The Conopid Flies of California (Diptera)

Home , Conopidae, Conopinae, Conops (subgenus), Dalmannia, Myopa, Myopinae

Pbysocephala bwgessi (Williston). Courtesy E. S. Ross. 4

BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

VOLUME 6, NO. 2

THE CONOPID FLIES OF CALIFORNIA (DIPTERA)

SIDNEY CAMRAS (Chicago, Illinois) and PAUL D. HURD, JR. (Department of Entomology and Parasitology, University of California, Berkeley)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEYANDLOSANGELES 1957 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY Editors: E. G. Linsley, S. B. Freeborn, P. D. Hurd, R. L. Ushger Volume 6, No. 2, pp. 19-50, 4 figures in text, 25 maps, frontis. Submitted by Editors, October 26, 1956 Issued Sept. 3, 1957 Price, 75 cents &

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES CALIFORNIA

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND

PRINTED BY OFFSET IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA THE CONOPID FLIES OF CALIFORNIA (Diptera)

BY Sidney Camras and Paul D. Hurd, Jr. INTRODUCTION

The conopid flies are characterized by the closed Zo~logy,Harvard College (M.C.Z.); California In- or narrowed first posterior cell of the wing (fig. 2) sect Survey, Department of Entomology and Para- and in all the Nearctic forms by the elongated sitology, University of California (C.I.S.); Mont A. proboscis. These flies, especially the members of Cazier, American Museum of Natural History the subfamily Conopinae which have the base of (A.M.N.H.); H. Dietrich, Department of Entomolcgy, the abdomen narrowed and somewhat thread-waisted, Cornell University (C.U.); H. J. Dybas, Chicago superficially resemble some of the wasps and cer- Museum of Natural History, (C.M.N.H.); G. F. fain asilids, bombyliids, syrphids, and tachinids. Knowlton, Utah State Agricultural College They ate found frequently around flowers. (U.S.A.C.); A. T. McClay, Department of Entomology To date, thirty-nine species of sk genera are and Parasitology, University of California, Davis definitely known from California. Nine others have (U.C.D.); J. A. G. Rehn, Academy of Natural been included in the present report because it Sciences of Philadelphia (A.N.S.P.); E. S. Ross, seems likely that they will be eventually found to California Academy of Sciences (C.A.S.); Curtis occur here. One other species has been included, Sabrosky, U.S. National Museum (U.S.N.M.); and but the record of its occurrence in California is P. H. Timberlake, Citrus Experiment Station, Uni- open to question. versity of California, Riverside (U.C.R.). Much In matters of identification, the great variability additional material is in the private collection of of many of the species and the frequent occurrence Sidney Cams (S.C.). of atypical and intermediate specimens must be considered. Therefore, the keys cannot cover all the aberrant individuals. The latest .work covering BIOLOGY the North American Conopidae is that of Parsons (1948) and should be consulted for a more complete The conopid flies are all solitary, internal para- synonymical bibliography. sites of Hymenoptera (especially wasps and bees), Gber (1919) has provided a very convenient Orthoptera (one reared from the genus Oedipoda), summary of the knowledge pertaining to the family and Isoptera (a single record of a larva described from a world viewpoint. by Silvesai, 1926, from the head of the Philippine The present study includes all of the species Tennes gilvus Hagen). known from Alberta, Arizona, British Columbia, Braucr (1883) and Meijere (1903, 1912) are fun- California, Idaho, Lower California, Montana, damental to any ethological study of the family. Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. Their investigations not only embody a synthesis Mrs. Celeste Green, Scientific Illustrator, De- of the literature pertaining to the immature stages partment of Entomology and Parasitology, Uni- and biology, but more importantly contain much versity of California, Berkeley, has prepared the original information. Townsend (1935) has sum- illustrations which accompany this study. marized the high lights of the conopid ethological The material which has formed the bsis of this studies since that time and has provided certain paper and which we have been privileged to study dam on the immature stages of Physocepbala was made available by the institutions listed be- sugitla+ia (Say). low. To the individuals in charge of these collec The most informative biological study made on tions as well as those acknowledged elsewhere in an American conopid, Physocephala affinis (= the present paper we would like to express our texunu), is that by Bohart and MacSwain (1939). gratitude: Drs. G. E. Bohart, U.S. Legume Seed Although this investigation was conducted as an Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agricul- adjunct to an ethological study of its host, Epi- ture, Logan, Utah (G.E.B.); W. L. Brown, Jr., and bembex occidentalis. the data obtained and pre- P. J. Darlington, Jr., Mweum of Comparative sented more fully by Bohart (1941~)were s&

I: 191 20 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY ficiently informative to demonstrate the usefulness complished by the female pouncing upon the host of biological criteria in the interpretation of the during flight and inserting the ovipositor briefly species problem in this genus. A more detailed between the abdominal segments. Prolonged con- consideration of these works is presented in the tact has been observed, but more often the en- discussion of the genus Physocephala. There have counter between the ovipositing fly and its host been a few additional biological studies dealing is of short duration. There seems to be no evident with the American conopids, but since most of effect upon the host following oviposition or during these are concerned with host relationships, they the subsequent development of at least the early are considered or cited elsewhere in the present larval instars of the parasite. Apparently other study. wise normal bees containing third instar conopid

Fig. 1. Puparium of Physocephala texana (Williston) within abdominal cavity of its dead host, Epibembix occidentalis beutenmuelleri (FOX). Courtesy E. S. ROSS.

There is reason to believe that a certain degree larvae are observed visiting flowers in the search of developmental host specificity is manifest by. for nectar and pollen. The feeding activities of the at least some species of conopids. This is par parasitic larva are restricted to the abdominal ticularly evident in the paper of MacSwain and cavity since there has been no indication in any Bohart (1947) where these authors found Myopa of the studies that the larva attempts to gain ac- mbida ovipositing in three species of Andrena, but cess to the thorax. apparently unsuccessfully on at least one of the Shortly before pupation the host dies, and the con- species. opid completes its development within the ab Oviposition in the majority of our species is ac- domina1 cavity. Emergence of the adult fly from the CONOPID FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 21 abdomen of the dead host seems always to occur 7(3). Tibiae unarmed at apices (Dalmanninae). . between the segments and may be either dorsal or ...... Datmannia (p. 45) ventral. Tibiae with apical spur (Stylogasterinae) . There is but one generation produced a year in ...... Stylogaster(p. 47) all the species studied thus far; however, there is reason to believe that some of the species may be multivoltine as are their hosts. Genus Pbysoconops Szilady Much additional information is needed before it The majority of the New World species included in will be possible to provide biological criteria for the definition of our species and genera. this genus were described in the genus Conops. The distributional maps accompanying this study Our species are very similar in their wasplike show the known localities of occurrence in Cali- habitus to the genus Physocephala. fornia (indicated by various forms of circles) for The New World Physoconops have recently been each species, and the geographic range (various reviewed by Camras (1955). In that study the genus overlays) of the species in the smaller inset maps. has been divided into six subgenera, three of Where there is not sufficient distributional in- which are represented in California and may be separated by means of the following key. formation on a California species to warrant interpretation by a map, the California records are cited in full. The following key includes in addition to those Key to the California Subgenera of genera known from California, the genera Robett- P by so conop s sonomyia and Stylogaster, both of which probably occur in the state. 1. Third antennal segment more than two- thirds as long as second; front shorter than wide ...... 2 Third antennal segment less than two- to the Subfamilies and of Key Genera thirds as long as second; front generally California Conopidae longer than wide .....Physoconops Antennae with terminal style (Conopinae) 2 2. Vertex small, much shorter than front ... Antennae with dorsal arista ...... 3 ...... Pachyconops Vertex large, as long as front Gymconops Anterior cross vein (rm) near middle of discal cell (1st M,) (fig. 2c); hind femur The subgenus Gymconops includes three species uniformly thickened...... of which only one, Physoconops sylvosus (Willis ...... PhysoconoPs (Po 21) ton) the type of the subgenus, is known from Cali- Anterior cross vein (rm) well beyond mid- fornia. This subgenus may be recognized by the dle of discal cell (1st MJ (fig. 2b); hind large vertical swelling which extends halfway femur irregularly thickened at base ... from the occiput to the base of the antennae...... Physocephala(p. 25) The subgenus Pachyconops is represented in California by two species, Pbysoconops gracilis Anal cell (Cu) much longer than second (Williston) and P. townsendi Camras. Pacbyconops basal (M) (Myopinae) (fig. 2a) ....4 is similar to the nominate subgenus, but differs in Anal cell (Cu) about equal to second basal having the front shorter than wide, and in having (M). 7 ...... the third antennal segment about equal to the Proboscis not geniculate at middle ...5 second. This subgenus to which twenty-five species Proboscis geniculate at middle. ....6 have been assigned appears to contain several diverse groups, but their recognition as subgenera First posterior cell (Rs 1 open or with short at this time seems unwise. petiole 2); femora without thorns (fig. on The nominate subgenus which includes seven- apical half ventrally Zodion (p. 29) . . teen species, only one of which, Pbysoconops First posterior cell usually with long (Rs) fnmfo (Williston), is definitely known to occur in petiole; femora with thorns apical half on California, may be represented in California by ventrally Robertsonomyia(p.35) ... three species. The type of the subgenus, Pbyso- Cheeks as wide as eye height ...... conops obscuripennis (Williston), and P. discalis ...... Myopa(p.35) (Williston) are not now known from California, but Cheeks narrower than eye height ..... it is anticipated that future collecting will demon- ...... Occemyia(p. 43) strate their presence here. The subgenus Physo- 22 BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY

