Structure and Gestalt Linguistic & Literary Studies in Eastern Europe (Llsee)
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STRUCTURE AND GESTALT LINGUISTIC & LITERARY STUDIES IN EASTERN EUROPE (LLSEE) The emphasis of this scholarly series is on recent developments in Linguistic and Literary Research in Eastern Europe; it includes analyses, translations and syntheses of current research as well as studies in the history of linguistic and literary scholarship. Founding Editor: John Odmark t Volume 7 edited by Barry Smith Structure and Gestalt: Philosophy and literature in Austria-Hungary and her successor states STRUCTURE AND GESTALT : Philosophy and Literature in Austria-Hungary and her successor states edited by BARRY SMITH University of Manchester AMSTERDAM / JOHN BENJAMINS B.V. 1981 ©Copyright 1981 — John Benjamins B.V. ISSN 0165 7712 / ISBN 90 272 1510 3 No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. PREFACE The majority of the papers in the present volume were presented at, or prepared in conjunction with, meetings of the Seminar for Austro-German Philosophy, a group of philosophers interested in the work of Brentano and Husserl and of the various thinkers who fell under their influence. One long-standing concern of the Seminar has been to trace the origins of present-day structuralism and related move ments in the thought of nineteenth-century central Europe. This task has been admirably performed by Elmar Holenstein for the specific connections between Husserl and Jakobson and the Moscow and Prague Linguistic Circles (see the bibliography to Holenstein's paper below). But the (broadly) structuralist currents exhibited in, for example, the work of Meinong's Grazer Schule and, before that, in the writings of Herbart, Bolzano and Zimmermann, in the early psycho logical writings of Ehrenfels, or in the works of Austrian economists and political theorists, art historians and novelists, have remained almost wholly unexplored. The papers in this volume touch more or less obliquely on this theme. The preparation of the volume was made possible by the grant of a research fellowship by the University of Shef field, for which I should like to express my thanks. I am STRUCTURE AND GESTALT especially grateful to Professor Peter Nidditch and to the staff of the Department of Philosophy in Sheffield for their toleration and encouragement, and to Peter Simons and Kevin Mulligan, without whose help the work could not have been brought to fruition. Colloquia organised by the Seminar for Austro-German Philosophy in the sessions 1977-78 and 1978-79. March 1977. Senses, Propositions and States of Affairs. (Held in Sheffield.) Prof. P. Geach (Leeds), "Facts, Thoughts and Propositions". B.F.McGuinness (Oxford), "Wittgenstein, Moore and the Tractatus". T. Baldwin (York), "Causality, Identity and Events". P.J. Fitzpatrick (Durham), "States and Opacity". December 1977. Ontology and the Philosophy of Number. (Held in Sheffield.) Prof.P.H.Nidditch (Sheffield), "Empiricism, Ontology and Number". T. Karmo (Oxford), "Disturbances". P.M.Simons (Bolton), "Countability". K.Mulligan (Hamburg), "Sortalism and Numbers: Burkamp vs. Frege". January 1978. Wittgenstein and the Background of Austro- German Philosophy. (Held in Balliol College, Oxford.) D.A.Bell (Sheffield), "Frege, Wittgenstein and the Problem of Propo- sitional Unity". B.F.McGuinness (Oxford), "Wittgenstein and Moore". B.Smith (Sheffield), "Palaeontological Reflections on the Tractatus". K.Mulligan (Hamburg), "Formal Concepts and Formal Operations in Husserl and Wittgenstein". February 1978. Phenomenology and Logic. (Held in Sheffield.) Prof. P. Winch (London), "In the Beginning was the Deed". W.Künne (Hamburg), "Criteria for Abstract Entities: The Ontologies of Frege and Husserl against the background of Classical Metaphysics". Mrs. M.Lewis (Sheffield), "Hintikka's Aesthetics". March 1978. Philosophy3 Literature and the Arts in Austria- Hungary . (Held in London at the Institute of Contemporary Arts.) W. Domingo (Oxford), "The Architecture of Otto Wagner". Vi PREFACE G.Muckenhausen (Aachen), "Robert Musil's Aesthetics". B. Smith (Sheffield), "Brentano, Ehrenfels and Kafka". E. Swiderski (Fribourg), "Contemporary Marxist-Leninist Aesthetics". Prof. R. Wollheim (London), "Recollection, Repetition and Working Through in Freud". April 1978. Approaches to the Theory of Language. (Held in Balliol College, Oxford.) W. Domingo (Oxford), "Prolegomena to any Future Anti-Realism". C. Peacocke (Oxford), "Causal Modalities and Realism". P.M. Simons (Bolton), "The Phenomenological Syntax of Language". May 1978. Whole-Fart Theory and the History of Logic. (Held in Sheffield.) Prof. C. Lejewski (Manchester), "Lesniewski's Mereology and Russell's Paradox". I. Grattan-Guinness (London), "Some Remarks on the Part-Whole