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Social Science Research for Policy Utilisation in Zambia

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Social Science Research for Policy Utilisation in Zambia Social Science Research for Policy Utilisation in Zambia Felicitas N. Moyo Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in Science and Technology Studies in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof Johann Mouton March 2021 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this research assignment electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date:.................................... Copyright © 2021 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract The goal of the study was to explore and understand whether any social science research that has been produced by academic staff at the University of Zambia has been utilised by policy makers and to obtain information about research funding, the types of research and purpose for conducting such research, the dissemination strategies used by researchers, the stakeholders considered by researchers during the conceptualisation stage of their research, the extent of collaboration with stakeholders, and the factors that could have possibly enhanced or inhibited the utilisation of social science research in Zambia. The study used mixed method sequential explanatory design comprising bibliometrics analysis of Zambia’s articles in the Web of Science database, a questionnaire which was initially administered through the web (web survey) and later through the distribution of hard copies and face-to-face interviews. The study established that most respondents indicated that the utilisation of social science research findings was minimal and that the major barrier in Zambia is a lack of research funding from the Zambian government. The study also established that a lack of research funding was a major factor that hindered the visibility and accessibility of research outputs at local and international level. Although various scholars established local journals meant to enhance research publications among social science researchers at the University of Zambia, most researchers in the social sciences disseminate their research findings through local academic print journals, and this negatively affects the utilisation of research from the institution by policymakers. The findings further suggest that another factor that hinders research utilisation was that researchers focus on publishing their research findings, which is not a good measure of influencing policy as the majority of policymakers may either not have access to these findings or do not have time to read through long documents. The study has also shown that there is limited political will from the government to use research findings from researchers in their decision-making processes. Government ministries have employed a number of political cadres who do not acknowledge substantiated research, and are not knowledgeable about the types of interventions to curb a particular social problem. The results in this study also suggest that there is no or very little engagement between the researchers and the policymakers and that this makes it difficult to work together and find common ground to make research a driver of development. Furthermore, the findings also suggest that Zambia lacks national guidelines which could be used to drive research agendas that would bring equity between the funders and the researchers in terms of sharing roles and how research outcomes should be treated. Without research funding, research agendas continue to be driven by (international) funding agencies. In view of the above findings, the study recommends that the government needs to show a keen interest in funding research, especially at public universities funded by the government. The study further recommends that the link between researchers and policymakers should be strengthened where it exists, so that the researchers and the policymakers can acknowledge the importance of research in national development and the gaps that exist in underplaying the utilisation of research findings. Lastly, the study recommends that researchers should conduct meaningful research that has potential policy impact and make deliberate efforts to send policy briefs to policymakers through the ministries, and encourage them to use them for the betterment of the country. ii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Opsomming Die doel van die studie was om die grade van navorsingsbenutting en impak in Zambië na te vors en inligting in te samel oor die vlakke van navorsingsbefondsing, oogmerke met en tipes navorsing, die disseminasie-strategieë van navorsers, die mate van samewerking met belanghebbendes en die uitdagings wat navorsers teëkom wat die optimale benutting van sosiaalwetenskaplike navorsing in Zambië beperk of optimiseer. Die studie het vasgestel dat die benutting van sosiaalwetenskaplike navorsingsbevindinge minimaal is en dat die belangrikste rede hiervoor die gebrek aan navorsingsbefondsing van die Zambiese regering is. Die studie het eweneens vasgestel dat die gebrek aan navorsingsbefondsing ook ‘n belanrgike struikelblok is om die sigbaarheid en toeganklikheid to navorsings publikasies beide plaaslik en oorsee te verhoog. Alhoewel verskeie akademici oor die jare gepoog het om meer plaaslike vaktydskrifte tot stand te bring, het baie van hierdie pogings uiteindelik misluk weens ‘n gebrek aan die nodige fondse. Dit is een van die redes wat ‘n negatiewe impak op die benutting – deur die regering - van navorsingsresultate gehad het. Die feit dat die meeste respondente aangedui het dat hul oogmerk is om die bevindinge van hul navorsing in joernale te publiseer, eerder as om te fokus op die moontlike waarde, gebruik en impak daarvan, is ‘n verdere rede vir die lae graad van navorsingsimpak op beleid. Die studie het ook gevind dat daar weinig politieke belangstelling is om navorsingsbevindinge in besluitnemingsprosesse te gebruik. Dit word onder meer toegeskryf aan die feit dat die meeste persone in regering (party)politieke aanstellings is en nie kundig is oor die soort intervensies wat nodig is om sosiale probleme aan te pak nie. Verder het die studie gewys dat daar weining interaksie tussen navorsers en besluitnemers is wat dit moeilik maak om gemeenskaplike gronde te vind as navorsing as ‘n ‘drywer’ van ontwikkeling geag moet word. Die feit dat daar geen nasionale riglyne is om navorsingsagendas te dryf nie beteken basies dat die navorsingsagendas van navorsers merendeels deur (internasionele) befondsingsorganisasies gedryf word. Die studie beveel daarom aan dat die regering die befondsing van navorsing – veral by die universiteite – drasties moet verhoog. Verder word ook aanbeveel dat die verhoudinge tussen navorsers en besluitnemers versterk moet word sodat beide groepe die noodsaaklike rol van navorsing in nasionale agenda’s sal aanvaar en onderskryf. En ten slotte, word aanbeveel dat meer sosiaalwetenskaplike navorsers daarna moet streef om betekenisvolle studies te onderneem wat wel die potensiall het om ‘n impak op nasionale beleid te kan maak. iii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Acknowledgements • First and foremost, praises and many thanks be to the Almighty God for His showers of blessings upon my life throughout my research work and for enabling me complete this PhD successfully. Almighty God I am very grateful for uplifting me from to this level of scholarship • I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my supervisor Professor Johann Mouton for his invaluable guidance throughout this research. It was a great privilege and honour to work under his supervision and study under his guidance. • I am grateful to DFID-DRUSSA for sponsoring my PhD studies and to the University of Zambia for the financial support, they rendered me during my PhD studies. • My special thanks also go to Professor Imasiku A. Nyambe former Director of Research and Graduate Studies for believing in me and for encouraging me to take up the DFID-DRUSSA scholarship and pursue this PhD programme. • Many thanks go to Dr Akakandelwa Akakandelwa for providing valuable insights that made my bibliometrics and Statistics findings more meaningful. • I thank my family for the encouragement and support. • Many thanks to Ms Marthie van Niekerk, Ms Bernia Drake and Ms Rolene Langford of CREST, for all the administrative support. • To all the respondents who participated in this study, I say I am very grateful. This study would not have been possible without your valuable time and information that you provided me with. iv Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration ................................................................................................................................... i Abstract .................................................................................................................................. ii Opsomming ................................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ iv CHAPTER
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