A Zodion obliq uefoscioturn

Physocephola texona

i I

Physoconops f ronto Fig. 2. Wing venation of A, Zodion obliquefasciaturn Macquart; B, Pbysocephala texana (Williston); and C, Physoconops fronto (Williston). CONOPID FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 23 conops is easily recognized by the narrow front, Pbysoconops (Pacbyconops) townsendi Camras the short third antennal segment, and the relatively prominent triangular mark on the posterior Conops auratus Townsend, 1901, Trans. Amer. Ent. margin of the eye. SOC., 27:161-163. Four cotypes 3, 9, LaCueva, The California species of the genus Physoconops 5,300 ft., Organ Mts.. New Mexico. One cotype separated by means of the following key. in British Museum (location of others unknown). (Preoccupied by Conops autata Walker, 1871.) Physoconops (Pachyconops) townsendi Camras, to Key the California Species of 1955, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 105 (3355):170-171. Physoconops Geographic range: Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas. Front yellow...... 2 California records: Front black ...... 4 Imperial Co.: Bard, VI-15-20 (H. R. Reed, First posterior cell (Rs) entirely hyaline. . U.S.N.M.)...... /tonto (p. 25) Riverside Co.: Blythe, VI-19-47 (J. W. MacSwain, First posterior cell (Rs) partly patterned. . C.I.S., Camras Coll.). Hemet, VI-18-45, flowers al- ...... 3 falfa (C.I.S.). Discussion: Cheeks reddish, face yellow...... In addition to the key characters of this pre- townsendi (p. 23) ...... dominantly reddish species, there is a distinct Cheeks yellow, same as face ...... golden pollinose postvertical stripe connecting the ...... gracilis (p. 23) pollinose postorbital stripes. The female genital Dark wing pattern with transverse hyaline plate is very large, and the second and third antennal stripe...... SYZVOSUS (p 23) segments are subequal. Dark wing pattern uninterrupted ....5 There has been some confusion about the name of this species since GGber misapplied the name Wing pattern sharply limited by third vein . auratus, using it for connectens, and using the discalis (p- 25) ...... name gracilis for this species. However, Camras Wing pattern diffuse, extending beyond third (1955:171) has remarked that recognition of con- vein obscuripennis 25) ...... (p nectens and the distinction of townsendi (= nuratus) from m/us should clear up the confusion of names. Physoconops (Pachyconops) gracilis (Williston)

Conops gracilis Williston, 1885, Trans. Conn. Physoconops (GymcolPops) sylvosrrs (Williston) Acad. Arts and Science, 6:377. Type 8, Arizona (Snow Entomological Collections, Lawrence, Conops sylvosus Williston, 1882, Trans. Conn. Kansas). Acad. Arts and Si., 4323-330. Three cotypes Geographic range: Arizona, California, Colombia, 8, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New England Colorado, Lower California, Mexico, and New (Snow Entomological Collections, Lawrence, Mexico. Kansas). California records: Synonym: Conops arizonicus Banks, 1916. Imperial Co.: Experimental Farm, V-31-12, Georgraphic range: Massachusetts to Florida, west VI-6-12 (J. C. Bridwell, U.S.N.M.). to Arizona, California, Colorado, Lower Cali- Riverside Co.: Blythe, VIII-3-46, flowers Taman'x fornia, Mexico, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, gallica (p. D. Hnrd, Jr., C.1.S.k VII-20-47, same and Texas. flower (J. W. MacSwain, C.I.S.). California records: Discussion: Los Angeles Co.: Castaic Jet., IX-11-50, flowers In addition to the key characters of this pre Lepidospartum (P. H. Timberlake, U.C.R.); Mohave dominantly reddish species, the second and third Desert, Highway 138, 3,600 ft., VI-28-27, (p. H. antennal segments are subequal, the genital plate Timberlake, U.C.R.). of the female is short, and there is no distinct Mono Co.: Rock Creek near Toms Place, VIII- postvertical pollinose stripe. The front is some 20-56 (C. D. MacNeill, C.I.S.). times darkened in the center, and the facial grooves San Bernardino Co.: Mountain Home, San Bernar sometimes have dark marks at the oral keel, thus dino Mountains, IX-12-53, (J. C. Hall, U.C.D.); showing variation toward the eastern P. brachy- Redlands, X-1913 (F. R. Cole, U.S.N.M.). rhynchus which it replaces in the western United San Diego Co.: Warner Springs, 9 mi. S., VII-4-56 States. (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.). 9 L s c a

is 9 X II * a a a CDNOPID FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 25

Discussion: Discussion: This predominantly blackish species is immedi- This predominahtly blackish species has not ately distinguishable by the interrupted wing par been found in California, but may occur in the tern. The second and third antennal segments are southeastern part of the state. The synonymy is subequal, and the female genital plate is moder based on a series of specimens from Mexico show- ately long. The vertex of this species is produced ing complete intergradation between the yellow- anteriorly at the expense of the front, and con- cheeked form semi fuscus and the black-cheeked sequently is nearly as long as that structure. It is form discalis (Camras, 1955:181). Some individuals the only California species of the subgenus from Mexico (formosus) have the face entirely Gyroconop s. black except for the facial grooves.

