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4. Fisheries and Aquaculture 34 state of the seas 4. FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE Common dragonet Callionymus lyra Key messages: • Irish Sea cod is suffering reduced Newry as ‘good’, while the remaining three reproductive capacity and is being harvested systems (Roe, Lagan, and Connswater) are unsustainably, while sole is at risk of ‘moderate’. becoming harvested unsustainably. • The Dublin Bay prawn stock in the western • A sharp reduction in whiting abundance has Irish Sea has sustained harvests averaging led to significantly reduced catches. over 7,000 tonnes since the 1970s while • Haddock spawning biomass in the Irish Sea maintaining a stable size composition and has recently increased as has the biomass sex ratio, suggesting that the stock is being of herring. harvested sustainably. • The Irish Sea plaice stock is being harvested • The main shellfish species under sustainably. aquaculture in Northern Ireland’s sea loughs • The angel shark is severely depleted. The are blue mussels, Pacific oysters and to a population of spurdog is depleted, while lesser extent king scallops. lesser spotted dogfish and nursehound are stable or increasing. What is the status of our commercially • The common skate is now severely exploited fish stocks? depleted in waters around Northern Ireland, A wide variety of commercially important fish however, thornback ray and blonde ray are species are exploited in the waters around stable or increasing in numbers and the Northern Ireland. In 2008, landings into NI cuckoo ray is widespread and abundant. fishing ports (www.marinemanagement.org. • There have been significant declines in the uk/fisheries/statistics/annual2008.htm) were natural survival of wild salmon at sea in topped by 7,876 tonnes of Dublin Bay prawn recent years. Nephrops norvegicus, with a first sale value of • An ecological quality measure used to £14.2 million, followed by 527 tonnes of cod classify estuarine fish communities under Gadus morhua and 500 tonnes of haddock the Water Framework Directive scores Merlanogrammus aeglfinus with values of the Foyle/Faughan as ‘high’, the Bann and £1.2 million and £0.5 million, respectively. chapter title 35 Herring Clupea harengus Overall landings of demersal (near bottom allowable catches and a system of quotas for living) fish totalled 1,894 tonnes, with a first sale each species and sea area. Local administrations value of £3.18 million. In terms of pelagic (mid determine management measures for fisheries water living) species, there is a relatively small within their jurisdiction (i.e. within the 12 nautical fishery for herringClupea harengus in the Irish mile limit). Sea, with landings into Northern Irish ports in 2008 of 5,722 tonnes, valued at £1.34 million. Fish are among the most comprehensively Inshore fisheries include lobsterHomarus monitored components of our marine gammarus, king scallops Pecten maximus, ecosystems. Monitoring programmes include cockles Cerastoderma edule and oysters Ostrea scientific examination of landings at fishing edulis and a variety of crabs and shrimps, with a ports, monitoring of catches onboard fishing total of 3,010 tonnes recorded in 2008, having a vessels and research vessel based fishery- combined value of £3.2 million. independent surveys being conducted. A scientific stock assessment provides information The Northern Ireland fishing fleet comprises on 3 key aspects of stock status: around 147 registered vessels over 10 metres in length, the majority fishing mainly for Dublin • removal of various age classes of fish from Bay prawn in a mixed species demersal fishery. the stock (the fishing mortality) A small fleet of semi-pelagic trawlers target • abundance of the part of the population whitefish. Two vessels seasonally target the at reproductive age (the spawning stock stock of Irish Sea herring, mainly in waters biomass) adjacent to the Isle of Man, while a small boat • number of young fish potentially entering the (skiff) fishery targets herring on the Mourne fishery (the recruitment) shore. Most inshore fishing is done using These data are combined to produce an overall smaller vessels under 10 metres, with 204 picture of the status of particular stocks in registered in 2008. designated fishery management areas/sub- areas. Since most fisheries are conducted Fishing for the main commercially exploited by a range of fleets from different countries, species is regulated through the European the data are pooled on an international basis Common Fisheries Policy, via annual total before being assessed and quality assured by 36 state of the seas the International Council for the Exploration of the level capable of producing maximum the Sea (ICES). Each stock is assessed with sustainable yield over the long term. In respect to a lower limit for spawning stock practice, maximum sustainable yield can only biomass, below which the stock will probably be established from appropriate analytical not be able to produce enough young to assessments. sustain future generations. There is also an