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HIRATA KOKUGAKU and the TSUGARU DISCIPLES by Gideon
SPIRITS AND IDENTITY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY NORTHEASTERN JAPAN: HIRATA KOKUGAKU AND THE TSUGARU DISCIPLES by Gideon Fujiwara A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Asian Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April 2013 © Gideon Fujiwara, 2013 ABSTRACT While previous research on kokugaku , or nativism, has explained how intellectuals imagined the singular community of Japan, this study sheds light on how posthumous disciples of Hirata Atsutane based in Tsugaru juxtaposed two “countries”—their native Tsugaru and Imperial Japan—as they transitioned from early modern to modern society in the nineteenth century. This new perspective recognizes the multiplicity of community in “Japan,” which encompasses the domain, multiple levels of statehood, and “nation,” as uncovered in recent scholarship. My analysis accentuates the shared concerns of Atsutane and the Tsugaru nativists toward spirits and the spiritual realm, ethnographic studies of commoners, identification with the north, and religious thought and worship. I chronicle the formation of this scholarly community through their correspondence with the head academy in Edo (later Tokyo), and identify their autonomous character. Hirao Rosen conducted ethnography of Tsugaru and the “world” through visiting the northern island of Ezo in 1855, and observing Americans, Europeans, and Qing Chinese stationed there. I show how Rosen engaged in self-orientation and utilized Hirata nativist theory to locate Tsugaru within the spiritual landscape of Imperial Japan. Through poetry and prose, leader Tsuruya Ariyo identified Mount Iwaki as a sacred pillar of Tsugaru, and insisted one could experience “enjoyment” from this life and beyond death in the realm of spirits. -
Creating Modern Japanese Subjects: Morning Rituals from Norito to News and Weather
religions Article Creating Modern Japanese Subjects: Morning Rituals from Norito to News and Weather Wilburn Hansen Department of Religious Studies, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, CA 92182-6062, USA; [email protected] Academic Editor: Lawrence W. Snyder Received: 8 November 2015; Accepted: 4 February 2016; Published: 11 March 2016 Abstract: This original research on Restoration Shinto Norito seeks to explain the rhetorical devices used in the composition of a morning prayer ritual text. The nativist scholar, Hirata Atsutane, crafted this ritual to create a Japanese imperial subject with a particular understanding of native identity and national unity, appropriate to the context of a Japan in the shadow of impending modernity and fear of Western domination. The conclusions drawn concerning Hirata’s rhetoric are meant to inform our understanding of the technique and power of the contemporary Japanese morning television viewing ritual used to create post-modern Japanese citizens with an identity and unity appropriate to a global secular context. Keywords: Hirata Atsutane; Restoration Shinto; religious ritual; Norito; modernity; identity construction; NHK 1. Introduction This article is an attempt to explicate modern Japanese identity by examining in detail a Shinto morning Norito, a prayer ritual that originated in the 19th century just a few decades before the vaunted modernization and Westernization that occurred after American ships forced the opening of Japan in 1854. Morning prayer rituals are still conducted today by practitioners of the several forms of Japanese Buddhism, Shinto, and New Religions; of course, the complexity and level of focus and dedication depend upon the individual practitioner, as well as the demands of the tradition being practiced. -
A POPULAR DICTIONARY of Shinto
A POPULAR DICTIONARY OF Shinto A POPULAR DICTIONARY OF Shinto BRIAN BOCKING Curzon First published by Curzon Press 15 The Quadrant, Richmond Surrey, TW9 1BP This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/.” Copyright © 1995 by Brian Bocking Revised edition 1997 Cover photograph by Sharon Hoogstraten Cover design by Kim Bartko All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-203-98627-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-7007-1051-5 (Print Edition) To Shelagh INTRODUCTION How to use this dictionary A Popular Dictionary of Shintō lists in alphabetical order more than a thousand terms relating to Shintō. Almost all are Japanese terms. The dictionary can be used in the ordinary way if the Shintō term you want to look up is already in Japanese (e.g. kami rather than ‘deity’) and has a main entry in the dictionary. If, as is very likely, the concept or word you want is in English such as ‘pollution’, ‘children’, ‘shrine’, etc., or perhaps a place-name like ‘Kyōto’ or ‘Akita’ which does not have a main entry, then consult the comprehensive Thematic Index of English and Japanese terms at the end of the Dictionary first. -