Physoconops (Physoconops) frorrto (Williston) Physoconops (Physoconops) obscrcripennis (Williston) Conops fronto Williston, 1885, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sci., 6:378-379. Three cotypes d', 9, Conops obscuripennis Williston, 1882, Trans. Corn western Kansas (Snow Entomological Collec- Acad. Arts and Sci., 4:328-329. Five cotypes 2, tions, Lawrence, Kansas). Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, Massachusetts Synonyms: Conops stn'atiftons KrGber, 1915; C. (Snow Entomological Collections, Lawrence, pulchellus Krzber, 1915: C. argentifacies Van Kansas). Duzee, 1927; C. fraterculus Van Duzee, 1927; C. Synonym: Conops foxi Van Duzee, 1927. rubicundulus Van Duzee, 1927. Geographic range: Massachusetts to Florida, west Geographic range: Massachusetts to Florida, west to Alberta, British Columbia, Colorado, Texas, to California (see map l), Washington, and and Washington. Mexico. Discussion: Discussion: This species has not been found in California as In addition to the key characters, this pre- yet, but should occur at least in the northeastern dominantly reddish species has the third antennal part of the state. The western form (foxi) differs segment much shorter than the second. The tri- from the eastern in that the posterior margin of the angular smooth area on the posterior margin of the wing is nearly hyaline, and there is a difference in eye was first discovered in this species, but it the shade of the wing pattern behind the third also occurs in other members of this genus and in vein. This suggests variation toward discalis, and Physocephala. intermediates will probably be found in the region Camras (1955:177) has found that this species between the range of obscuripennis and discalis. shows considerable geographic variation, and western specimens have the front averaging nar rower and usually entirely bright yellow; eastern Genus Pbysocepbala Schiner specimens frequently have an indistinct dark mid- line on the front, and the hyaline areas of the wing Superficially the species of Physocephala re- may be so brownish as to resemble superficially semble those of the genus Physoconops. but may P. obscuripennis. be readily separated from that genus by the posi- Bohart and MacSwain (1940:91) have recorded tion of the anterior cross vein (rm) in relation to this species as a parasite of Megachile pen'hirta the discal cell (1st Ma) (fig. 2). An additional Cockerell. character of value is the irregularly thickened base of the hind femur present in the species of Physocephala In Physoconops the hind femur is Physoconops (Physoconops) discalis (Williston) uniformly thickened. Important biological studies, conducted at Conops discalis Williston, 1892, Biolog. Centr.- Antioch, California, on Physocephala texana Amer., Dipt. 3:79-80. Cotypes (no.?). 3, $!, (Williston) by Bohart and MacSwain (1939: 84-97) Guerrero , Ta basco, Mesic o (A .M .N .H .) and Bohart (1941:141-144), have provided bio- Synonyms: Conops formosus Krzber, 1915; Conops logical criteria for the interpretation of color and brachyrhynchus var. semifuscus Banks, 1916. morphological variation within a single species. Geographic range: Argentina, Arizona, Bolivia, The extent of variation as expressed in a series of Brazil, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, New more than one hundred specimens (Bohart, 1941) Mexico, Paraguay, Texas, and Utah. bred from a single colony of the bembicid sand M.111 llll.ku MU7 IrSr& !I, II, ?I ,I 111 11. I,, ' tl, tn I*, m 111 sm I,. ID 111 xu ,I,

Map 3. Distribution of Physocephala burgessi Map 4. Distribution of Zodion fulvifrons Say. (Williston). CONOPID FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 27

Fig, 3. Physocephala texana (Williston). wasp, Epibembex occidentalis beutenmuelleri (Fox), Key to the California Species of was sufficient -0 demonstrate that the characters Pbysocepbala which had been used to establish several species and subspecies by Van Duzee (1927,1934) were 1. Facial grooves dark. . . marginata (p- 29) evident in this single population rearing. Facial grooves yellow...... 2 Plath (1934:60) has recorded an eastern United 2(1). Cheeks black . . . . . furcillata (p. 29) States species, Physocephala tibialis (Say), as Cheeks reddish, yellowish, or both . . . 3 parasitizing chiefly the workers of Bombus bimacrr latus Cresson. Ryckman (1953:144-146) has re- 3(2). Dark cheek marking at most, paler in the ported rearing an unidentified California species center; anterior coxae black; dark mark of Physocephala from Bombus sonorus Say. Drs. on dorsum of thorax usually confined to a H. L. Hansen and Ray F. Smith have found bra- saipe in the center; antennal proportions chypterous teneral adults of Physocephala burgessi about 1: 4 :2% . . . . buzgessi (p. 29) (Williston) actively running about in the exhumed Dark cheek marking usually interrupted by nests of Bombus sonoms Say near Ozland, Glenn yellow, and may be entirely absent; County, California. anterior coxae usually yellow; dorsum of Townsend (1935) has presented a summary of the thorax usually predominantly black; Bombus hosts for the eastern United States antennal proportions about 1: 3 : 1% . . . Physocephala sagittaria (Say), together with a . , ...... texana (p. 27) description of the mature larva and puparium of Physocephala texana (Williston) that species. Keys were also prepared to separate the larvae of Physocephala from Zodion and Sicus. Conops texanus Williston, 1882, Trans. Conn. Acad. DIAfl 1111h 1 111 It, tm It. I" 111 I I' It, 111 m

Map 5. Distribution of Zodion intermedium Banks. Map 6. Distribution of Zodion cinereiventre Van Duzee. CONOPID FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 29

Arts and Sci., 4:338. Type 8, Waco, Texas (U.S. Acad. Arts and Sci., 4337-338. 16 cotypes d, National Museum). Colorado; Mendocino, California (Snow Entomo- Synonyms: Conops affinus Williston, 1882; C. logical Collections, Lawrence, Kansas; Museum ochreiceps Bigot, 1887; Physocepbala bumeralis of Comparative ZoGlogy, Cambridge, Massa- Van Duzee, 1927; P. bumeralis simulans Van chusetts; location of others unknown). Duzee, 1927; P. aurifacies Van Duzee, 1927; P. Synonym: Pbysocepbala brevimstris Van Duzee, bwcalis Van Duzee, 1927; 9. rubida Van Duzee, 1927. 1934. Geographic range: Alberta to Texas, west to Brit- Geographic range: Alberta, Arizona, British Co- ish Columbia and California (see map 3). lumbia, California (see map 2) Colorado, Georgia, Host: Bombus sonorzs Say (new record). Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Lower California, Mani- Discussion: toba, Mexico, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Most individuals are quite uniform and are Nevada, New Mexico, New York, Ontario, Oregon, readily distinguishable from texana. The majority Quebec, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, of the questionable specimens have yellow coxae Wisconsin, and Wyoming. and prove to be aberrant texuna. The shade of red- Hosts: Epibembex occidentalis beutenmuellen’( Fox), dish is darker in burgessi and distinguishes most Bohart and MacSwain, 1939:93; Bembix comata of the specimens at a glance. Parker, Bohart and Machain, 1940:16. Discussion: ~bysocepba~afwciUata (Williston) This species is extremely variable, and many names have been applied to the various forms. Oc- Conops furcillatus Williston, 1882, Trans. Conn. casional individuals have aberrant antennal pro- Acad. Arts & Sci., 4:336-337. Three cotypes d, portions, as do other Conopidae. 9, Jefferson, New Hampshire, ‘White Mts.” The color of the head varies from a very dark T Museum of Comparative ZoGlogy, Cambridge, on the front and entirely dark reddish cheeks, to Massachusetts (Snow Entomological Collections, complete absence of any dark pattern on the front Lawrence, Kans.). and face. In the eastern species of Pbysocepbala Synonyms: Pbysocephala sorocula Williston, 1892; on the other hand, the color of the face is rela- P. lucida Van Duzee, 1931. tively constant and often specific. Some individuals Geographic range: Alberta, California, Maine, Mani- have some darkening in the facial grooves and it toba, Massachusetts, Mexico, Michigan, Mi~e is sometimes difficult to decide whether they be- sota, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New York, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Quebec, long here or to marginata Specimens of texana that resemble burgessi practically always have reddish Vermont, and Wisconsin. anterior coxae. Discussion: Parsons (1948:232) included sorocula from Mexico in this species, and records it from Cali- Pbysocepbala marginata (Say) fornia (2 specimens, Colton, San Bernardino co. Conops marginata Say, 1823, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Eddy Collection, M.C.Z.). These have been ex- Phila., 3:82-83. Type, Missouri (lost). amined and are typical furcillata, but P. J. Darling- Synonyms: Physocephala dakotensis Van Duzee, ton, Curator of Insects at the Museum of Com- 1934; P. stylifer Van Duzee, 1934. parative Zo6logy, informs us that Eddy occasionally Geographic range: New Hampshire to Tennessee, mislabeled his specimens. Since this species has west to California and Washington. not been collected in the surrounding states, it California records: probably will not be found in California. Yo10 Co.: Putah Canyon, University of Cali- fornia campus, Davis, V-1950 (J. C. Hall, U.C.D.). Genus Zodion Laueille Host: Apis melliferu Linnaeus (Van Duzee, 1934:315). This genus may be readily recognized by the Discussion: characters presented in the key. The species in- This species is relatively uncommon in the West. cluded herein were recently revised by Camras The reddish form which was described as dabtensis (1943:187-191; 1944:121-128; 1945:31) with a key closely resembles texanu. Individuals in which the to the North American species presented in the black facial groove is not as distinct as usual may second paper. be difficult to distinguish from texana The majority of the species occur in the West and many of them in California. Two additional Physocepbala burgessi (Williston) species, Zodion albonotattun and Z. pictulum, of the described North American species of the genus Conops burgessi Williston, 1882, Trans. Conn. probably occur in California. 111 m $11 l)D 11. 1,. tu illD"L.7 DlSllLv

