Int roduction to New England Genealogy
New England History Sites of Interest:
www.historychannel.org = www.history.com
“New England is a region in the northeastern www.pbs.org/history corner of the United States, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, Canada and the state of New www.awesomegenealogy.com/newengland.shtml York, consisting of the states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode www.newenglandgenealogyguide.com Island, and Connecticut. In one of the earliest European settlements in the New World, www.greatmigration.org Pilgrims from the Kingdom of England first settled in New England in 1620, in the colony http://bos-gw.rays-place.com/ of Plymouth. In the late 18th century, the New England colonies would be among the first North American British colonies to demonstrate ambitions of independence from Libraries with helpful the British Crown via the American Revolution, although they would later oppose New England information: the War of 1812 between the United States and United Kingdom of Great Britain and BYU Harold B. Lee Library: Ireland.” Source: www.wikipedia.org www.lib.byu.edu
A boos that is considered imperative to genealogists for New England Genealogy: LDS Family History Library: Genealogical Dictionary of New England www.familysearch.org by James Savage The Source Library of Congress: www.loc.gov
National Archives www.archives.gov Prior to 1850, the census records only detail head of household. Therefore, research for family members New England Historical Society becomes more challenging. Thus, the primary records www.americanancestors.org to research become vital records, church records, and court records (such as probate and land). Don’t forget our own libraries! www.mld.org and www.boisepubliclibrary.org
Here is an example of ways to search the Family History Library Catalog for ancestors in Salem, Massachusetts: “Over the years as my thoughts and heart have turned to the lives of my noble ancestors, I have UNITED STATES - CENSUS learned to appreciate them more. MASSACHUSETTS - VITAL RECORDS Learning about my ancestors has MASSACHUSETTS, ESSEX - COURT RECORDS not only turned my heart to them, but has helped me see eternity MASSACHUSETTS, ESSEX, SALEM - CHURCH more clearly. My own life is rooted RECORDS not just in the present, but in the lives of my ancestors as well.” Spencer W. Kimball, “The Things of Eternity—Stand We in Jeopardy?,” Tambuli, May 1977, 1 www.Americanancestors.org
Main resources available at the NEGHS Examples of Databases available online: online: Online Seminars from beginning Most Recently Added or Updated Databases research to specific topics 1/6/2009 - Vital Records of Gardiner, Maine to Article Archives 1892 Town Guides 12/30/2009 - Vital Records of Stamford, Research Services- Hire an Connecticut to 1825 Expert! 12/30/2009 - Vital Records of Hartford, Windsor and Fairfield Connecticut, 1631-1691 External Resources- Follow this 12/23/2009 - The Virginia Genealogist, Volumes link for MANY more websites of 21–25 New England research resources 12/10/2009 - Footnote and Marquis Who's Who by state and topic now available through NewEnglandAncestors.org Online Genealogist- answers ?’s 12/1/2009 - American Ancestors Journal Forums
Most Popular Databases
Abstracts of Wills New York Online Exhibits - Find a treasure trove New England Historical and Genealogical Register of images of manuscripts from the Massachusetts Vital Records, 1841–1910
Massachusetts Vital Records, 1911-1915 Society's R. Stanton Avery Special
Massachusetts Vital Records to 1850 Collections. The NEGHS has the
Social Security Death Index collection separated by centuries from th th the 17 century to the 20 century. Genealogical Journals Online: A National Collection An example from the 17th century: The American Genealogist The Connecticut Nutmegger Reverend Richard Mather's New England Ancestors Magazine "Journal to New England," 1635 The New England Historical and Genealogical
Register
New Netherland Connections
The Virginia Genealogist
Newpaper Databases
19th Century U.S. Newspapers database While this site has many useful resources for free, there is also a subscription service. The “basic” subscription would Early American Newspapers, Series I 1690-1876 include these services:
Free Databases Annual Membership Burials in Gloucester, Massachusetts Cemeteries Access to all areas of americanancestors.org website. Genealogies of Ware [Mass.] Families
Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati Unlimited use of Research Library (including rare books and manuscripts) in Boston. The Social Security Death Index West Farms Cemetery [Northampton, Mass.] Access to premium databases like the Early American (Corbin Collection) Newspapers. Subscriptions to New England Ancestors and The New England Historical and Genealogical Register. Discounts on research services and sales.
