose crop, as (long as) no data are requested for the by-product (straw). Crops which can be used for food /feed and energy purposes are classified under the main heading (e.g. G3000 Green maize).

3.1.1.4 OTHER (…) N.E.C In the tables presenting the data and in the Eurostat databases, the heading 'Other products, n.e.c. (not elsewhere classified)' comprises all species in a group of products that have not previously been broken down, even if they are mentioned in detail in the national statistics. It usually includes species which are produced in minor quantities throughout the EU or species with particular importance for a small number of 20 Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020)

Classification 3 countries. This heading's content is very variable and it contains crops which are often not comparable from one country to another.

3.1.1.5 ENERGY CROPS The classification of energy crops has posed some problems in the past. The following guidelines have been mutually agreed by Farm Structure Survey (FSS) and Annual Crop Statistics (ACS). Most of the crops used for energy purpose are classified in the same class as the same crop used for food or feed, e.g.:  Maize for energy purpose into class G3000 Green maize  Rape for energy purposes in class I1110 Rape and turnip rape seeds  Fibre crops in class I2000, etc. The specific class I6000 'Energy crops n.e.c.' should be defined as follows:  It includes only specific energy crops not used for other purposes than energy production and cultivated on arable land, such as miscanthus and canary reed  This item should not include any other crops reported under other items (e.g. maize for biogas), which means that double counting is not allowed  It is part of the aggregate 'Industrial crops'  In Table 4 'I6000' falls into I0000 'Industrial crops'  If the practice in a Member State differs from these definitions and the data is transmitted as used in the MS, an explanation is needed in the quality report Short-rotation coppices  Land on which the short rotation coppices are grown is not considered as UAA, although this is the case in legal bases of some Member States. They are collected in FSS as a sub-category of wooded area; in Annual Crop Statistics they are not at all collected

3.1.1.6 PLANTS HARVESTED GREEN FROM ARABLE LAND The new classification for plants harvested green from arable land is in use since crop year 2015 (Figure 1). The older data have been mapped towards the new classification. The important time limit between grasslands on arable land and permanent grassland is 5 years. Grasslands are considered as permanent if they stay at least 5 years on the ground.

Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020) 21

3 Classification Figure 1. Classification for plants harvested green from arable land (included in the red box; grey boxes are obligatory and white optional)

Table 10 presents the comparison between the pre-2015 classes and the post-2015 classes.

22 Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020)

Classification 3 Table 10. New names of the classes for plants harvested green (Regulation 543/2009 changed by Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/1557).

Commission Regulation Regulation 543/2009 Explanation (EU) 2015/1557

The aggregate as it is in Regulation 543/2009 Plants harvested green Plants harvested green excludes permanent grassland. The new from arable land name reflects better the content.

Temporary grasses and Temporary grasses and Unchanged grazings grazings

The new name clarifies that only those leguminous plants are included which are harvested green (content unchanged). This Leguminous plants Leguminous plants class includes all leguminous plants harvested harvested green green regardless if they are annual or multiannual. Before only multiannual leguminous plants were included.

Green maize Green maize Unchanged

Other cereals harvested Cereals harvested green green (excluding green This class included before also green maize. maize)

It is proposed to discontinue the aggregate 'Plants harvested green' because it has Annual plants harvested caused a lot of confusion among the data green (aggregate of green providers and data users mainly due to the maize, other cereals and To be discontinued fact that some leguminous plants are also potentially other annual annual but not part of this aggregate. Also in plants harvested green – the FSS-regulation this distinction between latter depends on the MS) annual and multiannual plants harvested green does not exist.

3.1.1.7 GREEN MANURE The classification of green manure2 in Table 1 and Table 4 has been to some extent problematic. The situation is clarified as follows:  Area used only for green manure is not included in Table 1. If green manure use is not the sole use, then the area is classified according to the main use.  In Table 4 the area is used exclusively as green manure is included under Q0000 'Fallow land' (this is in line with the practice of FSS). If green manure use is not the sole use, then the area is classified according to the main use.

