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Winnipeg, L4ani'toba December L-976 ''Snohi ROAD CONSTRUCTION''

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Winnipeg, L4ani'toba December L-976 ''Snohi ROAD CONSTRUCTION'' SNOW ROAD CONSTRUCTTON A TIIESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF MANTTOBA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQU]REMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF SCIENCE TN CIVTL ENGTNEERING þv MTCHAEL ZENON KOVÙALCHUK Winnipeg, l4ani'toba December l-976 ''SNOhI ROAD CONSTRUCTION'' by MICHAEL ZENNON K0Ì¡IALCHUK A rlissert¡tion subnritted to the Faculty of Graduate Studil':s of the University of Manitob:r irr partial fulfillmcnt ol'the rcquin:ments ott tlrt' tlegrce of MASTER OF SCIENCE @ 1977 Pernrissiort lus lrec¡r grurttcd to tlto LIBRARY OI¡ T¡ltj L,NlVUlì' slTY Otj MANITOtJA to lr:¡rd or scll copies of this dissert:ltiorr, to tlrr.' NATIONAL LIBRAIì,Y Ot¡ CANADA to ¡lticn¡fitm this dissertatio¡r and to lend c¡r scll ctlpics of tfte filnt, and UNIVtiRSITY MICROFTLMS to publish i¡¡¡ abstruct of this dissertation. The author reserves othcr ¡rublication rights, and ncithor tl¡e <Iissertutio¡t tror extcnsive uxtrilcts liom it uruy bc printetl or other- wise reprodt¡ccd without thc author's writte¡r ¡'rcrtttissitltr. I. ABSTRACT This study investígates the application of snow in the con- struction of snow roads and the suitability of the snow road'as a trans- 'i portation facility. The sngw properties are reviewed and the current status : of'snow road téchnology is identified. In the fíeld studies, where vari- ations in snow road construction procedures are evaluated., a conventional I snow bl-ower is utilized as a snolar processing implement. The resul-ts-in- ' l:t-::": dicate that an equidimensional particle size is produced with no significant ì / chahge occùring in either the particle size or distribution with repeated processing.. The results fur:ther identify the operational difficulties in . frandfing blower-processed snow during snow road construction. Increasing i the snow road density by íntroduction of, free moisture into the pore f spaces, through surface heat applícation, iS also investigated. For this purpose a prototype wood-fired heater is utílized. The test results give i promising indlcation that this method of surface heat application, in ì combination with heavy compaction, could have considerable practical merit. The snow road strength is índicated in terms of snow lhardnessr determined i .' by the Rammsonde cone penetrometer. .The conventional- iìammsond.e hardness I eguation is re-evaluated and the hardness index is correlated to snow temperature. i---. I l-l- . ACKNOWI,EDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to Dr. K.M. Adam for his guidance and assistance in the preparation of this .generous thesis and for his and unstinting help during all phases of the , .: degree progran. Sincere appreciation is al.so éxtended to the members of the thesis examination committee, Dr. J. Graham and Dr. G.E. Laliberte, ,l ..' fortheirinvaluablesuggestions. \ r::,' : : r: :i :: I give full- acknowledgement of my inde.btedness to the University : ,: :' r of Manitoba Maintenance Department for making avaitable, on a rental basis, '.,'.,, the necessary equipmênt and personnel, and to the National Reséarch Council provided grate- I of Canada who financial support for the project. I al-so ]ful1yacknowledgethepersonaIsourceSofassistancewhichduringthe ;: . course of the degree program incl-uded: a University of Manitoba Graduate , ' i Research Assistantship, a University of Manitoba Graduate Fellowship, and a National Research Council Post-graduate Scholarship. il I ! To Ms. Janet dourlay, I extend my warmest thanks. for doing a f.ine l i : job in typing this manuscript 4nd for offering timely editorial advice ': Finally, I wish to express my deepest gtriitrd. to my parents for ',,,',' :: ..; .' guided mr¿ , institl-ing in me the value of education that has endeavours. ,.: ,ì , ;l- --- - l_ l_ J_ TABLE OF CONTENTS .i Chapter Ee+ ABSTRACT i. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii. TABLE OF. dONTENTS iii. LTST OF TABIES . vii. LIST OF FIGURES viii. ì LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS x.. LIST OF SYMBOLS xi. I TNTRODUCTION t. ÏI SNOVü AS A MATERIAI a A-. SNOüI METAMORPI{ISM 3. Destructive Metamorphism 3. Constructive Metamorphism 4- Melt Metamorphism A Pressure Metamorphism 5. B. , SNOW AS .A POROUS MEDIU}I Porosity .. Pore-size Distribution 8. 'o Saturated Permeability and Conductivity t0- Relative Permeability and Saturation 13. Relationships C. WATER FLOI,V THROUGH SNOVü L7. General Flow Equations 17. Capillary-pressure, Saturation Relationships 20- ]v. Chapter Page D. HEAT AND MASS TR.âNSFER 1a E. SNOVí MECHANICS : Densification 27. Response to Rapid Loading zo-ôô Response to Sustained Loading 31. F. INDEX PROPERTIES 34. Density 34. ' Grain Size . ?