History of New England
through Ancestry.com
Very Helpful Articles in the Ancestry.com Learning Databases of Interest in the online Card Catalog Center and Article Archives: New England Immigrants, 1700-1775 Immigrants to New England, 1700-1775 Plymouth Colony Records for Genealogists New England History New England's Migration Fever: The Expansion of Great Migration Begins Index: Immigrants to New England, America 1620-33 The Great Migration Study Project Great Migration Begins: Immigrants to New England, 1620- Research in New England 33 Genealogical Dictionary of New England Settlers If you need help understanding the records and how to New England Irish Pioneers glean the most information from the records, look in Irish Settlers in North America before 1850 New England Captives' Stories the “Learning Center” and “Understanding Records.” New England Marriages Prior to 1700 English Origins of American Colonists How to utilize the search options in Historical records Early American Immigrations to your advantage is found in the “Learning Center” A biographical dictionary: containing a brief account of the first settlers, and other eminent characters among the and “How to Search.” magistrates, ministers, literary and worthy men in New England Use maps in your family history research at History of the town of Plymouth: from its first settlement in 1620 to the present time: with a concise history of the Ancestry.com. These types of maps are available on aborigines of New England and their wars with the English their website: New England Founders, 1602-1630 Denizations and Naturalizations in the British Colonies in -U.S. state, territory, county, and city boundaries America, 1607-1775 -U.S. migration and transportation routes New England Founders, 1602-1630 -Distribution of various churches in the U.S. An old New England town: sketches of life, scenery, -Indian reservation locations character -Ethnic populations in the United States Scots in New England, 1623-1873 -Battles from the American Revolution and Civil War Boston, England, and Boston, New England, 1630-1930 : reproductions of rare prints with a commentary of historic notes Network!!! Scotch-Irish in New England Use the Message Boards to your advantage! Post The colonial age of New England queries in all board topics; such as Locality, Surname, Books about Boston & New England The early religious customs of New England Category, or search the message boards to hit multiple topic boards. Early Census Records Search other family trees to put the puzzle pieces Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken A site dedicated to preserve historic together of family members. Oftentimes it takes in the Year 1790: Maine Maine Census,New 1800England-90 through preserving multiple sources to pull together a family tree. Don’t buildings, places, and objects of Inhabitants of New Hampshire, 1776 be afraid to open up several sources and plug in interest. Maryland Census, 1772-1890 surnames (also be aware of middle names as possible Maryland Colonial Census, 1776 mother’s maiden names) to see what you find. Even if Maryland Recordshttp://www.historicnewengland.org Colonial, Revolutionary, County, and Church it’s not your family tree, you should keep records of from Original Sources Vol. I this family line if it is the same surname and in the Massachusetts Census, 1790-1890 New Hampshire Census, 1790-1890 same area you are researching. It will help determine Rhode Island Census, 1740-1890 in the future whether a certain person is or is not Rhode Island Census, 1774 related. Plus, keeping un-related data make become The Census Tables for the French Colony of Louisiana from “relative” once a family line is further developed. 1699 Through 1732 The Rhode Island 1777 Military Census Vermont Census, 1790-1860 Virginia Census, 1607-1890
Massachusetts through books, timelines, and “Googling”
Massachusetts & Local Histories recommended by www.familysearch.org
“Haskell, John Duncan. Massachusetts: A Bibliography of Its History. Hanover, New Hampshire: University Press of New England, 1983. (FHL book 974.4 H23m.)
