Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia Review Expenditure Public Education EDUCATION GLOBAL PRACTICE Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia Education Public Expenditure Review in Zambia December 2015 © 2016 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 19 18 17 16 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. 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Contents Foreword .............................................................................vii Acknowledgments ..................................................................... ix Abbreviations ......................................................................... xi Executive Summary . .1 Overview ...........................................................................1 General Education ...................................................................2 TEVET .............................................................................5 Higher Education ....................................................................6 Notes. 7 1 Context of Educational Development in Zambia . .9 Country Context for Educational Development ..........................................9 Overview of Education Sector Planning and Administration ..............................10 Overview of the Education System and Recent Subsector Issues ............................13 External Efficiencies and Labor Market Outcomes .......................................24 Previous Education PERs. 30 Notes .............................................................................33 2 Overall Trend of Education Financing in Zambia . .35 Overall Public Expenditure on Education ...............................................35 Allocation of Public Expenditure on Education ..........................................36 Expenditure per Student .............................................................42 Equity of Public Expenditure on Education and Household Expenditure ....................42 Key Findings .......................................................................45 Notes. .45 3 Expenditure on General Education (Grades 1–12) . 47 General Education Expenditure Structure and Budget Execution. .47 Cost of Free Primary and Secondary Education ..........................................52 Access in Secondary Education and Infrastructure Development ...........................55 School Inputs and Learning Outcomes .................................................58 Key Findings .......................................................................62 Notes. .63 4 Expenditure on Technical Education, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training (TEVET) . .65 Government Expenditure on TEVET ..................................................65 Revenue and Expenditure at Institutional Level ..........................................70 Expenditure and Cost per Student .....................................................73 Key Findings .......................................................................75 Notes. .75 Contents iii 5 Expenditure on Higher Education . .77 Government’s Expenditure on Higher Education ........................................77 Analysis of Revenue and Expenditure at University Level .................................79 Bursary Scheme. 83 Key Findings .......................................................................87 Notes. .87 6 Discussions and Conclusions . .89 General Education ..................................................................89 TEVET ............................................................................91 Higher Education ...................................................................93 Overall Conclusions and Policy Implications ............................................95 Note. 98 Appendix A TEVET National Qualification Framework . .99 Appendix B Registered Private Universities in 2014 . 101 References . 103 Boxes 1.1 Zambia’s Progress on MDGs ..........................................................15 1.2 Calculation of GER and NER Using ESB, LCMS, and ZDHS ..............................17 1.3 TEVET Policy Reform 1996 ..........................................................20 1.4 Major Findings and Recommendations of PERs in 2001 and 2006 .........................31 4.1 Brief History of TEVET Fund ........................................................69 6.1 TVET Financing Models .............................................................93 Figures 1.1 Number of Basic (Grades 1–9) and Secondary (Grades 8–12) Schools and Enrollment .......15 1.2 MDG Universal Primary Education in Zambia .........................................16 1.3 Gender Parity at Primary and Secondary, 2010 and 2015 ................................18 1.4 National Qualification Framework Levels .............................................19 1.5 Share of the Registered Institutions, by Ownership, 2008–13 .............................21 1.6 Share of Intake at Public/Government TEVET Institutions, by NQF Level, 2013 ............22 1.7 Number of Students, by School at CBU and UNZA, circa 2014 ...........................24 1.8 Number of Workers and the Proportion of Workers, by Education Level, 2005–12 ..........24 1.9 Labor Force Participation Rate and Unemployment Rate, by Age Groups, 2005–12 ..........25 1.10 Number of Workers and Share of Formal Sector Employment, by Gender ..................26 1.11 Unemployment, by Worker’s Level of Education, 2005–12 ...............................27 1.12 Proportion of Workers, by Occupation for Each Educational Level ........................27 1.13 Rate of Returns to Education Among Wage-Employed Workers, by Gender ................28 1.14 Rate of Returns to Education, by Type of Employment ..................................29 1.15 Proportion of Workers Having Received Skill Training, by Educational Level ...............29 1.16 Number of Trained People, by Trade of Training, and Share, by Employment Status ...........30 2.1 Trend of Public Education Expenditure, 2006–15 .......................................36 iv Contents 2.2 Comparison of Government Expenditure on Education as Percentage of GDP within African Countries and Emerging Economies ....................................37 2.3 Primary Teacher Salary as a Ratio to GDP per Capita Compared across African Countries ......................................................41 2.4 Average Annual Household Expenditure on Education per Child, by Educational Level, 2010 ......................................................