Jean-Charles Oillic

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Jean-Charles Oillic N° d’ordre : 4478 ANNÉE 2011 THÈSE / UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1 sous le sceau de l’Université Européenne de Bretagne pour le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1 Mention : Archéologie et Archéométrie Ecole doctorale Sciences de la matière présentée par Jean-Charles Oillic Préparée à l’unité de recherche n° 6566 CReAAH Centre de Recherche en Archéologie, Archéométrie, Histoire UFR Sciences et Propriétés de la Matière (SPM) Thèse soutenue à Rennes Végétation, le 12 décembre 2011 peuplement, devant le jury composé de : Joëlle BURNOUF métallurgie en Professeure, Université de Paris 1 / rapporteur Marie-José GAILLARD Brocéliande : étude Professeure, Université de Kalmar / rapporteur Aline DURAND interdisciplinaire de Maître de Conférence, Université d’Aix-Marseille 1 / examinateur la forêt de Paimpont Grégor MARCHAND Chargé de recherche CNRS / examinateur Stéphanie THIEBAULT (Bretagne, France) Directrice de recherche, CNRS / examinateur Dominique MARGUERIE depuis la fin du Directeur de recherche, CNRS / directeur de thèse Tardiglaciaire « Tout le monde ment » G.H.M.D Remerciements Maintenant que vient l’heure de clore ce travail de plus de quatre années, je tiens à remercier l’ensemble des personnes qui ont contribué à sa réalisation que cela soit de manière scientifique, technique ou morale : Monsieur Dominique Marguerie, mon directeur de thèse, à qui je pense tout d’abord pour avoir accepté de m‘encadrer au cours de mon mémoire de Master 2, puis tout au long de cette thèse. Qu’il soit remercié pour tout ce que le travail à ses côtés m’a apporté, pour ses encouragements dans la direction qu’ont pris mes travaux, pour nos discussions conviviales et pour ses nombreux commentaires, corrections et relectures de ce manuscrit. Mesdames Joëlle Burnouf, professeure à l’Université de Paris 1, et Marie-José Gaillard, professeure à l’Université de Kalmar, qui ont accepté de juger mon manuscrit en tant que rapporteurs et dont les remarques seront, j’en suis sûr, des plus constructives. Mesdames Stéphanie Thiébault, directrice de recherche au CNRS, et Aline Durand, maître de conférence à l’Université d’Aix-Marseille 1, et Monsieur Grégor Marchand, chargé de recherche au CNRS, pour l’honneur qu’ils me font d’être membres de mon jury et pour l’intérêt qu’ils portent à ce travail. Je tiens également à mentionner Chantal Leroyer qui m’a apporté de nombreux éléments de réflexion sur la végétation des périodes les plus anciennes couvertes par ce travail. Merci « maman Chantal ». Cécile Le Carlier, pour les nombreuses discussions que nous avons pu avoir au sujet de la paléométallurgie et également pour son aide dans le calcul des estimations de consommation en bois. Que ces échanges ne soient que le début d’une collaboration fructueuse. Jean-Bernard Vivet et Nicolas Girault, mes compagnons paléométallurgistes depuis 2003. Je les remercie d’avoir accepté de me confier le matériel anthracologique de leurs fouilles, mais surtout de leur amitié et de leur soutien. 1 Mes pensées vont également vers Guy Larcher, Jean Boucard et Marie-José Le Garrec, qui, au travers de leur intérêt pour l’archéologie et la randonnée, ont apporté une grande contribution à la connaissance des innombrables vestiges archéologiques dispersés en forêt. David et Nancy pour leur aide dans l’identification parfois délicate des grains de pollen et des charbons de bois et pour les heures que nous avons passé devant nos microscopes. Laurent pour tous les échantillons polliniques qu’il a traités. Je n’oublie pas non plus tous les autres membres de l’équipe paléoenvironnementale des laboratoires rennais et nantais. Leur bonne humeur et nos nombreux échanges ont permis à ces quatre années de passer rapidement. Aurélie, pour son aide inestimable au cours de mon approche historique de la forêt de Paimpont. A tous les membres du laboratoire de Rennes, pour leur accueil et leur sympathie. La liste est longue et la peur d’en oublier grande. Aussi qu’ils sachent tous que je pense à eux. Je tiens également à remercier l’ensemble des partenaires institutionnels qui ont permis la réalisation de ce projet : la Communauté de communes de Brocéliande, le SIVU Forges et métallurgie en Brocéliande, la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme de Bretagne, le Conseil général du Morbihan et le CAREN-OSUR. Enfin je tiens à remercier Elise pour son soutien et sa compréhension à chaque fois que « je ne râle pas mais m’exprime ». Je voudrais également souligner sa patience pour toutes les fois où je lui parle de charbons, pollens et scories. Je ne doute pas qu’en tant qu’archéologue ces sujets l’ai intéressée, mais ils sont bien loin de ces études du bâti. 2 Sommaire Remerciements ........................................................................................................................... 1 Sommaire ................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 5 Première partie : contexte de l’étude .......................................................................................... 9 1. L’actuel massif de Paimpont ............................................................................................ 10 1.1 La géologie ................................................................................................................. 10 1.2 Le climat ..................................................................................................................... 12 1.3 L’hydrographie ........................................................................................................... 14 1.4 La pédologie ............................................................................................................... 14 1.5 La végétation actuelle ................................................................................................. 15 2. Contexte archéologique et historique ............................................................................... 22 2.1 Le Paléolithique final (12700 – 9700 BC) ................................................................. 22 2.2 Le Mésolithique (9700 – 6500 BC)............................................................................ 22 2.3 La néolithisation : Mésolithique final / Néolithique ancien (6500 –4600 BC) .......... 23 2.4 Le Néolithique moyen (4600 – 3500 BC) .................................................................. 24 2.5 Le Néolithique récent/final (3500 – 2300 BC) ........................................................... 25 2.6 L’âge du Bronze (2300 – 800 BC) ............................................................................. 26 2.7 L’âge du Fer (800 – 50 BC) ....................................................................................... 28 2.8 La période gallo-romaine (50 BC – 500 AD) ............................................................ 30 2.9 Le Moyen Âge (500 AD – 1500 AD) ........................................................................ 32 2.10 La période moderne (1500 AD – 1800 AD) ........................................................... 35 2.11 La période contemporaine (1800 AD – aujourd’hui) ............................................... 35 3. Le contexte paléométallurgique ....................................................................................... 36 3.1 La chaîne opératoire et son évolution ........................................................................ 36 3.2 La paléométallurgie sur le massif de Paimpont ......................................................... 41 4. L’implantation du légendaire ........................................................................................... 43 Deuxième partie : approche palynologique .............................................................................. 46 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 46 La méthodologie ................................................................................................................... 47 1.1 Choix des sites ............................................................................................................ 47 1.2 Les prélèvements ........................................................................................................ 48 1.3 Préparation des échantillons ....................................................................................... 49 1.4 Détermination et comptage ........................................................................................ 51 1.5 Représentations graphiques ........................................................................................ 54 1.6 La zonation pollinique ................................................................................................ 57 1.7 Les datations radiocarbone ......................................................................................... 60 1.8 L’interprétation paléoécologique ............................................................................... 61 2. Présentation des résultats ................................................................................................. 62 2.1 Le Carrefour Pas de la Chèvre ................................................................................... 62 2.2 Trécélien ....................................................................................................................
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