Local histories are extensively collected by the Family History Library, public and university libraries, and state and local historical societies. Two useful guides are:
Filby, P. William. A Bibliography of American County Histories. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 1985. (FHL book 973 H23bi) “Important Dates in Massachusetts History Kaminkow, Marion J. United States Local Histories in the Library 1620-91 The Plymouth Colony was established. It eventually of Congress. 5 vols. Baltimore: Magna Charta Book, 1975-76. spread over today's Plymouth, Barnstable, and Bristol (FHL book 973 A3ka.)… Counties. 1629 Massachusetts Bay Colony was founded. It expanded to A good general history of Massachusetts is: today's area of Essex, Middlesex, Old Norfolk (now part of New Hampshire), and Suffolk Counties. Hart, Albert Bushnell, ed. Commonwealth History of 1691 A new charter was granted to Massachusetts Bay Massachusetts: Colony, Province, and State. 5 vols. New York: The Colony, uniting it with Plymouth Colony. Parts of States History, 1927-30. (FHL book 974.4 H2h.)” Maine and Nova Scotia were also added to Massachusetts. Google your favorite sites 1775 The Revolutionary War began at Lexington and Concord. Massachusetts Rootsweb: see county sites and message 1786 The Ohio Company, a land company, was formed, boards resulting in the emigration of many Massachusetts residents to Ohio. http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~websites/usa/mass 1788 Massachusetts became the sixth state to ratify the achusetts.html Constitution. 1820 Maine was separated from Massachusetts. 1830-40 As the factory system developed, thousands of foreign Massachusetts Genweb: laborers began moving to Massachusetts. http://magenweb.bettysgenealogy.org 1861-65 During the Civil War 146,000 men from Massachusetts served in the Union Army. 1898 Over 300,000 men were involved in the Spanish- Name and Boundary Changes site: American War, which was fought mainly in Cuba and the Philippines. ftp://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/roots- 1917-18 More than 26 million men from the United States ages l/genealog/genealog.towns-ma 18 through 45 registered with the Selective Service for World War I, and over 4.7 million American men and women served during the war. Massachusetts Historical Society: 1930s The Great Depression closed many factories and mills. http://www.masshist.org/index.php Many small farms were abandoned, and many families moved to cities. 1940-45 Over 50.6 million men ages 18 to 65 registered with the Boston Public Library Genealogy & Family History Selective Service. Over 16.3 million American men and women served in the armed forces during World War II. Resources: 1950-53 Over 5.7 million American men and women served in http://www.bpl.org/research/socsci/genealogy.htm the Korean War. 1950-60 The building of interstate highways made it easier for people to move long distances. Massachusetts State Archives 1964-72 Over 8.7 million American men and women served in http://www.sec.state.ma.us/arc/ the Vietnam War.” Source: Quoted directly from www.familysearch.org
Rhode Island and Heritage Quest
Heritage Quest is an often overlooked source for family histories, genealogical, and historical periodicals. As well as, within this genealogical source is over 26,000 family and local history books, more than 2.1 million citations to articles. Also, you may find that while Ancestry.com provides excellent search options for censuses, the images may not be as clear as you’d like them. If you can’t find your ancestor in Heritage Quest Books at Heritage Quest censuses, then find them in Ancestry, and cross reference to its location in Heritage Quest and down load a clearer image from Tips for Book searches: Try a “people” search, if no Heritage Quest (or vice versa from luck, then the family surnames in the location of Ancestry). birth or residences in promising family and local Revolutionary War Search histories may be helpful. Search the Revolutionary War Index at Heritage Quest for your Examples of over 6000 results under Book patriot ancestor in the states of CT, DE, GA, KY, ME, MD, MA, Search>Location (being “Rhode Island”) NH, NJ, NY, NC, OH, PA, RI, SC, TN, VT, VA Jackson, Henry, [View Hits] [View Image] An account of the churches in Rhode Island For example, in a search under Lister in all states, the results Providence: G.H. Whitney, 1854, 135 pgs. were only Thomas and William Lister. Whereas, the Anonymous [View Hits] [View Image] ancestory.com search resulted in many more veterans of the Official gazetteer of Rhode Island Revolutionary War. Lesson learned: utilize ALL resource and Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1932, 98 pgs. cross reference information. Bartlett, John Russell, [View Hits] [View Image] Bibliography of Rhode Island : a catalogue of books
and other publications relating to the state of Rhode
Island, with notes, historical, biographical and critical Providence: Printed by order of the General Assembly , 1864, 289 pgs.
Search under “People” the family name of your ancestor and their birth location. For example, the Lester/Lister family in Kentucky resulted in one of several possible hits: McAdams, Harry Kennett, [View Citation] [Table of Contents] [Page Numbers]
Kentucky pioneer and court records: abstracts of early wills, deeds, and marriages from court houses and records of old Bibles, churches, grave yards, and cemeteries Lexington, Ky.: Mrs. H.K. McAdams, 1929, 383 pgs.