Pocket Program
LoneStarCon 3 POCKET PROGRAM The 71st Worldcon August 29–September 2, 2013 San Antonio, Texas The Dedication Nin Soong Fong Who gave me heart and soul Elizabeth “Liz” Metcalfe Whose heart never really left Texas Wayne Fong Together we steered Starships: Qapla’ Some of these conversations are for you I miss y’all - Terry Fong “World Science Fiction Society,” “WSFS,” “World Science Fiction Convention,” “Worldcon,” “NASFiC,” “Hugo Award” and the distinctive design of the Hugo Award Rocket are service marks of the World Science Fiction Society, an unincorporated literary society. “LoneStarCon 3” is a service mark of ALAMO, Inc., a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, tax-exempt corporation, registered in Texas. Getting Started Welcome To loneSTarcon 3! There and back again....or deja’ vu all over again. For years, Bill and Randy’s modus operandi at a Worldcon With apologies to J. R. R. Tolkien and Yogi Berra. This journey, was to be up early for breakfast to be sure they made the like many great adventures, began in a bar (or behind one first panel of the day (and yes, starting at 9 or 10 in the anyway). Back in the early 1990s when the bid was underway morning there is always a cool program item...so go take for LoneStarCon 2, we both volunteered to help with the bid. your pick!). A day of constant activity moving back and forth GETTING STARTED In those early days that entailed table sitting (one of fandom’s between art show, dealers’ room, exhibits, and multiple thankless jobs), door greeter at the parties, and quite often panels, then shifting to evening events and finally parties. -
Shinto Shrines Or Shinto Temples?
ISSUES P e t e r M e t e v e l i s Canoga Park, California Shinto Shrines or Shinto Temples? Asian Folklore Studies’ Volume 53,1994: 337-345 IFFERENT words are used in the Japanese language to refer to places of Shinto worship. The type and status of the wor D ship facility determine the particular word used. In the Eng lish language, however, all such facilities, regardless of type or status, are conventionally referred to as shrines. By the same convention, Bud dhist places of worship are referred to using the nobler word temple’ though not always without problem.1 This petrifact convention was established in order to distinguish conveniently between places of Shinto worship and their Buddhist counterparts, as the Japanese them selves seem to do. But does it not also betray a lesser regard for Shinto? I have been unable to find out precisely where or when the words shrine and temple were first used as conventional translations respec tively for jin ja ネ申社,yashiro 社,hokora jji司,etc. on the one hand, and tera 寺,-]i 寺,- in 院,and dd 堂 on the other. I have encountered no article or book that advocated or suggested a particular usage. The Japanese-Portuguese dictionary Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam (Naga saki, 1603-1604) offers nothing of use. It avoids giving direct transla tions of religious facilities, defining them instead by means of other Japanese words, as when it defines jin ja as kami no yashiro. The third edition of Hepburn’s dictionary (1886) is only a bit more helpful. -
V·M·I University Microfilms International a Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, M148106-1346 USA 313:761-4700 800.'521-0600
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adverselyaffect reproduction. In the unlikely. event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sectionswith small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. V·M·I University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, M148106-1346 USA 313:761-4700 800.'521-0600 Order Number 9429622 Residential gardens in urban Honolulu, Hawai'i: Neighborhood, ethnicity, and ornamental plants Ikagawa, Toshihiko, Ph.D. University of Hawaii, 1994 Copyright @1994 by Ikagawa, Toshihiko. -
Capital-Nation-State: a Genealogy of Yasukuni Shrine