Map 8. Distribution of Zodion amen'canum Wiedemann. CONOPID FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 31

Key to the California Species of Zodion Synonyms: Zodion abdominale Say, 1823; Myopa mbri frons Robineau-Desvoidy 1830; Zodion Thorax with narrow dark stripes or unmarked flavipenne Bigot, 1887; Z. lativentre Graenicher, ...... 2 1910; Z. sayi Banks 1916; Z. obscurum Banks, Thorax with light stripes, or spotted, or 1916; Z. reclusum Banks, 1916. Z. bilineata Van abdomen with golden pollen or oblique Duzee, 1927, may also be a synonym. pattern...... 8 Geographic range: Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Washington, California (see map 4), and Mexico. Dark markings of thorax and abdomen very Host: Apis mellilera Linnaeus (Severin, 193 7:243). distinct from the bluish or greenish Discussion: pollinose ground color (rarely, dark mark- The species is extremely variable, but there is ings are absent) . . amen'canum (p 33) gradual and complete intergradation between the Dark pattern less distinct from ground color various forms. The dorsum of the thorax varies from ...... 3 bluish-gray pollinose .with the stripes limited to Antennae black; front frequently entirely two faintly visible sublateral lines, to brownish black; fourth vein usually ending before with all five lines very distinct. The abdomen attaining wing margin . nigriftons (p. 33) varies from entirely rufous to just a trace on the Antennae in part rufous; front with some sides of the second segment. yellow; fourth vein complete. ....4 Size 5% mm. or less; abdomen without red- Zodion intemediwn Banks dish coloration...... 5 Size more than 5% mm...... 6 Zodion intermedium Banks, 1916, Ann. Ent. SOC. Amer., 9:193-194. Type $, Pocono Lake, Pa. Theca short, first posterior cell (&) open . (MCZ)...... cinereiuentre (p 31) Synonyms: Zodion occidentale Banks, 1916; Z. Theca long, first posterior cell (Rs) usually basalis Van Duzee, 1927. closed ...... triste (p. 33) Geographic range: Prince Edward Island to Florida, Third abdominal segment of female as long west to Washington and California (see map 5). as second, distinctly longer than wide Discussion: (known definitely only in the female) . . The species differs from fuluifrons in the long ...... perlongm (p. 31) female genital plate and in the absence of reddish Third abdominal segment shorter than sec- on the abdomen. Most individuals have the thorax ond, not much longer than wide. ...7 brownish-gray pollinose with all five lines, but occasionally the thorax is bluish-gray pollinose Male abdomen without reddish; female and only two or three lines are present. Very oc- genital plate elongated ...... casionally the first posterior cell (R5) is closed...... intennedium (p. 31) Male abdomen with reddish; female genital plate short ...../ului/+ons (p. 31) Zoditm perlongrn Coquillett a Thorax with spots ...... pictulrmr Zodion perlongum Coquillett, 1902, Canad. Ent., Thorax with stripes...... 9 34:199. Cotypes Colorado, New Mexico, and Abdomen with golden pollen albonotatma Mexico (U.S.N.M.). Abdomen with grayish pollen...... 10 Geographic range: Maine to North Carolina, west to Wyoming and California, Mexico. Dark species without rufous ...... Discussion: ...... califmicum (p. 33) This species is known definitely only from the Light species with considerable rufous . . female. The males may be large examples of ...... oblique/tzsciatran (p. 33) fuluifrons with an elongate abdomen.

Zodion fuluifrons Say Zodion cinereiuentre Van Duzee Zodion fulvifmns Say, 1823, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 3:83-84. Cotypes, Maryland and Zodion cinereiuentris Van Duzee, 1927, Pmc. Pennsylvania (lost). Calif. Acad. Sci., 16585. Type 5: Huntington Lake, Fresno County, California (Calif. Acad. =Not known to occur in California, but anticipated. Sci.). o.*FI ,.lldrr 01.fl lllldvl L,. L,. 111 111 111 I,, 111. !I, I21 111 m ,I, ,I1 It r ,I. ,n 121 111 111 ,ra

Map 9. Distribution of Zodion oblique fasciatum Map 10. Distribution of Myopa curticomis KrGber. Macquart. CONOPID FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 33

Geographic range: Illinois and Michigan, west to Williston, 1885. Zodion occidensis talker, 1849, California (see map 6) and Oregon. is possibly a synonym. Discussion: Geographic range: Nova Scotia to Florida, west to The first posterior cell (It) of this species is Washington and California (see map 81, West normally open, but some individuals may have it Indies and Mexico to Uruguay. closed. Such specimens may be referred here but Discussion: only if they are females with a short genital plate. The first posterior cell (Rs) is practically always open, but exceptions have been found. Some individuals in rare cases may lack the dark ab- Zodion triste Bigot dominal markings completely. The type of albifacies has been examined and found to be indis- Zodion triste Bigot, 1887, Ann. SOC. Ent. Fr., tinguishable from Zodion americanum 7:203-204. Type a, California (J. E. Collin Col- lection, Newmarket, England) Geographic range: California and Idaho. Zodion obliquefasciaturn (Macquart) California records: Plumas Co.: Graeagle, $ VI-12-49 (E. I. Schlinger, MyQpa obliquefasciaturn Mac uart, 1845, Dipt. U.C.D.). Exot., Suppl I, p. 141. Type 2, Galveston, Texas San Diego Co.: San Diego, 3, IV-5-91 (F. E. (Mus. Hist. Nat., Lille, France). Blaisdell, A.N.S.P.); 3, $, 111-11-77 (A.M.N.H.). Synonyms: Zodion splendens Jaennicke, 1867; Z. Yolo Co.: Davis, V-12-49 (R. M. Bohart, S.C.C.). leucostoma Williston, 1885. Discussion: Geographic range: Wisconsin to Louisiana, west Zodion triste is regarded as a valid species, al- to Alberta, Washington, California (see map 9), though an examination of the type may show that it and Mexico. is the species now called cinereiventre (Camras, Discussion: 1944: 124). In the pollinose phase, individuals may resemble This species has the long thin female genital fulvifrons very closely as the thorax may have only plate of intermedium, and usually a closed first the two dark sublateral lines. Three color phases posterior cell (Rs); it is otherwise indistinguish- (melanistic, pollinose, and rufous) are evident in able from cinereiventre. this species. For details concerning this variation and its relation to geography, reference should be made to the work of Camras (1743:190). Zodion nigrifrons KGber