3.1.1.8 CHICORY From 2015 on Chicory is reported only under vegetables. The voluntary reporting of ‘Chicory for inulin’ and ‘Chicory for roasting’ under other industrial crops is discontinued. Under vegetables the new chicory aggregate will be subdivided into ‘chicory for fresh consumption’ (compulsory) and ‘chicory for processing’ (voluntary), which includes the former ‘chicory for inulin’ and ‘…for roasting’. For the latter ones the harvested roots go more or less directly to the processing. ‘Chicory for fresh consumption’ as a leafy vegetable is a biennial crop. The first year is dedicated to the cultivation of the roots (from May of year n until October/ November of year n), which are then harvested

2 Green manure is created by leaving uprooted or sown crop parts on a field so that they serve as soil amendment. The plants used for green manure are often cover crops grown primarily for this purpose. Typically, they are ploughed under and incorporated into the soil while green.

Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020) 23

3 Classification and stored between one week and about 8 month in cold and dark spaces with humid air. This allows the production of the chicory nearly during the whole year. After that these harvested roots are forced with nutrient warm water, in warm dark spaces, and after three to four weeks the final edible product (the small heads of cream-coloured chicory leaves) can be separated and sold. The cultivated area for roots refers to year n, but the production of chicory takes place in the winter and in the following year (year n+1). As there are also farmers who only produce the roots and sell them to the producers of second and third production step (not only in their own country), production of roots and chicory heads does not need to correspond. Data to be recorded and transmitted to Eurostat for year n should therefore be as follows: the area for the production of roots in year n, and the harvested production of chicory heads likewise in year n. Even at country level the roots produced internally may not correspond to the roots used in the production of chicory (in year n+1), because some roots are imported/exported and some are used in year n. This means that there does not need to be a link between the area under roots and the production of edible chicory. For that reason the yield cannot be calculated.

3.1.1.9 CROPS UNDER GLASS OR HIGH ACCESSIBLE COVER 'Crops under glass or high (accessible) cover' refers to crops which are covered by accessible greenhouses or fixed or mobile high cover (glass or rigid or flexible plastic) for the whole period of growth or for the predominant part of it. In this class sheets of plastic laid flat on the ground, as well as land under cloches or tunnels not accessible to person or movable glass-covered frames are excluded.

3.1.1.9.1 Reporting areas under glass or high accessible cover Table 2 includes five specific classes for crops grown under glass or high accessible cover: lettuces (V2300S), tomatoes (V3100S), cucumbers (V3200S), peppers (capsicum) (V3600S) and strawberries (S0000S). These items should be classified in the respective classes and in the 'Total' classes for lettuces (V2300), tomatoes (V3100), cucumbers (V3200), peppers (capsicum) (V3600) and strawberries (S0000). The collection of harvested area is based on Regulation 543/2009 and the production figures for all the above-mentioned crops under the ESS Agreement. All other vegetables or arable land crops (e.g. herbs) cultivated under class or high accessible cover are classified under the respective main classes (e.g. herbs in aromatic, medicinal and culinary plants (I5000)). For permanent crops for human consumption (Table 3 of the Regulation 543/2009) it is the same; the area under high accessible cover should be included in the respective single classes (e.g. for raspberries, etc.). As the total areas under glass or high accessible cover is not anymore included in the ESS Agreement (as it was in the old Gentlemen's agreement), there might be a difficulty with main area of permanent crops for land use in Table 4. In FSS there is a special item for permanent crops under glass or high accessible cover, which includes all permanent crops such as berries, fruits or nurseries. This means that main areas under glass or high accessible cover are not included in the single permanent crops items. Therefore it may be difficult for the Member States to include these areas in the aggregate of permanent crops. If a Member State is not able to include areas under glass or high accessible cover (production area or main area) into the single items of permanent crops (F0000 Fruits, berries and nuts (excluding citrus fruits, grapes and strawberries), T0000 Citrus fruits, W1000 Grapes, L0000 Nurseries and H9000 Other permanent crops for human consumption), they should be delivered under H9000 ‘Other permanent crops for human consumption n.e.c.’ or PECR9 ‘Other permanent crops’. It is important then to indicate this in the quality reports.