Capital-Nation-State: A Genealogy of Yasukuni Shrine by Joshua P. Baxter A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto © Copyright by Joshua P. Baxter November 2016 Capital-Nation-State: A Genealogy of Yasukuni Shrine Joshua P. Baxter Doctorate of Philosophy Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto November 2016 Abstract Japan’s militaristic past continues to haunt the present and often at the center of these debates is the site that commemorates the war dead, Yasukuni Shrine. This dissertation seeks to address the political economy of the shrine and argues that this issue cannot be transcended if the history of the development of capitalism in Japan continues to be bracketed off in favor of narrating the shrine strictly through the discourse of the nation and the state. This claim derives from the observation that Yasukuni Shrine and the development of capitalism in Japan emerge at the same historical moment and thus they must also share an underlying logic. By adding capital to the equation, it becomes evident that the shrine is at the nexus of the operation of Capital- Nation-State and thus played a role in producing the very idea of modern Japan. Using a variety of primary sources, from state documents to personal diaries and newspaper reports, the archival research reveals how the shrine, as a state institution, was shaped by economic interactions just as much as it was by state ideology. In each chapter a different aspect of how the history of capitalism intersects with the space of the shrine is examined through the themes of everyday life, commodity exchange, urban planning, and universal conscription. -
Family Matters
The second story of the Decagram: Family Matters a Tokyo Babylon/X fanfic by Ann-Kathrin Kniggendorf 1/209 Disclaimer "Tokyo Babylon" and all characters, institutions, locations and/or situations therefrom are copyright 2000 CLAMP, SHINSHOKAN Co., Tokyo. "X" and all characters, institutions, locations and/or situations therefrom are copyright 1992 CLAMP, Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co., Ltd., Tokyo. "CLAMP Campus Detectives" and all characters, institutions, locations and/or situations therefrom are copyright 1997 CLAMP, Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co., Ltd., Tokyo. No infringement is intended by their inclusion in this work. The author makes no claim of ownership to any of the characters, institutions, locations, and/or situations associated with "Tokyo Babylon", "X" and/or "CLAMP Campus Detectives". This is a piece of non-profit fan fiction. The real persons included in this chapter are used strictly in context of their public position at the time of this fiction. Characterizations are entirely fictitious. No insult of any kind is intended by their inclusion in this work. Credits Special thanks to Solo [http://solo.dreamwidth.org] my beta, who showed great patience and enthusiasm. The presentation of this story in its current state would not have been possible without her! Warnings, Spoilers, and Summary "Family Matters" as a whole is rated NC-17 for violence, crime, occultism, sexual connotations, alternative lifestyles, and a vocal tree having issues. Single chapters may be less restricted. As a direct sequel it may not make sense unless you know "36°". My stories are based solely on the German translation of the CLAMP manga books, therefore there might be differences in names and details from the English or Japanese editions. -
The Sakaki Tree – from Myth to Modern Japan
THE SAKAKI TREE – FROM MYTH TO MODERN JAPAN Renata Maria Rusu [email protected] Abstract: In this paper, we will discuss the role played by the Sakaki tree in Japanese mythology as well as in modern culture. This tree is mentioned in the episode of the rites observed to convince Amaterasu–ō–mikami to come out of the heavenly rock cave, in the Kojiki. A similar passage is found in Nihon Shoki, which also mentions the “Sakaki of Mount Shitsu” and “a flourishing Sakaki” in other episodes. Besides being mentioned by Japanese myths, the Sakaki is present in the life of the Japanese in many forms. It has been used since ancient times in divine rituals, and Sakaki branches are used even today in some shintō rituals; one of these is the Yomisashi Matsuri (celebrated every October at Ōmiya Shrine in Iwade Town, Wakayama Prefecture), a festival which we briefly present in this paper. Keywords: Japanese mythology, Sakaki tree, Yomisashi Matsuri. 0.Introduction The Sakaki tree, or Cleyera japonica, is an evergreen tree whose branches are used in shintō rituals, usually as offering wands (tamagushi) presented before a kami. When presented as tamagushi, paper streamers (shide) are usually attached to the branch. Branches of Sakaki are often used for decoration, purification implements, and as hand-held "props" (torimono) in ritual dance. Sakaki branches are also used to decorate shrine buildings or fences, as a means of delimitating sacred spaces.1 In this paper, we discuss the role played by the Sakaki tree in Japanese mythology as well as in modern culture. -
Kirk 04/13/2008 Page I of 80 I COLLECTIVE MEMORY OF