Zodion niprilrons-. Krsber, 1915. Arch. Nat. (1915) Zodion califmicum Camras div. A, vol. 7:77. The .v,' California (Bezzi Coll., Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat., Milan). Zodion califomicum Camras, 1954, Pan-Pac, Ent., Synonym: Zodion hirtipes Van Duee, 1927. 30: 165-166. Type $, Ripley, Riverside County, Geographic range: California (see map 7) and California (Calif. Acad. Sci.). Oregon. Geographic range: California. Host: Panurginus rnelanocephalus Cockerel (Mac- California records: Swain and Bohart, 1947:30). Riverside Co.: Blythe, VI-22-46, sweeping al- Discussion: falfa (W. F. Barr, C.I.S.); Ripley, VI-26-46, sweep- Contrary to the name, this species usually has ing alfalfa (W. F. Barr, C.I.S.). some yellow on the lower part of the front. Oc San Diego Co.: Barrett Springs, IV-20-50 (J. W. casional specimens have been found with the MacSwain, C.I.S.). venation complete in one or both wings. The first Yolo Co.: Davis, VII-24-54 (J. C. Downey, posterior cell (Rs) is then closed and with a long U.C.D. 1. petiole, resembling the wing of Robettsonomyia. Discussion: This species probably replaces oblique fasciaturn in the Great Valley and the extreme southern part Zodion americanum Wiedemann of the state. Although appearing very distinct, it is very closely related to obliquefasciaturn. Zodion arnen'cana Wiedemann, 1830, Auss. Zw. Insecten, 2:242. Type 6, Montevideo, Uruguay (Wiedemann Coll., Vienna Mus.). Zodion albonotatum Townsend Synonyms: Zodion albifacies Van Duzee, 1927; Zodion nanellurn Loew, 1886; Z. pygmaeum Zodion albonotatum Townsend, 1897, Jour. N.Y.

CONOPID FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 35

Ent. SOC., 5:175. Cotypes 2 6?,Brownsville and variation as exhibited by the palpi clearly shows Fort Brown, Texas (location of type unknown). that louetti is a nonsegregable variant of pama. Geographic range: Arizona, Colorado, Lower Cali- fornia, and Guatemala. Robertsonomyia palpalis (Robertson) Discussion: Although not recorded as yet, this species should Zodion palpalis Robertson, 1901, Canad. Ent., occur in the southeastern part of the state. 33:284. Ten cotypes 3, 9, Carlinville, Illinois (Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv., Urbana, Ill.). Zodion pictulunr Williston Synonyms: Sicus brevimstris Coquillett, 1902; Zodion scapularis Adams, 1903. Zodion pictulum Williston, 1885, Trans., Conn. Geographic range: Arizona, Colorado, Illinois, Acad, Arts and Sci., 6:379-380. Two cotypes, Mexico (Chihuahua), Nebraska, New Mexico, 6, $!, New Mexico (Snow Entomological Collec North Carolina, Virginia, and Wyoming. tion, Lawrence, Kans.). Discussion: Geographic Range: Arizona, New Mexico. Although scapularis had been previously main- Discussion: tained as distinct, studies by one of us (Camras) Like Z. albonotatum it is anticipated that this have since demonstrated enough variation in the species will be found in the southeastern part of palpi to show that it represents a nonsegregable California. variant of palpalis. This is in accordance with the conclusions of Parsons (1948:243). The position of the palpi is frequently deceptive and a clavate Genus Robertsonomyia Malloch palpus appears nonclavate if viewed from above or below. This genus was at one time included in the genus Zodion (Camras, 1944), but as the work of Parsons (1948:242) has shown, it should be considered as Genus Myopa Fabricius distinct from that genus. There are but two species of Robertsonomyia known from America north of The genus Myopa is composed of medium-sized, Mexico, neither of which has been found in Cali- often brightly colored and pollinose species which fornia. However, it seems very likely that future in some forms have the wings patterned or at least collecting will substantiate their occurrence in clouded at the cross veins. The North American California. species of Myopa have been recently revised by Camras (1953). The genus is Holarctic in distribution, and its species in North America seem to be associated with the principal cordilleran systems. Key to the Species of Robertsonomyia In California none of the species are known to occur in the arid austral districts. One additional 1. Palpi clavate on lateral aspect; abdomen species, Myopa plebeia Williston, is anticipated of male reddish; size larger, 5 mm - . . from California and is therefore included in the ac ...... polpalis (p 35) Palpi not clavate; abdomen of male entirely companying key. dark. Size smaller, 3% mm...... patva(p. 35) Key to the California Species of Myopa

Wing unmarked; or if patterned, first poste- Robertsonomyia parva (Adams) Sor cell (RJ closed ...... 2 Zodion parvis Adams, 1903, Sci. Bull. Univ. Kans., Wing patterned, at least clouded at cross 2:34-35. Two cotypes d’, Arizona (Snow Collec- veins; first posterior cell (Rs) open . .12 tions, Lawrence, Kans.). Anterior cross vein (rm) not thickened; Zodion louetti Van Duzee, 1934, AM. Ent. SOC. costal “stigma” if present, dark ...3 Amer., 27:323. Type 8, Fort Collins, Colorado Anterior cross vein (r-m) thickened; costal (Calif. Acad. Sci.). New synonymy. stigma yellowish ...... ll Geographic range: Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Abdominal hair black Wyoming...... 4 Discussion: Abdominal hair white or yellowish ...10 Sufficient material has been seen to substantiate Abdomen predominantly reddish ....5 the synonymy indicated above. In particular, the Abdomen predominantly black .....8 I4 MU1 illlhw In "I 111 IB I* I" ,I) In 111 I in 111 mall I.,Sb n 111 IS II* 11. I? 11. I!. I

Map 13. Distribution of Myopa petplexa Camras. Map 14. Distribution of Myopa castmea (Bigot). CONOPID FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 37

Fig. 4. Myopa rubida (Bigot).

5(4). Male abdomen less pollinose, especially on Abdominal pollen grayish-white ....9 fifth segment; female genital plate short Abdominal pollen golden-yellow ...... 6 ...... plebeia (p. 41) Male abdomen more pollinose, especially Abdominal hair short Castanea (p. 39) fifth segment; female genital plate long . . on Abdominal hair long. ..longipilis (p. 39) ...... petplexa (p. 39) 6(5) Abdominal pollinose markings less distinct; Abdomen reddish, usually rufous ..... abdomen of male more circular 7 ...... flavopilosa (p. 411 .... Abdomen black (if reddish, it dark) Abdominal pollinose markings distinct (oc is ... casionally nearly absent); abdomen long ...... vesiculosa (p. 41) and cylindrical, especially in the male . First posterior cell (Rs)hyaline or slightly ...... cZaUsa(p. 39) darkened; abdomen with longitudinal 7(6). Abdomen moderately pollinose, less shiny; pollinose stripe . . bohmtonrm (p. 41) hairs moderately long and dense; first First posterior cell (Rs) with dark spot; ab- posterior cell (Rs) closed, but sometimes domen with stripe confined to terminal open; size smaller, 6 to 8 mm ..... segments ...... melunderi (p. 41) ...... curticmis (p. 39) Abdomen with almost no pollen, shiny, Wing hyaline except for dark clouds at hairs short and sparse; first posterior cross veins ...... vicaria (p. 41) cell (R5) almost always open; size larger, Wings heavily marked with spots ..... 7-10 mm ...... rubida (p. 3 9) ...... willistoni (p. 41) L ow7Illlb.u. ,e L In 111 sm In IU 111 tu I,, I tu ,SI 110 L" In I 8. ,It 111 11' 11, I,. Map 15. Distribution of Myopa melanderi Banks. Map 16. Distribution of Myopa vicaria Walker, CONOPID FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 39