3.1.1.10 CULTIVATED MUSHROOMS Mushrooms belong botanically to fungi and not to plants as other vegetables do. Their production method differs also very much from other vegetables. Because of these reasons 'cultivated mushrooms' are not included in the main aggregate 'Vegetables, melons and strawberries'. It is a stand-alone item in the crop statistics. Normally mushrooms are not produced on arable land but in special buildings or cellars. The production takes place in layered structures and for some species/varieties even not on a plain ground but e.g. on tree logs. As most of the mushroom cultivation takes place on such layered structures in buildings, and the production surface differs between the mushroom species, calculation instructions are needed.

24 Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020)

Classification 3 The harvested area of mushrooms in annual crop statistics differs from the ‘main area’ (production surface) counted in FSS. In FSS it includes the surface of all layers covered with mushroom substrate and used for the production, not regarding how often the substrate/nutrient medium is changed during the crop year. In order to get the harvested area of ACS the ‘main area’ has to be multiplied by the number of changes of mushroom compost or substrate (or tree logs, etc.) during the crop year. For mushrooms which are not growing on plain surfaces the harvest surface has to be estimated by including all surfaces where the mushrooms grow. The calculation principle for the harvested area of mushrooms is:

Harvested area = Production surface * number of substrate changes

Mushrooms which have the main growing phase on a used substrate/nutrient medium during the year before the survey year, but are mainly harvested in the survey year, have to be included. Those which will be harvested mainly in the following year shall not be included. The harvest is defined as a full harvest of one substrate/nutrient medium. The production is expressed in 1 000 t. Mushrooms are not part of Table 4 as they are not considered as part of the UAA.

3.1.1.11 TRUFFLES Normally truffles (Tuber spp.) are a wild product and therefore, as the production of other wild mushrooms, they are not collected in Annual Crop Statistics. But in some countries there are now truffle farms, where the truffles are grown over trees (usually of the genus Quercus, Castanea or Corylus), specially planted for the purpose of producing the mushroom. Although they are a kind of mushroom, they are cultivated in a very different way from the other mushrooms and should not be included in the same class as other mushrooms. The common advice both for ACS and FSS is that the cultivated truffles should be included in class H9000 - Other permanent crops for human consumption n.e.c.. If the truffles are cultivated together with nut trees, and if the production of nuts is also used, the production of both should be recorded while the area is recorded only once according to the main use (which normally would refer to the truffle, as they are very valuable).

3.1.1.12 SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS The classification of seeds and seedlings is complex and varies between crops. In general seed and seedling production takes place in specialised farms, as it is often subject to authorisation. Table 11, which is aligned with the classification of the FSS, gives details of the classification of seeds and seedling in Tables 1, 2 and 4.

Table 11. Seeds and seedlings in Table 1, 2 and 4

Seeds and seedlings Table 1 Table 2 Table 4

- Cereals - Dry pulses Always included - Oilseeds Always included under N/A under their main - Potatoes their main classes classes - Other roots crops where root is used to produce the next generation

Always included - Grasses (temporary and permanent) Excluded N/A under 'Seeds and seedlings'

- Sugar beet, Always included - Fibre crops Excluded N/A under 'Seeds and - Other root crops seedlings' - Other industrial crops

Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020) 25

3 Classification Included under 'Seeds and - Vegetables (including melons) and seedlings' if for sale strawberries N/A Excluded use. - Flowers Included under their main class if for own use.

Plants harvested green, other than grasses, such as cereals and leguminous plants, cannot be used for seed production. Their seeds are thus included in the corresponding class harvested as dry grain/pulses. Young ligneous plants grown for subsequent transplantation (such as fruit trees and berry bushes) are classified under nurseries in Table 4.

3.1.1.13 CHRISTMAS TREES Christmas trees are defined as trees planted for commercial purposes, to be sold as Christmas trees (planted pines, firs, etc., including the use as fir sprigs). They are classified according to the following principles:  Christmas trees planted for commercial purposes, outside woodland, on the utilised agricultural area (land regularly cultivated), are part of permanent crops. In crop statistics they belong to class PECR9 'Other permanent crops' in Table 4. They are not included in the Table 3.  Christmas tree plantations which are no longer maintained belong to wooded area in FSS. They are not counted in crop statistics.