MAINE Through
& State Archives and Libraries
Online Maine “Libraries” Maine State Archives www.mainehistory.org https://www.maine.gov/online/archives Maine Historical Society’s site
http://www.maine.gov/sos/arc/research www.mainememory.net (You can pay an onsite librarian for A collection of Maine history from research request. See site for fees for over 200 organizations sponsored by the Maine Historical Society copies, research, and postage.) Vital records online: http://www.maine.gov/museum/co llections/index.html Historical Marriage Index from 1892-12/1996 images that give you a visual Death Index Database from 1960-1996 perspective of what life was like Other Online Indexes available: during the time period of interest. Civil War Navy - Maine Civilian Conservation Corps Members - District 1 Courts 1696-1854 Maine State Library Divorce Index 1800-1891 (In http://www.maine.gov/msl/services/genealogy Progress) Department of Economic Development “To the Researcher: The State Library's Photographs genealogy collection spans a large Executive Council 1820-1835 geographical area, primarily Executive Council 1836-1840 emphasizing Maine, with good coverage Hancock County Court of Sessions of Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Legislature 1820-1855 Other parts of New England are Legislature 1861-1865 included as well, with some additional Maps 1674-1989 sources on northeastern states. We also Mexican War Soldiers have a growing collection of materials Moving Images 1955-1976 relating to Quebec Province and the Photographs 1920's-1950's Maritimes.” Railroad Track Layouts Revolutionary War Land Grants and Pension Applications Town Records on Microfilm 18th-20th Centuries Secretary of State Correspondence War of 1812 Veterans Maine Minor Civil Divisions - Legal History Database Search Google for online maps Also available at the archives is a Maine Historical Records Repository Guide to get a bearing of locations you listing contact information for over 140 are search and its surroundings. repositories holding historical records http://www.state.me.us/sos/arc/mhra b/repos/dirpage1.htm
Vermont in the FHL Catalog Vermont - Almanacs Vermont - History - Handbooks, manuals, etc. Vermont - Archives and libraries Vermont - History - Indexes Vermont - Archives and libraries - Inventories, registers, catalogs Vermont - History - Inventories, registers, catalogs Vermont - Bible records Vermont - History - Newspapers Vermont - Bibliography Vermont - History - Periodicals Vermont - Biography Vermont - History - Periodicals - Indexes Vermont - Biography - Inventories, registers, catalogs Vermont - History - Revolution, 1775-1783 Vermont - Business records and commerce Vermont - History - Revolution, 1775-1783 - Societies Vermont - Cemeteries Vermont - History - Sources Vermont - Cemeteries - Directories Vermont - History - Sources - Inventories, registers, catalogs Vermont - Cemeteries - Indexes Vermont - Land and property Vermont - Census Vermont - Land and property - Indexes Vermont - Census - 1790 Vermont - Law and legislation Vermont - Census - 1800 Vermont - Law and legislation - Indexes Vermont - Census - 1800 - Indexes Vermont - Maps Vermont - Census - 1810 - Indexes Vermont - Maps - Indexes Vermont - Census - 1820 - Indexes Vermont - Military history Vermont - Census - 1830 - Indexes Vermont - Military history - Civil War, 1861-1865 Vermont - Census - 1840 - Indexes Vermont - Military history - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Inventories, registers, Vermont - Census - 1850 catalogs Vermont - Census - 1850 - Indexes Vermont - Military history - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Personal narratives Vermont - Census - 1860 Vermont - Military history - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Regimental histories Vermont - Census - 1860 - Indexes Vermont - Military history - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Societies Vermont - Census - 1870 Vermont - Military history - Revolution, 1775-1783 Vermont - Census - 1870 - Indexes Vermont - Military history - War of 1812 Vermont - Census - 1880 Vermont - Military records Vermont - Census - 1890 - Indexes Vermont - Military records - Civil War, 1861-1865 Vermont - Census - 1900 Vermont - Military records - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Indexes Vermont - Census - 1900 - Indexes Vermont - Military records - Indexes Vermont - Census - 1910 Vermont - Military records - Pensions Vermont - Census - 1910 - Indexes Vermont - Military records - Revolution, 1775-1783 Vermont - Census - 1920 Vermont - Military records - War of 1812 Vermont - Census - 1930 