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Physicochemical Characterization and Evaluation of Castor Oil (R American Journal of Applied Chemistry 2019; 7(4): 110-115 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajac doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20190704.11 ISSN: 2330-8753 (Print); ISSN: 2330-8745 (Online) Physicochemical Characterization and Evaluation of Castor Oil (R. communis ) for Hair Biocosmetics Solomon Sime Tessema Department of Chemistry, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia Email address: To cite this article: Solomon Sime Tessema. Physicochemical Characterization and Evaluation of Castor Oil (R. communis ) for Hair Biocosmetics. American Journal of Applied Chemistry. Vol. 7, No. 4, 2019, pp. 110-115. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20190704.11 Received : January 26, 2019; Accepted : July 17, 2019; Published : July 30, 2019 Abstract: This study reports the characterization of oil from Castor (Ricinus Communius L) seed oil. The biocosmetic potential of the castor oil was evaluated for hair through physico-chemical characterization. The various physicochemical parameters (iodine value, pH value, specific gravity, refractive index, peroxide value, etc) were tested in accordance with American standard testing method specifications and compared with argan oil. Accordingly, the parameters tested comply with some journals dealing with cosmetics. Biocosmetic has high potential as a raw material for synthetic cosmetics or blend stock substitution for cosmetics without any modification. The advantage of castor oil over other oils (sunflower, olive, soy bean, corn) would lie in the oil price. Keywords: Caster Oil, Castor Beans, Biocosmetic, Nonedible Oil, Soxhlet Extractor, Argan Oil During the last century, synthetic substitutes have become 1. Introduction available and have been used to replace natural seed oils. History tells us that, a long time ago, plants and plant Due to toxic effects of synthetic oils, there is a growing trend products have been used as the primary source of food, to replace them and revert to the use of natural oils in the shelter and transport materials, clothing, fragrances, flavors cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries [6]. There is and ingredients of medicinal substances for humankind [1]. increasing consumer demand for high-quality cosmetic Today plant products, essential oils, plant extracts, natural products of natural origin which industry is responding to. resins and their preparations have a wide range of Natural oils are ideally suited to satisfy this need due to their applications mainly in perfume and cosmetic, food, aroma high fatty acid content. and pharmaceutical industries. This large spectrum of uses In this study, the use of castor oil obtained from castor therefore stimulated researchers to conduct some studies on seed for Biocosmetics will be evaluated through its natural products [2]. The methods used in the analysis of physicochemical parameters because castor seed is plants that started at the end of the 19 th century, only allowed economically viable and it is easily obtained from the local investigations on crystalline constituents isolated from these market. extracts. Subsequent developments on vacuum distillation Castor oil is plant oil derived from the castor bean. techniques provided the possibility to determine the volatile Although it's often thought of as an unpleasant laxative, components of these extracts [3]. castor oil has beneficial uses for the hair and skin. Despite Oil extracted from plant sources has a rich history of use being oil, it actually has cleansing and antibacterial by local people as a source of food, energy, medicine and for properties that make it a popular ingredient in soaps and it cosmetic applications. It has been used in the production of can be used alternatively to benefit the skin and hair [1]. lubricants, soaps and personal care products, as well as in the It is also a component in a facial cleansing routine called topical treatment of various conditions such as hair dandruff, the oil cleansing method, which is considered an alternative muscle spasms, varicose veins and wounds [4, 5]. In recent to traditional skin-care regimens. The theory behind the oil years, demand for seed oils as ingredients for food, cosmetics cleansing method is that "washing" the face with oils will has greatly increased as industry seeks natural alternatives. help get rid of dirt and oil better than washing with soap and 111 Solomon Sime Tessema: Physicochemical Characterization and Evaluation of Castor Oil ( R. communis ) for Hair Biocosmetics water, because oil dissolves other oil more effectively. resins and lubricants, cosmetics, textile dyeing, insecticides, Although this theory has not been scientifically proven, the in leather industry as well as for medicinal purposes-as a oil cleansing method may be worth a try if you're unsatisfied laxative. Leaves of the castor plants have been used for with your current skin-care products. Castor oil is used due to feeding silkworms and cattle, as human food (where fresh its cleansing and anti-inflammatory properties, but may green food is scarce), the branches and stem can be used for actually dry out some skin types; to clean your skin with the the production of low grade paper as well as for fuel. The oil cleansing method, mix a small amount of castor oil with residual meal after oil extraction contains 5% nitrogen that an equal amount of olive oil and massage into your skin [3]. used as a fertilizer, and 30-45% protein that, if detoxified, can be used as a feed [3]. 