3.2 Classification per table 3.2.1 Table 1 – Crops from arable land

The areas to be reported in Table 1 – Crops from arable land refer to area under cultivation. For further details see 2.1.1.1 - Area under cultivation (Table 1). In Table 1 also production, yield and humidity are reported.

26 Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020)

Classification 3 3.2.1.1 CEREALS Code Label C0000 Cereals for the production of grain (including seed) C1000 Cereals (excluding rice) for the production of grain (including seed) C1100 Wheat and spelt C1110 Common wheat and spelt C1111 Common winter wheat and spelt C1112 Common spring wheat and spelt C1120 Durum wheat C1200 Rye and winter cereal mixtures (maslin) C1210 Rye C1220 Winter cereal mixtures (maslin) C1300 Barley C1310 Winter barley C1320 Spring barley C1400 Oats and spring cereal mixtures (mixed grain other than maslin) C1410 Oats C1420 Spring cereal mixtures (mixed grain other than maslin) C1500 Grain maize and corn-cob-mix C1600 Triticale C1700 Sorghum C1900 Other cereals for the production of grain n.e.c. C2000 Rice C2100 Rice Indica C2200 Rice Japonica

Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020) 27

3 Classification Figure 2. Cereals hierarchy

28 Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020)

Classification 3 3.2.1.1.1 Cereals for the production of grain (including seed) (C0000) All cereals harvested dry for grain, regardless of use. Cereals are annual plants, generally of the graminaceous family, yielding grains used for food, feed, seed and industrial purposes such as production of ethanol.

Includes  Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Mill.)  Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)  Canary seed (Phalaris canariensis L.)  Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Paol.)  Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)  Einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L.)  Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum Schrank ex Schübl.)  Grain maize (Zea mays L.)  Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)  Oats (Avena sativa L.)  Perennial sorghum (Sorghum x sudanense (Piper) Stapf.)  Quinoa3 (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.)  Rice (Oryza sativa L.)  Rye (Secale cereale L.)  Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Conrad Moench)  Spelt (Triticum spelta L.)  Triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack)  Cereals seeds  Cereal grains harvested just before maturity  Cereals used for renewable energy production  Rye and winter cereal mixtures (maslin)  Spring cereal mixtures (mixed grain, other than maslin)

Excludes  Maize harvested green (G3000)  Cereals (excluding maize) harvested green or yellow as whole plant for fodder, or renewable energy (G9100)  Sweet corn cobs for human consumption (V3900)

3 Quinoa is not a grass (botanically it is part of the Amaranthaceae family), but as it is grown as grain crop, it is common to consider it a pseudocereal.

Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020) 29

3 Classification 3.2.1.1.2 Cereals (excluding rice) for the production of grain (including seed) (C1000) All cereals, excluding rice, harvested dry for grain, regardless of the use.

Includes  Seeds of cereals  Cereal grains harvested just before maturity

Excludes  Rice (Oryza sativa L.) (C2000)  Maize harvested green (G3000)  Cereals (excluding maize) harvested green or yellow as whole plant for fodder or renewable energy (G9100)

3.2.1.1.3 Wheat and spelt (C1100) Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Paol.), spelt (Triticum spelta L.), einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.).

Includes  Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Paol.)  Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)  Einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L.)  Spelt (Triticum spelta L.)  Cereal grains harvested just before maturity

Excludes  Maize harvested green (G3000)  Cereals harvested green or yellow as whole plant for fodder or renewable energy (G9100)

30 Annual Crop Statistics Handbook (2020)

Classification 3 3.2.1.1.4 Common wheat and spelt (C1110) Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Paol.), spelt (Triticum spelta L.) and einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L.).

Includes  Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Paol.)  Einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L.)  Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum Schrank ex Schübl.)  Spelt (Triticum spelta L.)  Cereal grains harvested just before maturity

Excludes  Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) (C1120)  Maize harvested green (G3000)  Cereals harvested green or yellow as whole plant for fodder or renewable energy (G9100)

3.2.1.1.5 Common winter wheat and spelt (C1111) Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Paol., spelt (Triticum spelta L.) and einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L.) sown before or during the winter

Includes  Cereal grains harvested just before maturity