Vermont - Military records - War of 1812 - Pensions Vermont - Centennial celebrations, etc. Vermont - Military records - World War, 1914-1918 Vermont - Church directories Vermont - Military records - World War, 1939-1945 Vermont - Church history Vermont - Minorities Vermont - Church history - Inventories, registers, catalogs Vermont - Names, Geographical Vermont - Church records Vermont - Names, Personal Vermont - Church records - Inventories, registers, catalogs Vermont - Native races Vermont - Description and travel Vermont - Native races - History Vermont - Description and travel - Guidebooks Vermont - Naturalization and citizenship Vermont - Directories Vermont - Naturalization and citizenship - Indexes Vermont - Directories - Inventories, registers, catalogs Vermont - Newspapers Vermont - Dwellings Vermont - Obituaries Vermont - Emigration and immigration Vermont - Occupations Vermont - Gazetteers Vermont - Officials and employees Vermont - Genealogy Vermont - Officials and government employees - Directories Vermont - Genealogy - Bibliography Vermont - Periodicals Vermont - Genealogy - Collected works Vermont - Politics and government Vermont - Genealogy - Directories Vermont - Politics and government - Handbooks, manuals, etc. Vermont - Genealogy - Handbooks, manuals, etc. Vermont - Politics and government - Indexes Vermont - Genealogy - Newspapers Vermont - Population Vermont - Genealogy - Periodicals Vermont - Probate records Vermont - Genealogy - Periodicals - Indexes Vermont - Public records Vermont - Genealogy - Sources Vermont - Schools Vermont - Historical geography Vermont - Slavery and bondage Vermont - Historical geography - Maps Vermont - Social life and customs Vermont - History Vermont - Societies Vermont - History - 18th century Vermont - Societies - Collected works Vermont - History - Archives and libraries - Inventories, registers, Vermont - Societies - Periodicals catalogs Vermont - Societies - Periodicals - Indexes Vermont - History - Bibliography Vermont - Statistics Vermont - History - Civil War, 1861-1865 Vermont - Taxation Vermont - History - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Biography Vermont - Town records Vermont - History - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Chronology Vermont - Vital records Vermont - History - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Personal narratives Vermont - Vital records - Handbooks, manuals, etc. Vermont - History - Civil War, 1861-1865 - Regimental histories Vermont - Vital records - Indexes Vermont - History - Directories
Vermont - History - Indexes HEADLINE GOES HERE SUBHEAD GOES HERE MONTH, YEAR VOL # ISSUE #
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Daughter’s of the
American Revolution
The DAR Online Library’s Unique Resources:
“The DAR, founded in 1890 and headquartered in The DAR Online Library Catalog is a reference only collection Washington, D.C., is a non-profit, non-political and does not loan out references. However, this may be a useful volunteer women's service organization dedicated catalog to find sources, and then find other libraries that may have to promoting patriotism, preserving American the same source that IS available for interlibrary loan. history, and securing America's future through better education for children”… The DAR Staff conduct fee and hourly based research of these various sources within the DAR Library: “As one of the most inclusive genealogical Lineage Gaps in NSDAR, NSSAR, NSCAR applications societies in the country, DAR boasts 165,000 Family Bible Requests members in 3,000 chapters across the United Mayflower Descendants States and internationally. Any woman 18 years Huguenot Society or older-regardless of race, religion, or ethnic background-who can prove lineal descent from a The DAR library has two specific resources that have been patriot of the American Revolution, is eligible for digitized and indexed: membership. The DAR Library Analytical Card Index which contains county histories, genealogical publications, and Encompassing an entire downtown city block, periodicals. DAR National Headquarters houses one of the The Revolutionary War Pension Index contains federal nation's premier genealogical libraries, one of the Revolutionary War pension papers which include the foremost collections of pre-industrial American name of the pensioner and/or widow and possibly the decorative arts, Washington's largest concert hall, names of other persons mentioned in the pension papers and an extensive collection of early American (i.e. those who served with the applicant or knew of the manuscripts and imprints.” veteran’s service.