upper limit for fishing mortality, above which These assessments are based on analyses the stock is regarded as over-exploited. of catch, discards, age and length and other information including spawning stock biomass. Under the Marine Framework Strategy Where this information is not available expert Directive (2008/56/EC) indicators will be judgement will need to be applied to develop required for assessing good environmental a range of secondary indicators, such as status of commercially exploited fish species. the ratio of catch to biomass. There has The indicators likely to be used refer to level been little consideration of appropriate good of pressure of the fishing activity, reproductive environmental status criteria for shellfish. capacity of the stock and population age The status of the main commercially exploited and size distribution. Specifically, good fish stocks in the Irish Sea is reviewed below environmental status will require that fishing and summarised in Table 4.1. mortality values are equal to or lower than Irish Sea Species 2010 ICES assessment of state of stock TAC 2010 Biomass Exploitation Trend Harvested unsustainably since the late 1980’s. The stock has had reduced reproductive capacity since the mid-1990s. After 7 years of some of the lowest cod 674t recruitments in the time series, the 2009 year class is estimated to be more abundant and is estimated by surveys to be the largest since 2001 Stock trends indicate an increase in spawning biomass over the time-series but haddock 1,424t a decrease since 2008. Total mortality appears relatively stable The spawning biomass trends show an increase in stock size since the mid- plaice 1,627t 1990’s to a stable level. Total mortality shows a declining trend since the early 1990’s Spawning biomass has continuously declined since 2001 to low levels and sole 402t recruitment reached its lowest level in 2008. A large reduction of fishing mortality in recent years reflects a reduction in fishing effort The present stock size is extremely low. Landings have seen a declining trend whiting 157t since the early 1980s, reaching lowest levels in the 2000s. Survey results indicate a decline in relative spawning biomass Spawning biomass is close to its highest abundance in the 17 year time-series. herring 4,800t The current fishing pattern shows no signs of being detrimental to the stock Biomass reproductive capacity impaired at risk of suffering reduced reproductive capacity Trend state improving at full reproductive capacity stable Explotiation overfished at risk of becoming unsustainably fished state deteriorating sustainably fished Table 4.1 Overview of the status of the main commercially exploited fish stocks in the Irish Sea fisheries and aquaculture 37 Trawler, Irish Sea Cod Irish Sea cod is suffering reduced reproductive and poor environmental conditions. These capacity and the stock is being harvested factors coincide with a shift towards above unsustainably. Recruitment has been below average sea temperatures. However, after 7 average for the past 17 years. years of some of the lowest recruitments of Total mortality rate of this stock remains very the time series, the 2009 year class is more high, despite the introduction of a range of abundant and is estimated to be the largest mitigation measures. These measures include since 2001. the establishment of a closed spawning area since 2000, effort control since 2003, various Haddock vessel decommissioning schemes and a 15- Survey trends indicate increasing spawning 25% total allowable catch reduction per year stock biomass of the haddock stock in since 2006. the Irish Sea in recent years; hence the total allowable catch was increased by Since 2004, ICES has advised zero catches 15% in 2009. Below average recruitment of cod in the Irish Sea. The age structure of in 2008 and 2009 is projected to lead to a the stock shows a relative absence of older decrease in spawning stock biomass and age classes. The EU had adopted a long term this was reflected in the survey based plan for this stock (Council Regulation (EC) biomass estimate in 2009. Rapid changes in 1342/2008), with the objective of recovering recruitment are a feature of haddock stocks. cod stocks to maximum sustainable yield by ICES advice for 2010 was for no increase in maintaining a specified target fishing mortality. fishing effort. Although management is focused on reducing fishing mortality, ICES notes evidence that Plaice the reductions in cod biomass in the Irish Plaice Pleuronectes platessa fishing takes Sea since the 1990s may be partly due to a place mainly in the eastern Irish Sea and combination of low spawning stock biomass is carried out using otter trawls and beam 38 state of the seas trawls. ICES classifies the stock as having full joint science-industry acoustic surveys, with reproductive capacity and being harvested the objective of developing a long-term sustainably. Furthermore, ICES advised that management plan for the stock. the total allowable catch for 2010 be slightly increased on the 2009 level.
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