Myopa curticornis K6ber Geographic range: Maine to Georgia, west to Washington and California (see map 12). Myopa curticomis Krgber, 1916, Arch. Naturgesch. Discussion: (1915) div. A, vol. 7:32. Six cotypes y, &, This species is characterized by the elongate Colorado and California. (Bezzi Coll., Mus. Civ. cylindrical abdomen. Specimens from the western Stor. Nat., Milan). states may have the pollen on the abdomen nearly Geographic range: Arizona, California (see map absent and the first posterior cell occasionally lo), Colorado, Idaho, Oregon, Utah, Washington, open, thus showing variation toward rubida. and Wyoming. Discussion: Myopa perplexa Camras This species is rather variable and merges with Myopa clausa, M. perplexa, and M. rubida; how- Myopa pqlexa CRCLU~S,1953, Wasmann Jour. Biol., ever, specimens of M. curticomis average smaller. 11:103. Type y, Antioch, Contra Costa County, Characteristic specimens of this species have the California (Calif. Acad. Sci.). abdomen moderately haired and pollinose with the Geographic range: Arizona, California (see map 131, first posterior cell closed and the female with a Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. short genital plate. Discussion: The distinguishing characteristics of the Myopa This species differs from M. clausa by the long curticomis complex have been more fully discussed genital plate of the female. Otherwise the species in a separate paper (Camras, 1953:100, 102). M. typically has the first posterior cell (It) long and curticornis is considered as the basic sDecies from petiolate, the abdominal hairs long, the pollen which the others in this complex (M. rubida, M. relatively extensive, and the second antennal clausa, and M. perplexa) are derived. segment short. Atypical males can not be distin- guished from curticornis. Myopa rubida (Bigot)

Glossigona rubida Bigot, 1887, Ann. SOC.Ent. Fr., Myopa custcraea (Bigot) 7:206. Cotypes d', y, California and Washington (J. E. Collin Collection, Newmarket, England). Gonirbynchus castaneus Bigot, 1887, Ann. SOC. Synonyms: Myopa clausa var. aperta RGder, 1889. Ent. Fr., 7:207-208. Two cotypes 8, 9, Nevada M. seminuda Banks, 1916. Ann. Ent. SOC.Amer., (J. E. Collin Collection, Newmarket, Eng.). 9:198. Cotypes, Corvallis, Oregon, Base of Geographic range: California (see map 14) Nevada. Mary's Peak, Oregon (Ore. Agr. Coll. and M.C.Z.). Discussion: Geographic range: California (see map 111, Colorado, Myopa castpnea is characterized by the short Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and black abdominal hairs, dark abdomen, and the long Wyoming. genital plate of the female. The hairs average Hosts: Andrena complexa Viereck (Bohart, 1941:95); longer in the female, and must be taken into con- Andrena pallidiscopa Viereck (Bohart, 1941:95); sideration in distinguishing them from longipilis. Andrena uierecki Cockerel1 (MacSwain and Bo- hart, 1947:30); Andrena chalybioides Viereck Myopa longipilis Banks (MacSwain and Bohart, 1947:30). Some of these may apply to Myopa perplexa Camras rather than Myopa longipilis Banks, 1916, Ann. Ent. SOC. this species. Amer., 9:197. Type (6 ?) Pullman, Washington Discussion: (M.C.Z. 1. Typical specimens are very distinct, having the Geographic range: California, Idaho, Oregon, Utah, abdomen shiny red with sparse short hairs and al- and Washington. most no pollen, the first posterior cell open, and California records: the female theca short. The second antennal seg Lassen Co.: Mountains west of Nubieber, VI-4-38 ment is usually elongate compared with the previ- (E. C. VanDyke, C.A.S.). ous species. Los Angeles Co.: Acton, IV-1-37, flowers Salix (E. G. Linsley, C.A.S.). Myopa clausa Loew Discussion: This species is very close to Castanea, differing Myopa clausa Loew, 1866, Centuriae VLI, No. 72, only in the longer hair of the abdomen. Some in- p. 101. Type ? Maine (M.C.Z.). dividuals are intermediate and difficult to identify. 9 L I n I a a

t,. 4I a P n c a a CONOPID FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 41 hiyopa plebeia Williston Myopa bohmtorum Camras

Myopa plebeia Williston, 1885, Trans. Conn. Acad. Myopa bohartorum Camras, 1953. Wasmann J own. Arts and Sci., 6:384-385. Three cotypes 8, y, Biol., 11(1):107-109, 8, 9. Type c?, Napa, Cali- Arizona (Snow Entomological Collections, Law- fornia (Calif. Acad. Sci.). rence, Kansas). Geographic range: California. Geographic range: Arizona. California records: Discussion: Santa Clara Co.: San Antonio Valley, IV-8-47, This species is characterized by the golden 1V-20-48 (R. F. Smith, C.I.S.). pollen on the abdomen, but otherwise is close to Solano Co.: Napa, IV-3-37 (G. E. and R. M. Bo- Castanea with which it has been confused. It will hart, U.C.D.). probably be found in southeastern California. Tuolumne Co.: Jamestown, IV-26-51 (P. D. Hwd, Jr., CAS.); Strawberry, IV-19.33 (G. E. Bohan). Yo10 Co.: Davis, IV-12 to 28-1936-1937 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.); IV-1-48 (R. Bohart, S.C.C., flavopilosa KrGber M. Myopa U.C.D.); IV-12-51 (A. T. MacClay, U.C.D.). Discussion: Nyopa flavopilosa Kro"ber, 1916, Arch. Naturgesch. Although superficially resembling the Castanea (1915) Abt. A, 7., pp. 30-31- Two cotypes $', H. group, this species is related to melanden. The southern Colorado (Vienna Mus.). 8, trace of darkness in the first posterior cell may be Geographic range: Alberta, California, Colorado, quite prominent. Montana, Nebraska, Utah. California records: Los Angeles Co.: Acton, IV-1-37, flowers Salix Myopa melanderi Banks (E, G. Linsley, C.I.S., C.A.S.). Discussion: Myopa melanden' Banks, 1916, Ann. Ent. SOC. This species and the following one are the only Amer.. 9:197. Type 6 ? Pullman, Washington species with light-colored hairs. The abdomen is (M.C.Z.). rufous and the hairs almost always yellowish. Geographic range: California (see map 15), Idaho, Oregon, Washington. Discussion: This species is characterized by the spot in the Myopa vesicdosa Say first posterior cell. With bohartorum it differs from the other species by having a thickened anterior Myopa vesiculosa Say, 1823, Journ. Acad, Nat. cross vein, and the costal stigma yellow. Sci. Phila., 3:80. Cotypes 3, $, Pennsylvania (lost). Synonyms: Myopa apicalis Walker, 1849; M. bistria Myopa vicaria Walker Walker, 1849; M. conjuncta Thomson, 1868; and Glossigona maculifms Bigot, 1887. Myopa vican'a Walker, 1849, List Dipt. Brit. Mus., 3:679. Type ? Nova Scotia (Brit. Geographic range: Quebec to Florida, west to Mus.). Washington and California. Synonym: Myopa pilosa Williston, 1885. California records: Geographic range: Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to Alaska and California (see map 16). Los Angeles Co.: Acton, IV-1-37, flowers Salix (E. Linsley, C.A.S.). Discussion: G, Characteristically this species is predominantly Co.: Lake, VI-4-17 (C. L. C.A.S.). Mono Mono Fox, rufous, though some melanistic specimens are Riverside Riverside, I-2&34, IX-3-35,II-5-33, Co.: known. Some these melanistic specimens may, 111-1932, flowers Salix; 111-25-34, flowers Salix; of IV-28-40 (P. H. Timberlake, U.C.R.). however, represent another species. For a fuller Diego Co.: Cuyumaca Lake, IV-19-50, flowers account of the variation noted in this species and San its putative occurrence in the Old World, the earlier Gilia G. Linsley, C.I.S.). (E. work of Camas (1953:110-112) should be consulted. Discussion: There is considerable variation in size of specimens from the western United States. However, Myopa wiZZistoni Banks those from the East are almost uniformly small. The hairs of this species are usually whitish but Myopa willistoni Banks, 1916, Ann. Ent. SOC. may vary to yeflow. Amer., 9:197. Five cotypes 2, California and I I-+----+-

