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Essex County, Massachusetts, 1630-1768 Harold Arthur Pinkham Jr

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Essex County, Massachusetts, 1630-1768 Harold Arthur Pinkham Jr University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Winter 1980 THE TRANSPLANTATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF THE ENGLISH SHIRE IN AMERICA: ESSEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS, 1630-1768 HAROLD ARTHUR PINKHAM JR. University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation PINKHAM, HAROLD ARTHUR JR., "THE TRANSPLANTATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF THE ENGLISH SHIRE IN AMERICA: ESSEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS, 1630-1768" (1980). Doctoral Dissertations. 2327. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/2327 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. Whfle the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations vhich may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. 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Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. Uni^ International 300 N. ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC1R 4EJ, ENGLAND Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 8118548 PiNKHAM, H a r o l d A r t h u r , Jr . THE TRANSPLANTATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF THE ENGUSH SHIRE IN AMERICA: ESSEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS, 1630-1768 University o f New Hampshire PhJD. 1980 University Microfiims internetionsi Copyright 1980 by Pinkham, Haroid Arthur, Jr. Aii Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed In the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V 1. Glossy photographs or pages. 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print_____ 3. Photographs with dark background _____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy _____ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy. 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page. 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages_ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements_____ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine _____ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print. 11. Page(s)___________lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s)___________seem to be missing in numbering oniy as text foilows. 13. Two pages numbered__________. Text foilows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages _____ 15. Other_______________________________________________________________ University Microfiims Internationai Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. /O. Coj^cj TH3 TRAî:S?IAîrTA?IOîî AÏÔ! THAIISFORICATICi: CF- THE SKGLISK ÎHIHE IK AIZ3ICA: ESSEX CCUîrTY, I'ASSACHUSETTS, I63O-I768 BY / Harold Arthur Pinkham, Jr. B.A., University of Connecticut, 1956 K. Ed., University of Hartford, I96O K.A., University of Connecticut, I967 Dissertation Sucmitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Decemcer, I98O Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. This dissertation ïias "been examined and approved Darxott ?.. 3utman 01 essor ory Charles 3 , Clark, Trofescor of History Robert M. Hennell, Professor of History riarc L. Schwarz, Associate Professor of History Ricsard Z, Downs, Associate Professor of AntJircpoloRy August 29, 1980 Date I Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PREFACE This dissertation is an outgrowth of a long fascination with local history. Because most of my previous writing has focused upon the individual community, this venture into regionalism is especially challenging» The inclusion of all localities within a selected area poses unique problems or organization» however, the potential for drawing meaningful conclusions about communal behavior and structure make this study well worth the effort. As a resident of Essex County, I find that this undertaking offers an intimate historical perspective, particularly in the relative roles and functions of Salem, Ipswich, and Newburyport and the subregions that developed around them. On the one hand, the residue from colonial subdivision is evident even today; on the other hand, the emergence later, after the concluding date of this essay, of influential communities within the county suggest new subregions— the extraordinary growth of Lynn and the incorporation of Lawrence in the nineteenth century are specifically important elements. Thus for one interested in local studies, the facination is not limited to a particular place or time; the possibility of new studies is always present. Several professors at the University of New Hampshire and colleagues at Salem State College have rendered considerable assistance in this endeavor. To Professor Darrett B. Rutman, I owe a special debt of gratitude, not only for his tireless efforts as the supervisor of the dissertation, but for the ways he opened my eyes to the potential for applying social science methodology and the computer to the study of history, I am much obliged to Professor Charles E, Clark for his helpful criticism and suggestions on organization and style. Professor Robert K, Kennell deserves a note of thanks for pointing out the value of urbanism and regionalism to community studies and making me realize that their 444 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. applications axe not restricted to the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The suggestions of ITofessors I4arc L. Schwarz and Richard E, Downs have helped me to understand how late medieval institutions and values were transplanted from England to America, which is significant in the early parts of this work. In addition, two friends and colleagues at Salem Stste College— Professors Charles F. Ames and Terrence P. O'Donnell— offered continual encouragement and critical commentary on parts of this study for which I am very grateful. Among the numerous archivists, librarians, and data processing specialists assisting me over the years, Mrs. Arthur R. Norton, Reference Librarian at the Essex Institute .and Thomas lathrop at the Salem State College Computer Center— now deceased— were the most helpful. Both spent many hours helping me directly and unselfishly, I must thank the caretakers of the records in most of the twenty-one towns (1765) in Essex County for their cooperation and assistance. It is to the members of my immediate family, however, that I dedicate this dissertation. Their support, encouragement, and patience during a lengthy period were essential to the completion of the work. To my wife Christine, above all, who shared the moments of exhuberance and frustration associated with this project, I dedicate my efforts. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABI2 OP COrmENTS PREFACE ..... Vi LIST OF TABIES.................... x LIST OF I!APS........... XI LIST OF FIGURES.................. sdi CHAPTER PAGE I. ESSEX AS A REGION AND COUNTY* AN OVERVIEW................ 1 Characteristics to be Measured............... 13 The Development of the County, 1623-1768* An Overview...... 16 II. A COHECTION OF TOWIG....... 20 Site and Situation* The Settlement Phase................... 21 The English Origins of the Settlements .... 25 The Characteristics of the English Locations............... 32 English Characteristics Reflected in Essex County.......... 39 III. POPUIATIOH GROWTH AS A BASIS FOR
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