¿. / I Graín Shape 36. Temperature 37. Hardness 37- TII hTTNTER ROADS 43. System of Classification 43. Route Selection 44. Measures to Increase the Bearing Capacity of Snow 45. A. SNOW ROAD CONSTRUCTION 46. Initial Site Preparation 46. Dis agþre gati on/Proce s si ng 46. .Leve ling-Compacting 47. PreBaring Final Surface 47. B. CO]iSTRUCTION METHODS AND RESULTS 49. IIhe Scandinavian Experience 49. 52. 1. Camp Hale, Colorgdo 52. 2. Point Barrow, Alaska 53. ,3. Churchill , Ma¡itoba 56. .v. Chapter Page 4. Greenland 58.t ' 5. Kapuskasing, ontario 63. ' 6. McMurdo Station, Antarctica 66. 7. Norman Vüell-s, N.W.T. IV F1ELD STUDIES 73. A. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIOUES 73- Cofistruction of Slrow Road Test Lanes 73. .Surface Compaction at OoC 74. Ramrnsonde Hard.ness Tests 74. Temperature t5- Grain Size 75. 16. Density Ttre Prototype V'food-fired Surface Heater B. RESULTS AND DÏSCUSSION 78. Construction of Test Lanes 78. Porosity, Density and Grain Size 79. Performance Characteristics of the Sicard Snow 81t Blower 8r. Rammsonde ttardness - Temperature Relationstrips 82. Burn Tests 83. V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 85: BIBLIOGRAPHY 88. APPENDIX A A.1 RAMMSONDE HARDNESS DATA AND OBSERVATIONS ' :. vl_ . Page APPENDIX B 8.1 EXPERI¡4ENTAL RESULTS FROM BURN TESTS APPENDÍX L c.l THE RAMI4SONDE CONE PENETROMETER APPEnorx b D.r DETERMINATION OF SNOW DENSITY USTNG A RA,DIATION MEASURE¡4ENT TECHNIQUE r'1 APPENDIX E coNSTRUcrÍoN rgureMENT AND'MATERTALS . I V]-I. LIST.OF TABLES / Ta-ble Page 2-L Effecti_ve thermal conductivity* (K ) 24. of dry snow. e. 2-2 Snow Classification. 35. 2-3 Summary of regression and correlation 4L. coefficients. _: 3'L summary of traffic tests 65 A-l Summary of Rammsonde test results. A.2 A-2 Summary bf air temperature, énow road tem- A.16 perature anil re1ative humiditlz for duration of Rammsonde testing. A-3 Aver-age äensiti,es of single- and multiple- A.26 processed snow roads. : B-1 . Summary of snow road density profíles before 8.2 B-2Summaryofsnow'roadd.ensityprofilesafterB.3 lburn tests.. i I --iir::":1 vt¡_r_ . LIST OF FIGURES l Figurê Page 2-L Capillary pressure as a function of 20. :. liquid saturation.. 2:2 Relationship between dynamic Youngr s 28. modulus and snow density. 2-3 Unöonfined compressive strength versus . 30. densíty for naturally compacted snow: l 2-4 Tensile strength of high density snow 30. at a Èemperature of - 10oC 2-5 Strength ín doubl-e shear plotted against 30. density. I 2-6 Required ram hardness for supporting 38. various wheel loads 2-7 Required hardness (or.strength) of a 39. snow pavement for various wheel- Ioad conditions. 2-8 Average tensile strength as a function of 40- ram nesistance and age 3-1 Normal hardness growth in a síngle layer 60. of polar sno\^r. t 3-2 Typical vertical hardness in compacted 61. I snow compared with its redistribution after surface hardening. 1 3-3 Tentative minimum hardness guide for 62. ia::) compacted snow runways on deep- snow. r:, ¡: A-1 Typical snow road hardness profiles as A. 15 indicated by the corrected and uncorrected versions of the Rammsonde hardness data. A-2 Relationship between' Rammsonde hardness, N.23 age-hardening time and air temperature. A-3 Scatter diagram of RaJnmsonde.hardness and A..25 s.no\^r road temperature data. l_x. LIST OF FIGURES (cont'd) Figure Page ! A-4 Í\zpical snow road hardness increase due A.27 to surface compaction at OoC. B-t Snow road density profiles before and 8.5 after burn tests c-1 Diagrarn of Rammsonde cone penetrometer c.2 showing ttre components of the instrument. D-tr Diagram showing the arrangement and basic D.7 components of the radiation/scintillation appar.atus. \ ,'r' .,--r..:, : E-l Diagram showing the construction of the E-5 prototype wood-fired surface heater. I: ::.: :' LÏST OF P'HOTOGRAPHS I ++*j4 Page .E-t Windrowing the snow with the Champion E.6 Motor grader in preparation for proces- sing with the Sicard snowblower E-2 A view of the snorry-blower/tractor unit E-6 'processing the windrowed snow and de- positing it along the proposed ::oadway E-3 The roadway after final- snow processing 8.7 and deposition E-4 Road surface after leveling and dragging 8.7 with the steel drag. E-5 Station-wagon traveling on the snow road 8.8 \^rith no detrimental- effect on the road s.urface ti- o The Champion motor grader blading minor 8.8 snow accumulation from the snow road .surface E-7 The prototype surface heater fully 8.9 fueled with one (I) cord of seasoned pine E-8 A, .view of the surface heater in 8.9 operation . xl-. LIST OF SYMBOLS SymboI Dímensíons * a Empirical constant in strain-rate equation . none a Subscript indicating "air" none a Subs,cript indicating "apparent,, none a Empirical constant in equation fgr hydraulic conductivity none b Ernpírical constant in creep-rate equation no,ne b Subscript indicating "bubbling" none ¡ C Hydraulic conductivity, L/t ,C Specific heat capacity , .H/MT '2 Vapour concentration M/L. C Volumetric heat capacity u.1t3t C Correction factor for effective conductivity none c Subscript índicating i'crit.ical saturation" none ! c Coefficient of cohesion F/L.
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