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Arizona (M.C.Z., Snow Entomological Collec- Occemyia luteipes Camras tions, Lawrence, Kansas). Synonym: Myopa pictipennis Williston, 1885, Occemyia luteipes Camras, 1945, Ann. Ent. Soc. preoccupied. Amer., 38:220-221. Type 9, Pullman, Washington Geographic range: Arizona, California (see map 17), (Calif. Acad. Sci.). Mexico, Oregon. Geographic range: California (see map 18), Colorado, Discussion: Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Washington. This species, which superficially resembles melanden?, is immediately distinguishable from the Occemyia modesta (Williston) other species of the genus by the presence of spots in both the first and second posterior cells. Oncomyia modesta Williston, 1883, Trans. Conn. Acad Arts and Sci., 6:96. Eight cotypes 8, 9, Genus Occemyiu Robineau-Desvoidy California and Washington (Snow Entomological Collections, Lawrence, Kansas). The definitions of the species in this genus appear Geographic range: Arizona, California (see map to be somewhat artificial. However, no better l9), Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, characters have thus far been found. It is not un- Oregon, Saskatchewan, Utah, Washington, common for specimens of this genus with the third Wyoming. segment of the proboscis broken off or folded Discussion: closely against the second segment to be referred This large species is rather distinctive but to the genus Zodion. Zodion, however, never has intergrades with luteipes. and longicornis are the elongate antennae and abdomen and relatively known to occur. thin head. Further, the species are never nearly black as characteristic of Occemyia The North is Occenyia tcmgicornts (Say) American species of this genus were last revised Camras (1945:216-222). by Myopa longicomis Say, 1823, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 383. Types ?Missouri? (lost). Key to the California Species of Occentyia Synonym: Oncomyia infuscipes Van Duzee, 1927. Geographic range: Quebec to Georgia, west to Hind femur entirely to fowfifths black; Alberta, Arizona, California, Colorado, Montana, female genital plate long; abdomen of New Mexico, and Utah. male with white or yellowish hairs ... California records: ...... plopinqua (p. 45) Nevada Co.: Boca, VI-28-54, flowers Eriogonum Hind femur yellow on basal onefifth or (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D.) more; female genital plate not elongate; Sierra Co.: Sagehen nr. Hobart Mills, VI-25-54 abdominal hairs mostly black. ....2 (R. M. Bohart, U.C.D., P. D. Hd,C.I.S.). Discussion: Hind femm with yellow on the basal one- This species is intermediate between modesta fifth to one-thud ...... 3 and Zomria qdis relatively uncommon in the West. yellow more than Hind femur with on bas& In the eastern United States, specimens are larger one-third ...... 4 and more typical Small species, 3% to 5% mm. long ...... nigripes (p. 45) Occemyia Zwda (Loew) Large species, 6% to 8 mm. long ...... nigra (p. 45) Oncomyia loraria Loew, 1866 Centuriae VII, No. Hind femur one-third to two-thirds yellow. 5 74, pp. 101-102. Cotypes $, 9, New Hampshire Hind femur more than two-thkds yellow . 6 (M.C.Z.). Synonyms: Oncomyiu bami Williston, 1883; 0. Size medium, 3% to 6 mm. . ZorcPia (p 43) brevirostris Van Dnzee, 1927; 0. aequalis Var Size larger, more than mm. 6 ...... be, 1927; 0. terminalis Van bee, 1927; fongimis(p. 43) ...... Zodion bimaculata Cnrran, 1933; Oncomyia Large species, more than 6 mm...... frontalis Van Duzee, 1934...... modesta (p. 43) Geographic range: Quebec to Georgia, west to Brit- Small species, 3% to 5% mm...... ish Columbia and California (see map 20) and ...... luteipes (p. 43) Mexico. owr I..l&r I11 IU 111 llD 111 I" 111 IU I,, I Map 21. Distribution of Occemyia nigripes Camas. Map 22. Distribution of Occemyia propinqua (Adams). CONOPID FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 45

Discussion: The type of Zodion angusticornis has been ex- The variation exhibited by this species suggests amined and belongs here. As indicated in the dis- that more than one species may be included. How- cussion of the genus, it is not uncommon that a ever, in certain characters 0. loraria merges with specimen belonging to the genus Occemyia may 0. Zuteipes, 0. longicomis and 0. nigripes. erroneously be referred to the genus Zodion unless a careful examination of the proboscis is made. Occemyia nigripes Camras Genus Dalmannia Robineau-Desvoidy Occemyia nigripes Camras, 1945, Ann. Ent. SOC. Amer., 38:218-219. Type $, Thunder Bay Beach, The genus Dalmannia is Holarctic in distribution Ontario (Chicago Natural History Museum). with six species known from North America, five Geographic range: Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to of which are known to occur in California. A British Columbia, California (see map 21) and synopsis of the North American species was last Guatemala. prepared by G. Bohart (1938). Discussion: The species of this genus are shining black This species resembles propinqua, but is easily forms brightly maculated with yellow, the anal cell distinguishable by the dark hairs of the male, and (Cu) is scarcely longer than the second basal cell the short genital plate of the female. It shows in- (M), and the antennae are provided with a distinctly tergradation with loraria. dorsal arista. One of the species, Dalmannia picta Williston, has been reported by Bohart (1938:133) from Mojave, Occemyh nigra (Van Duzee) California, where there were great numbers of Andrena (Diandrena) nesting and collecting pollen. Oncomyia nigra Van Duzee, 1927, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 16:596. Type $, Corvallis, Oregon (Calif. Acad. Sci.). Key to the California Species of Dalmannia Geographic range: California, Maine, Oregon, and Washington 1. Scutellum and humeri black; small species, California records: 4 mm...... vitiosa (p. 47) Contra Costa Co.: Mt. Diablo, VII-11-26 (E. P. Scutellum and humeri partly yellow; large Van Duzee, C.A.S.). species, at least 6 mm ...... 2 Marin Co.: Tomales Bay Marshalls, VIII-14 nr; Thoracic pile relatively short; shorter than 38 (E. C. Van Dyke, C.A.S.). 2(1). arista.. .3 Santa Clara Co.: San Antonio Valley, VII-30-49 ...... Thoracic pile relatively long; as long as E. Gillaspy, C.I.S.). (J. arista. 4 Yo10 Co.: Davis, V-30-54 (R. C. Bechtel, U.C.D.)...... 3(2). Pile of dorsum of thorax predominantly pale Discussion: ...... picta (p. 45) Although related to 0. longicornis and 0. nigripes, Pile of dorsum of thorax predominantly black no intermediates have been seen. in the center, yellow anteriorly ...... blaisdelli (p. 47) Occemyia propinqna (Adums) 4(2). Black bands of tergites continuous; abdominal hairs white except for apex; hind Oncomyia propinqua Adams, 1903, Sci. Bull. Univ. tibiae of female without apical process Kansas, 8, unknown locality (Snow . 2:32. Type ...... betemtricba (p 47) Entomological Collections, Lawrence, Kansas). Black bands of tergites usually interrupted; Zodion angusticornis Van Duzee, 1927, Proc. Calif. abdominal hairs with considerable black; Acad. Sci. 16:589. Type y, Los Banos, Cali- hind tibiae of female with apical process fornia (Calif. Acad. Sci.) New synonymy. pacifica (p. 47) Synonym: Oncomyia longipalpis Van Duzee, 1934...... Geographic range: Nova Scotia to Alabama, west to Washington and California (see map 22). Dalmannia picta Williston Discussion: The long genital plate of the female and whitish Dalmannia picta Williston, 1883, Trans. Conn. hairs of the abdomen in the male are characteristic Acad. Arts and Sci., 6:94. Type $, New Mexico of this species. The hind femur is almost always (Snow Entomological Collections, Lawrence, entirely black. Kansas). WI I.,,*u DU?lUIl+u 1 111 111 1u I,) in I,. llD 111 III I,? In 11. In ,lo In 1In 11 ,I 111 Map 23. Distribution of Dalmannia picta Williston. Map 24. Distribution of Dalmannia blaisdelli Cresson. CONOPID FLIES OF CALIFORNIA 47