The DAR Genealogical Research System
Upon entering the database, one is notified: “The DAR Genealogical Research System is availableSUBHEAD from SUBHEAD the National Society Daughters of SUBHEADthe American SUBHEAD Revolution for the purposes of generalContinue research newsletter textand here. assisting Continue with newsletter the textDAR here. membership Continue process. newsletter text here. Continue newsletter text here. Continue newsletter text here. Continue newsletter text here. Continue newsletter text here. Continue newsletter text here. TheContinue database newsletters contain text here. NSDAR Continue newsletter proprietary text here. information Continue which newsletter should text here.under Continue no circumstances newsletter text here. be redistributed; assembled or collected for purposes other than DAR membership; or published in anyContinue form newsletterwhatsoever.” text here. Continue newsletter text here. Continue newsletter text here. Continue newsletter text here. Continue newsletter text here. Continue newsletter text here. Continue newsletter text here. Continue newsletter text here. TheContinue search newsletter options text in here. the Continue DAR newsletter-GRS are text a h greatere. wayContinue to find newsletter patriot text ancestors here. Continue and newsletter their text here. descendants.Continue newsletter However, text here. accordingContinue newsletter to their text site,here. “The Continuepurpose newsletter of this text database here. Continue (the newsletterdescendant text here. tab option)Continue is newsletter to help text those here. looking Continue newsletter for a DAR text here. Patriot lineContinue to identify newsletter the text best here. Copossiblentinue newsletter Record text Copy here. to Continueorder.” newsletter Once you text here.find Continue an ancestor newsletter who text ishere. a patriot,Continue you can newsletter submit text anhere. application Continue newsletter to receive text here. DARContinue membership. newsletter text here. Continue newsletter text here.
Also note: “Please be aware that the Ancestor Database is NOT a comprehensive list of all individuals who served in the Revolutionary War.”
Finding Land Records
Tips from familysearch.org
“Deeds are records of land ownership in the United States and exist from the early 1600s. Land records apply to more people than any other record type in America because most men were able to obtain land. They locate a person in a certain place for a longer span of time than any other record type and give an idea of how well off financially the person was. Land records are indexed by grantor Steps to find land records for your ancestor (seller) and grantee (buyer) indexes.
Grantor and grantee indexes are the most 1. Determine where your ancestor lived through family complete lists of residents in a county records or censuses. before 1850.” 2. Search the Family History Catalog for county indexes of
land records. (search town, county, & state) “Most deeds were recorded in county
courthouses. There has been less loss of Tip: “Look for the following kinds of indexes: land and property records than any other record type. When court houses did burn, the land records were usually Grantor (seller) index, sometimes called a direct reconstructed from the personal records of index. land owners.” Grantee (buyer) index, sometimes called an indirect index.” Source: www.familysearch.org “There are three major kinds of indexes:
1. Running Indexes: Entries are arranged in alphabetical order by the first letter of the surname only. 2. Cumulative Indexes: Cumulative indexes cover a series “The information you find varies from record to record. of years, such as 1782 to 1787, 1787 to 1792, and so on. Land records include: 3. Cott System Indexes: Cott system indexes are the most common commercial indexing systems among land records. This system organizes entries by the first three Name of seller (grantor). letters of the surname.” Name of the buyer (grantee). Date and place of the land transaction. Once found in the index, “Copy everything about your ancestor Size and description of the piece of land. from the index. This information is necessary for you to find him Price of the piece of land. or her in the land records. Check both the grantor and grantee Names of neighbors living next to the land. indexes. Copy down all the times your ancestor's name appears in Names of persons who had previously owned the land. the index. Be sure to also copy down the volume (sometimes called liber) and page number of the record.” Land records may also include: “…document the source of the information by writing the title, First name of the wife of the seller (grantor). author, book or film number, and page number on the copy, or Where the grantee (buyer) came from. photocopy the title page at the front of the book or film. Also Where the grantor (seller) has moved. write the name of the library, archive, etc., where you found the record.” Source : www.familysearch.org Name of the deceased spouse of a widow. Heirs of the land, including the names of married For further research and examples of decoding land daughters.” records see : E. Wade Hone, Land & Property Research Source: www.familysearch.org in the United States, p. 188-191.