Relation ship in 19th-century Set Theory". P.M. Simons (Bolton), "The Formalisation of Husserl's Theory of Wholes and Parts". W. Degen (Erlangen), "Rational Grammar and Ontology". Prof.F.G.Asenjo (Pittsburg), "Mathematical Treatments of the Part- Whole Relation". July 1978. Kant and Husserl: Varieties of Idealism. (Held in Oxford.) Prof. W.H.Walsh (Edinburgh), "Ways of Taking Kant". Prof. G. Null (Wisconsin), "On the Problem of Ideation: Aspects of the Theories of Manifolds, Groups, Synthesis and Material Analyticity". R. Lüthe (Aachen), "Kant, Husserl, and the Idea of Transcendental Philosophy". November 1978. Phenomenology and Value Theory. (Held in Sheffield.) H. Philipse (Leiden), "Wholes, Parts and the Immortality of the Soul". D.R.Steele (Hull), "On the Marxian Theory of Value". F. Dunlop (Cambridge), "The Objectivity of Values in the Writings of the Munich Phenomenologists". January 1979. The Origins of the Twentieth Century (on the Culture of fin-de-siècle Vienna). (Held in Manchester.) P.D.Knabenshue (London), "The Art of Vienna". Prof. N. Gier (Idaho), "Wittgenstein and the Lebensphilosophen". P.M.Simons (Bolton), "Reflections on Music and Philosophy in Austria- Hungary" . B.Smith (Sheffield), "Wittgenstein, Weininger, Kraus. An Austrian Triptych". vii STRUCTURE AND GESTALT May 1979. Phenomenology and Social Rules. (Held in the London School of Economics.) J. Shearmur (L.S.E.), K.Mulligan (Hamburg), B.Smith (Sheffield): Symposium on the concepts of social rule employed by philosophers, psychologists and social scientists, with special reference to the work of Ehrenfels, Wittgenstein, and Hayek. June 1979. On Austrian Methodology. (Held in Sheffield.) Prof. P. Pettit (Bradford), "Methodological Individualism (Part I)". H. Steiner (Manchester), "Menger and Nozick on the Origin of Money". G. Sampson (Lancaster), "On linguistic methodology and the concept of hierarchy". J. Shearmur (L.S.E.), "On Austrian Methodology". July 1979. Men Without Qualities. Philosophy and Literature in Austria and Germany. (Held in the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London.) A. Janik (Wellesley), "Wittgenstein, Weininger and Therapeutic Nihilism". B. Smith (Sheffield), "The Law and the Prophets: The Idea of an Inner Tribunal in German Literature from Kleist to Kafka". K. Mulligan (Hamburg), "Against Representation: Kleist, Weininger, Wittgenstein, Kafka". M.-A. Lescourret (Paris), "Wittgenstein and Music". W. Degen (Erlangen), "The Psychology of Nietzsche". F. Field (Keele), "Karl Kraus and the Last Days of Mankind". C. Oliver (Sheffield), "Schnitzler and Freud". R. Kavanagh (Sheffield), "The Optimum Velocity of Approach: Some Reflections on Kafka's Trial". November 1979. Human Action and the Social Sciences. (Held in Manchester.) Prof. P. Pettit (Bradford), "Methodological Individualism (Part II)". D.R.Steele (Hull), "Misesian Apriorism". J.Shearmur (L.S.E.), "Inside· the Social Atom" B.Smith (Manchester) and P.M.Simons (Bolton), "On the nature of the truths of the social sciences: a defence of the synthetic a priori". December 1979. Grammar and the Begriffsschrift: A Centenary Celebration. (Held in Bedford College, London.) Prof. Thiel (Aachen), "From Leibniz to Frege". R. White (Leeds), "Function and Argument vs. Subject and Predicate". D. Bell (Sheffield), "Frege's Propositional Holism". P. M. Simons (Bolton), "Unsaturatedness". P. Long (Leeds), "Identity and the Copula". Prof P. Geach (Leeds), "Second-Order Quantification in Frege". Prof. M. Dummett (Oxford), "Alternative Analyses of Propositions". viii CONTENTS PREFACE ν On the Poetry and the Plurifunctionality of Language . 1 Elmar Holenstein Alois Riegl: The Synchronic Analysis of Stylistic . .45 Types Margaret Iversen Bolzano and the Dark Doctrine: An Essay on Aesthetics .69 Peter McCormick Kafka and Brentano: A Study in Descriptive Psychology 113 Barry Smith Brentano and Freud 161 John M. Heaton The Optimum Velocity of Approach: Some Reflections on Kafka's Trial 195 R. J. Kavanagh iX STRUCTURE AND GESTALT The Production of Ideas. Notes on Austrian Intellectual History from Bolzano to Wittgenstein 211 Barry Smith Philosophy and National Consciousness in Austria and Hungary: A Comparative Socio-Psychological Sketch. .235 J. Nyiri Therapeutic Nihilism: How Not to Write about Otto Weininger 263 Allan Janik Philosophy, Animality and Justice: Kleist, Kafka, Weininger and Wittgenstein 293 Kevin Mulligan PREFATORY NOTE 313 Identity and Division as a Fundamental Theme of Politics 317 Aurei Kolnai LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 347 x ON THE POETRY AND THE PLURIFUNCTIONALITY OF LANGUAGE Elmar Holenstein §1. Introduction §2. From Bühler's three-function schema to Jakobson's six §3. From formalism to structuralism - from the separ ation of the work of art to the autonomy of the