Geographic range: Arizona, California (see map 23), Contra Costa Co.: Antioch, IV-29-50 (P. D, Hurd, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Utah, and Jr., C.I.S.). Clayton, IV-26-42, R. F. Smith, C.I.S.); Washington. Mt. Diablo, IV-26-42 (J. W. Tilden, C.A.S.); Rue Discussion: sellman Park, Mt. Diablo, IV-26-42 (E. C. Van This species is more variable than previously Dyke, C.A.S.). considered and intergrades completely with blais- Marin Co.: Paradise Cove, IV-12-47 (E. L. delli. Intermediates will probably also be found Kessel, C.A.S.). with heterotricha and nigriceps of the eastern San Benito Co.: Panoche Hills, IV-10-38 (E. C. United States. The hair of the thorax and abdomen Van Dyke, C.A.S.). may be quite yellowish, or there may be a con- Yo10 Co.: Davis, IV-12-47 (E. C. Carlson, siderable number of black hairs in the center of U.C.D.); V-13-48 (R. M. Bohart, S.C.C., U.C.D.). the thoracic dorsum. There is occasionally some Discussion: black hair on the apical segments of the abdomen. The predominantly yellow individuals are very The wings are never smoky. distinctive, but dark specimens (usually females) may resemble picta. The peculiar hind femora and metatarsi are characteristic of the female. Dalmannia blaisdelli Cresson

Dalrnannia blaisdelli Cresson, 1919, Proc. Acad. Dalmannia vi tiosa Coquillett Nat. Sci. Phila., 71:190. Type 6,Colorado (Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci.). Dalmannia vitzosa Coquillett, 1892, Ent. News, Geographic range: California (see map 241, Colorado, 3:150-151. Type 8, Los Angeles County, Cali- Idaho, Oregon, and Wyoming. fornia (U.S.N.M.). Discussion: Geographic range: Arizona, California (see map 251, Typical specimens are very distinctive, having Georgia, Kansas, Nevada, New York, and Virginia. smoky wings and black hair on the third and fourth Discussion: tergites. However, more individuals are closer to This small distinctive species lacks the cross pictn and will have clear wings and predominantly vein (rm) between the second basal (MI and discal white or yellow pile on the abdomen. The anterior cells (1st MZ). A specimen from the eastern United pile of the thorax is always yellow if not golden in States has been seen that has some yellow on the color. scutellum.

Genus Stylogaster Macquart Dalnurnnia heterotn'cha G. Bohart Members of this genus are thought to be parasitic Dalmannia heterotn'cha G. Bohart, 1938, Pan-Pac. upon ants of the genus Eciton, several species of Ent., 14:134-135. Type $, Pt. Reyes Peninsula, which occur in California. However, neither the Marin County, California (Calif. Acad. Sci.). Stylogaster nor its suspected host relationship have Geographic range: California. been confirmed for California as yet. The following Discussion: species which is a small, slender, and somewhat This relatively rare species is as yet known only delicate conopid may very well occur in California. from the original type and paratype. It is possible that heterotricha is a link between picta and Stylogaster neglecta Williston paci fica. Stylogaster neglecta Williston, 1883, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sci., 6:91-92, Three cotypes 6, Dalmannia pacifica Banks 2, Connecticut and Pennsylvania (Snow Ento- mological Collections, Lawrence, Kansas). Dalmannia paciJica Banks, 1916, Ann. Ent. Soc. Geographic range: Massachusetts to Georgia, west Amer,, 9:199-200. Cotypes 3, $, Corvallis, to Arizona, Iowa, and Kansas. Oregon (M.C.Z. and Ore. Agr. Coli,), Discussion: Synonym: Dalmannia hirsuta Van Duzee. Although not recorded from California as yet, Geographic range: California and Oregon. this species may occur in the southeastern part of California records: the state. The long third antennal segment imme- Alameda Co.: Berkeley, March to May (Bohart, diately distinguishes this species from biannulata, 1938:134). which is known only as far west as Texas. Map 25. Distribution of Dalmannia vitiosa Coquillett. LITERATURE CITED

BOHART, GEORGE E. der Gattungen und arten. arch. Naturgesch. 1938. Synopsis of the genus Dalmannia in North (1917), div. A, vol. 83, no. 9, PP. 1-52, America. Pan-Pac. Ent., 14(3):132-136. 10 plates. 1941. The oviposition of conopid flies upon MACSWAIN, J. W., and G. E. BOHART smaller andrenid bees. Pan-Pac. Ent., 1947. Some records of parasitism of solitary bees 17(2):95-96. by conopid flies. Pan-Pac. Em., 23(1):30. 1941. A review of the genus Physocephala of the MEIJERE, J.C.H. de western United States. Pan-Pac. Ent., 1903. Beitrag zur kenntnis der biologie und der 17( 3): 141-144. systematischen verwandtschaft der Cono- BOHART, GEORGE E., and JOHN W. MACSWAIN piden. Tijdschr. voor Ent., 46144-225, 4 1939. The life history of the sand wasp, Bembix plates. occidentalis beutenmuelleti Fox and its 1912. Neue beitrage zur kenntnis der Conopiden. parasites. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci., Tijdschr. voor Ent., 55:184-207. 38(2):84-97, 1 plate. PARSONS, CARL T. 1940. A record of Physocephala affinis Williston 1948. A classification of North American Conopi- as a parasite of adult Bembg comata dae. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 41(2):223-246, Parker. Pan-Pac. Ent., 16(1):16. 1 fig. 1940. A conopid fly parasite of Megachile. Pan- PLATH, O.E. Pac. Ent., 16(2):91. 1934. Bumblebees and their ways. New York: BRAUER, F. Macmillan Co., 291 pp. 1883. Die ZweiflGgler des Kaiserlichen Museums RYCKMAN, RAYMOND E. zu Wien, III. Systematische Studien auf 1953. Notes on the ecology of Bombus sonorus in Grundlage der Dipterenlarven etc., Denk- Orange County, California and new para- schr. math.-nata. classe kais., Akad. site records. Pan-Pac. Ent., 29(3):144-146, Wissensch., Band 47:l-100. 1 fig. CAMRAS, SIDNEY SEVERIN, H.C. 1943. Notes on the North American species of the 1937. Zodion fulvifrons Say (Diptera: Conopidae), Zodion obliquefasciatum group. Ent. News, a parasite of the honey bee. Ent. News, 54~187-191. 48~243-244. 1944. Notes on the North American species of SILVESTRI, F. the Zodion fuluifrons group. Pan-Pac. Ent., 1926. Descrizione di particolari individui 2O( 4): 1 2 1- 12 8. (Myiagenii) di Termes gilvus Hagen 1945. A study of the genus Occemyia in North Parassitizzati da larva di dittero. Boll. America. Ann. Ent. SOC.Amer., 38(2):216- Lab. Zool. Gen. Agr. R. Scuola Sup. Agric. 222. Ponici, 19:3-18. 1945. Further notes on some species of Zodion. TOWNSEND, LEE H. Pan-Pac. Ent., 21:31. 1935. The mature larva and puparium of Physo- 1953. A review of the genus Myopa in North cephala sagittaria (Say). Psyche, 42: 142- America. Wasmann Jour. Biol., 11(1):97-114. 148, 1 plate. 1955. A review of the New World flies of the VAN DUZEE, M. C. genus Conops and allies (Diptera: Cono- 1927. A contribution to our knowledge of the pidae). Proc. US. Nat. Mus.. 105 (3355):155- North American Conopidae. XVIII. Proc. 187. Calif. Acad. Sci. (18)16:573-604. KR~BER,0. 1934. Conopidae from North Dakota and the Rocky 1919. Katalog der Conopiden, nebst Beschreibung Mountain region. Ann. Ent. SOC. Amer., der Gattungen und Besthungstabellen 27:315-323.