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El Colegio De La Frontera Sur EL COLEGIO DE LA FRONTERA SUR Diversidad de chinches (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) en bosques secundarios de Pino-Encino en Chiapas, México TESIS presentada como requisito parcial para optar al grado de Maestría en Ciencias en Recursos Naturales y Desarrollo Rural Por León Felipe De La Mora Estrada 2015 "El crecimiento en la conciencia no depende de la voluntad del intelecto, o de sus posibilidades, sino en la intensidad del impulso interno". - Proverbio de un templo egipcio Libro egipcio de los muertos . Dedico esta tesis a mis padres Carlos Manuel De La Mora Zerpa y María de las Mercedes Estrada Gómez y a mis Hermanos Odín y Mercedes, por su cariño, apoyo incondicional, sus consejos e inspiración para lograr todo aquello que me propongo. Por enseñarme que no importa la forma en la que se viva, el éxito y la felicidad no se obtienen por los logros académicos, por el trabajo o por el reconocimiento de otros, estos se obtienen por decisiones que a lo largo de nuestra vida nos indican un camino individual, que finalmente nos incita a seguir y regresar al núcleo para sentirnos aliviados. A mi sobrina Morgana, por despertar en mí un sentimiento de ternura, inocencia, sorpresa, aprecio por las cosas sencillas y por todo lo que falta por aprender. A la memoria de mi abuela Mercedes, por inculcar en mí valores y educación únicos, por estar siempre presente en mis recuerdos. "Pero yo no quiero estar entre la gente loca", comentó Alice. "Oh no puedes evitar eso", dijo el Gato: "Aquí todos estamos locos, yo estoy loco, tú estás loca". "¿Cómo sabes que estoy loca? " dijo Alice. "Debes estarlo", dijo el Gato, "O no habrías venido aquí". - Lewis Carroll Las aventuras de Alicia en el País de las Maravillas . Agradecimientos Agradezco a mi tutora Dra. Lorena Ruíz Montoya, por confiar desde un inició en mí como estudiante y aceptar el reto de formarme y llevar a cabo esta propuesta de investigación, por la paciencia y apoyo a lo largo de este proceso y a A CONACYT por la beca otorgada con convenio (296160 / 288302). A mis asesores: Dr. Alejandro Morón Ríos, Dr. Neptalí Ramírez Marcial, y M en C. María Cristina Mayorga Martínez, primero por el gusto de conocerlos, la confianza y las pláticas con cada uno, por todos los aportes académicos tanto para esta investigación como en las aulas de clase, por los consejos y el apoyo durante esta etapa. Al Dr. Thomas J. Henrry, por su amabilidad, hospitalidad y apoyo durante la estancia en el Museo de Historia Natural Smithsoniano y por brindarme las herramientas necesarias para llevar a cabo los objetivos de la visita. A mis sinodales: Dra. Paula Lidia Enríquez Rocha, M en C. Benigno Gómez y Gómez y Dr. Eduardo Jorge Naranjo Piñera, en primer lugar por ser mis profesores de curso, compartir su conocimiento y experiencias de campo, para llevar a cabo esta investigación y también por aceptar ser revisores de este trabajo. Al Biol. Trinidad Alejandro Guillén Díaz y al Sr. Alfonso Luna Gómez por apoyarme con todo el trabajo en campo. Al Dr. Harry Urad Brailovsky Alperowitz, M en C Guillermina Ortega León, y al Dr. Luis Cervantes Peredo †, que me apoyaron a lo largo del proceso de determinación de chinches. A todos los profesores que me aportaron nuevos conocimientos, me desenredaron telarañas y me tuvieron paciencia. Gracias a mis amigas Mariana, Melina, Ana y Rubén por tenerme paciencia, por aguantar mis comentarios ácidos y por todo el tiempo que han compartido, por querer compartir más allá del tiempo en clases, por compartir experiencias de viaje, su espacio y cariño. Gracias a Kena por brindarme su amistad y confianza en los buenos y malos momentos y por ser una muy buena amiga. Agradezco inmensamente a Daniela, Lulú, Guada, Pavel, Wences, Eli, Vanessa, Ashanti, Tlaloc, Isabel, Tulio, Chinos, Laila y Lissy por compartir sus experiencias, tiempo, amistad, por los momentos de diversión, estrés y por qué la amistad perdure. Índice Capitulo I. Introducción ....................................................................................................................... 1 Capitulo II. Antecedentes .................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Problema de investigación ........................................................................................................ 4 2.2 Justificación ............................................................................................................................... 4 2.3 Objetivo general ........................................................................................................................ 5 2.4 Objetivos particulares ............................................................................................................... 5 2.5 Hipótesis .................................................................................................................................... 5 Capitulo III. Analisis espacial de Hemípteros en San Cristóbal de las Casas. ...................................... 6 Artículo: Diversidad de chinches (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) en bosques secundarios de Pino- Encino en Chiapas, México. ............................................................................................................. 6 Introducción ...................................................................................................................................... 10 Materiales y método ......................................................................................................................... 13 Área de estudio. ............................................................................................................................ 13 Diseño de muestreo. ..................................................................................................................... 15 Disturbio. ....................................................................................................................................... 16 Riqueza de plantas y cobertura arbórea. ...................................................................................... 17 Análisis de la diversidad local. ....................................................................................................... 17 ŶĄůŝƐŝƐĚĞůĂĚŝǀĞƌƐŝĚĂĚɴ͘ ............................................................................................................ 18 Distribución de tamaños corporales y grupos tróficos. ................................................................ 19 Resultados ......................................................................................................................................... 20 Descripción ambiental de los sitios. .............................................................................................. 20 Diversidad local de heterópteros. ................................................................................................. 21 Ajuste de la diversidad por “Rarefacción”. ................................................................................... 23 ŝǀĞƌƐŝĚĂĚɴ͗^ĞŵĞũĂŶnjĂ͘ .............................................................................................................. 23 ŝǀĞƌƐŝĚĂĚɴ͗ŝƐŝŵŝůŝƚƵĚ͘ .............................................................................................................. 24 Diversidad de tamaños corporales. ............................................................................................... 26 Diversidad de grupos tróficos. ...................................................................................................... 27 Discusión ........................................................................................................................................... 28 Diversidad D, E. ............................................................................................................................. 28 Gremios tróficos. ........................................................................................................................... 32 Diversidad de tamaños. ................................................................................................................. 34 Agradecimientos ............................................................................................................................... 36 Literatura citada ................................................................................................................................ 36 Cuadros ............................................................................................................................................. 51 Pies de figura ..................................................................................................................................... 54 Figuras ............................................................................................................................................... 56 Anexos del artículo ............................................................................................................................ 59 Anexo 1. Especies de heterópteros colectados en los tres sitios de San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas. ......................................................................................................................................... 59 Capitulo IV. Análisis temporal de Hemípteros en San Cristóbal de las Casas ................................... 64 4.1 Introducción ...............................................................................................................................
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