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Master's Thesis Master’s thesis Two years Miljövetenskap Environmental Science Evaluation of car engine heating systems in the Jämtland-Härjedalen region, northern Sweden Stan Hoenderboom MID SWEDEN UNIVERSITY Ecotechnology and Sustainable Building Engineering Examiner: Anders Jonsson, [email protected] Supervisor: Anders Jonsson, [email protected] Author: Stan Hoenderboom, [email protected] Degree programme: International Masters Programme in Ecotechnology and sustainable development, 120 credits Main field of study: Environmental Science Subject: Evaluation of car engine heating systems in the Jämtland-Härjedalen region, northern Sweden Semester, year: Spring, 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Writing this thesis was not possible without the support of friends and especially my girlfriend Claudie Groot Zevert. I would like to thank Torbjörn Skytt for the discussions about the thesis idea and support in the process of writing the thesis in which Anders Jonsson was of great support as well. Many thanks as well to Jimmy Anjevall from Energikontoret region Jämtland- Härjedalen for his support. ABSTRACT Objective of this thesis is to identify potential energy savings regarding engine heating of cars within the Jämtland-Härjedalen county, northern Sweden. This could contribute to energy consumption reduction goals of Sweden. Potential energy savings are defined by comparing the current energy consumption with the energy consumption of different energy saving scenarios in terms of behavioural change and technological choices. Energy consumption, both current and potential is modeled in excel based on data derived from quantitative investigation and literature review. Engine heating is identified as an energy consumer, the energy saved by fuel consumption reduction (7,77 TJ/year) does not overcome the invested energy to heat engines (26,36 TJ/year). Engine heating reduces engine wear, fossil fuel consumption (0,34 TJ/year) and emissions currently. Regarding the choice of technology using more automatic time adjustment reduces energy consumption, engine wear, emissions and fossil fuel consumption. Other scenarios show a compromise between energy consumption reduction on one side and fossil fuel consumption reduction in combination with reduced engine wear and emissions on the other side. Key words: Engine heating, Energy consumption, Behavioural change, Technological choices, Emissions, Engine wear, Jämtland-Härjedalen TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction........................................................................................................................... 1 2. Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 2 2.1. Objectives ....................................................................................................................... 3 2.2. Theoretical & Conceptual framework...................................................................... 3 2.3. Gathering relevant literature for the study ............................................................. 4 2.4. Identified variables....................................................................................................... 4 2.5. Quantitative investigation .......................................................................................... 5 2.5.1. Investigated population....................................................................................... 5 2.5.2. Sample size............................................................................................................. 6 2.5.3. Bias control ............................................................................................................. 6 2.5.4. Simplifications, assumptions and boundaries................................................ 7 2.5.5. Modelling energy consumption......................................................................... 7 2.6. Energy Consumption................................................................................................... 8 2.6.1. Energy saving potential....................................................................................... 9 2.6.2. Current energy consumption ........................................................................... 10 2.6.2.1. Electricity consumption ................................................................................. 10 2.6.2.2. Garages .............................................................................................................. 14 2.6.2.3. Fuel consumption............................................................................................ 14 3. Results................................................................................................................................... 18 3.1. Literature review results ........................................................................................... 18 3.1.1. Engine heater usage............................................................................................ 18 3.1.2. Coolant or oil electrical engine heater............................................................ 20 3.1.3. Internal combustion engine cold-start efficiency......................................... 26 3.1.4. Cold-start emissions of passenger cars at different low ambient temperatures........................................................................................................................ 27 3.1.5. The average power consumption .................................................................... 28 3.1.6. Average fuel consumption fuel heater ........................................................... 28 3.2. Statistical data.............................................................................................................. 29 3.2.1. Ambient air temperature................................................................................... 29 3.2.2. Amount of cars in Jämtland-Härjedalen........................................................ 30 3.3. Results quantitative investigation........................................................................... 30 3.3.1. Confidence level .................................................................................................. 30 3.3.2. BIAS control ......................................................................................................... 30 3.3.3. Results.................................................................................................................... 32 3.4. Current energy consumption................................................................................... 35 3.5. Energy saving potential............................................................................................. 41 3.6. Emissions...................................................................................................................... 42 4. Discussion............................................................................................................................ 43 5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 45 References .................................................................................................................................... 46 Appendix 1: Possible technologies......................................................................................... 48 Appendix 2: Quantitative investigation Question list ....................................................... 51 Appendix 3: Fuel consumption test ....................................................................................... 62 Appendix 4: Identified variables ............................................................................................ 64 Appendix 5: Morning versus average temperatures.......................................................... 66 Appendix 6: Parameters for sensitivity analysis................................................................. 67 Appendix 7: Extra cold start emissions and fuel consumption per cold start.............. 69 1. INTRODUCTION There are challenges ahead for Sweden to reduce their demand for energy. The European Union (EU) has pledged to reduce its energy consumption by 2020, energy savings of 20 % have to be accomplished by EU members in 2020 compared to 2008. In order to reach this goal Sweden intends to achieve accumulated energy savings of 106 TWh between 2014 and 2020 (Swedish Government, 2014) In order to have a warm engine in cold weather conditions, engine heaters are utilized in Sweden which consume energy. The current available technologies for heating engines are by means of electricity or fuel, heated garages and the use of cold garages with- or without engine heaters. Engine heating does not solely consume energy, it is claimed that it reduces fuel consumption, air pollutants, engine wear and costs if used in a correct way (Energimyndigheten). Little research is done regarding engine heating. VTI (Väg och TransportforskningsInstitut) did research on the effectivity of the different types of heaters (Carslon, Hammarström, & Bladlund, 2014) and the usage of engine heaters (Hammarström & Henriksson, 2000). Fuel consumption and additional emissions in relation to the ambient temperature when starting combustion engines is researched intensively (Favez, Alvarez, & M, 2009). Energy usage for pre-heating combustion engines consists out of fuel and electricity. The balance of invested energy
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