Kirk 04/13/2008 Page i of 80 COLLECTIVE MEMORY OF JAPANESE NAMING RITUALS THROUGH THE INCORPORATION OF ANIME AND MANGA by LauraLynn Kirk A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts and Sciences With a Concentration in Anthropology Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College of Florida Atlantic University Jupiter, Florida May 2008 i Kirk 04/13/2008 Page ii of 80 COLLECTIVE MEMORY OF JAPANESE NAMING RITUALS THROUGH THE INCORPORATION OF ANIME AND MANGA by LauraLynn Kirk This thesis was prepared under the direction of the candidate’s thesis advisor, Dr. Jacqueline Fewkes, and second reader, Dr. Yu Jiang, and has been approved by the members of her/his supervisory committee. It was submitted to the faculty of The Honors College and was accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Arts and Sciences. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: _____________________________________________ Dr. Jacqueline Fewkes _____________________________________________ Dr. Yu Jiang _____________________________________________ Dean, Wilkes Honors College _____________________________________________ Date ii Kirk 04/13/2008 Page iii of 80 Acknowledgements I would like to extend my gratitude: To my family for supporting and loving me. Mom and Dad, you believed in me through thick and thin. I do not know how I could repay you for so many years of raising two kids that turned out alright. Kerry, you are the twin star of my soul. Through you, I find myself… Constantly laughing at something. To the FAU Honors faculty and staff for moral support. -
Adapting Anime: Transnational Media Between Japan and the United States
ADAPTING ANIME: TRANSNATIONAL MEDIA BETWEEN JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES Brian Ruh Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Communication and Culture, Indiana University May 2012 Acceptance page Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Doctoral Committee ____________________________________ Barbara Klinger, Ph.D. ____________________________________ Gregory Waller, Ph.D. ____________________________________ Yeidy Rivero, Ph.D. ____________________________________ Scott O’Bryan, Ph.D. April 9, 2012 ii Acknowledgements I am very grateful to my Ph.D. committee – Barbara Klinger, Gregory Waller, Yeidy Rivero, and Scott O’Bryan – for supporting me (and putting up with me) for these last few years. My parents, Richard and Christine, and parents in law, Dan and Barbara Skinner, have been positive influences throughout this entire process, and I’m sure they’re all glad to see me finish. However, the person who may have borne the most stress through the entire process has been my loving wife Sarah. I’m so thankful to have her. I also need to acknowledge my two beautiful daughters Charlotte and Abby, the sources of both great joy and great delays in the writing process. And finally, hello to Jason Isaacs. iii Abstract Brian Ruh ADAPTING ANIME: TRANSNATIONAL MEDIA BETWEEN JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES This dissertation examines Japanese animation, or anime, as an example of how a contemporary media product crosses national and cultural borders and becomes globalized. Bringing together the theories of Hiroki Azuma and Susan J. -
Q&A the Origins of Shinto Shrines
CULTURE The sun rises over the summit of sacred Mt. Miwa. The otorii in the foreground is the gateway to Omiwa Jinja in Sakurai City, Nara Prefecture, one of the oldest extant Shinto shrines. (PHOTO: Courtesy of Omiwa Jinja) Q&A The Origins of Shinto Shrines Okada Shoji, Professor, Kokugakuin University with editorial staff, Geijutsu Shincho Geijutsu Shincho : How and when did the history of Shinto shrines begin? Okada Shoji: Apart from the clay figures used during rituals in the Jomon period and the bronze bells used in rituals during the Yayoi period, the first definite evidence we have for rituals (kami worship) linked to present day Shrine Shinto is from the latter half of the fourth century, i.e. from the mid Kofun period on. Although we have found various traces of rituals, essentially there is nothing like a sacred building (shrine building). It is thought that there was a long period during which the kami were worshipped at iwakura (sacred rocks) and himorogi (branches set up temporarily to receive the kami). The location for these rituals was the boundary between mountain and village, which was also the boundary between the world of kami and the world Okada Shoji, Professor, Kokugakuin University of men. People brought the best food they had to these places as offerings to the kami. Even today offerings of food (shinsen ) to the kami are the core of Shinto rituals, and this is the origin. However, we know very little about the exact process by which this developed into our modern image of a shrine.