1.1. Castor Seed 1.2. Castor Oil and Its Uses R. communis (the only species of the monotypic genus Ricinus) belongs to the Euphorbiaceae, or spurge, family, Castor oil (ricinus oil, phorboyl, tangantangan oil ) is containing a vast number of plants native to tropics (where it natural oil derived from the seeds of the castor bean by cold grows wild and considered as merely a weed or as a shade- pressing (for medicinal use) or hot pressing (for industrial giving agent for more sensitive low growing cash crops). It is purposes). Chemically, castor oil is a triglyceride a warm-season plant indigenous to eastern Africa and characterized by a high content of ricinolein (a glyceride of probably originated in Ethiopia (UNIDO, 1974) [4]. 12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid). It has the approximate It is herbaceous annals, with height displayed as fatty acid composition of ricinoleic acid (87%), oleic acid genetically dwarf, semi-dwarf or tall ranging from one to (7%), linoleic acid (3%), palmitic acid (2%), stearic acid several meters and warm region perennial (with cultivation (1%), with trace amounts of dihydroxystearic acid. As a area between 40 oN and 40 oS), but is now cultivated up to home remedy, castor oil is used widely for a number of 52 oN. Castor can survive under rather dry conditions because problems and ailments. To name a few, castor oil helps deal of its very strong root system, its resistance to loss and its with problems related to hair, skin, joints and intestine. Edgar ability to withstand substantial water stress. As a peasant Cayce, a medical intuitive, recommended castor oil packs for crop in the warmer regions of the world, castor can be grown treatment of many problems and played a vital role in making almost anywhere if land is available, and this is perhaps its castor oil popular in 1940s and 1950s [7]. greatest virtue (the castor plant can be considered as an easily cultivated, adaptable cash crop, on well drained soils in frost- free seasons. It grows best in areas with clear sunny days and without untimely frosts. In such circumstances, it grows from sea level at the coast to high inland mountains. One of the reasons that castor plants have become so successful is their extremely viable seed that germinates readily in a variety of soils. More often castor is inter-planted with crops, sown round the borders and margins of fields on areas unsuitable for other crops [4]. Varieties of castor should be grown at distances of at least 30 m from each other, since it is subject to cross pollination, and that open pollination may cause differences in the size Figure 1. Castor oil (right) from caster seed (left). and degree of maturity of the pods and seeds formed on the 1.3. Castor Oil for Hair same plant. The most favorable rate of annual rainfall requirement is from 500 to 800 mm (UNIDO, 1974) and any The use of castor oil for hair has its roots in ancient Egypt, altitude from sea level to 1500 masl. The plant can grow well according to the e-museum at Minnesota State University. on very poor soil; whilst a very fertile soil may even render a Egyptian women used castor oil, along with rosemary, sweet lower yield of seed (chemical fertilization for castor is not almond and fir oils, to stimulate hair growth due to its fatty normally recommended). acid and Vitamin E content. When applied on hair and scalp The common seed yield was from 1000 to 1,500 kg per ha, it charges up blood circulation and frees the scalp of any while new varieties obtained with yield of 5,000 to 6,000 kg bacterial and fungal infections and dandruff. The usage per ha and 50 to 52 percent oil content. The castor meal is checks hair loss and split ends. The oil traps the moisture of poisonous, since it contains the toxic protein ricin, the effect the hair and prevents it from becoming dry. The same theory of which drives from dissolution of erythrocytes, it is even comes into force when castor oil is applied on eyebrows. more poisonous than hydrocyanic acid. The unique Topical application of castor oil helps in thickening of characteristics of castor derives from it is nearly 90% eyebrows. Today, it's recommended in a manual on African ricinoleic acid (C 17 H32 OHCOOH) content. It has highest children's skin and hair care from the University of viscosity and highest density of all oils (UNIDO, 1974).
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