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Anmbr) for Urban Sanitation in Developing Countries Robert Alonso Bair University of South Florida, [email protected]

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Anmbr) for Urban Sanitation in Developing Countries Robert Alonso Bair University of South Florida, Rbair@Mail.Usf.Edu University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 7-7-2016 Development of a Decentralized and Off-grid Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for Urban Sanitation in Developing Countries Robert Alonso Bair University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Environmental Engineering Commons Scholar Commons Citation Bair, Robert Alonso, "Development of a Decentralized and Off-grid Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for Urban Sanitation in Developing Countries" (2016). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6174 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Development of a Decentralized and Off-grid Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) for Urban Sanitation in Developing Countries by Robert Alonso Bair A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering College of Engineering University of South Florida Major Professor: Daniel Yeh, Ph.D. Piet Lens, Ph.D. Yogi Goswami, Ph.D. Jeffrey Cunningham, Ph.D. Rebecca Zarger, Ph.D. Date of Approval: June 14, 2016 Keywords: wastewater, water recycling, nutrient, energy, India Copyright © 2016, Robert Alonso Bair Acknowledgments I want to thank all of the agencies whose financial support made this research possible. Specifically, The National Science Foundation’s Students, Teachers, and Resources in the Sciences fellowship; The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation for their Grand Challenges Exploration Grant; The National Science Foundation for funding under Grant No. 1243510; India’s Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council for their Reinvent the Toilet Challenge – India Grant; and The Cade Museum for their 2014 Cade Museum Prize. I also want to thank the Department of Education’s Graduate Assistance in Areas of National Need Grant (GAANN) for financial support. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Y. Goswami, Prof. P. Lens, Dr. J. Cunningham, and Dr. R. Zarger for their expertise and guidance in this process. I want to express my gratitude to Midhu S. V., Dijin, and all the staff at Eram Scientific Solutions for their assistance in India. I also want to thank Pentair X-Flow for their technical guidance. The TRL7 system benefited from sponsorship by Pentair, Charleston Marine Containers, Inc., Trojan Battery Company and WaterStep. I want to thank the staff at Learning Gate Community School for allowing a pilot on their campus. I am greatly indebted to Dr. A. L. Prieto, who taught me the ways of the membrane master; as well as Dr. A. Do; and Dr. R. Ferlita, Dr. A. Buttice, and Dr. S. DuPont. I would like to thank the efficient Dr. I. Drexler; the deep-minded, O. Ozcan; the meticulous, Dr. C. Joustra; the ambitious, Dr. J. Ariunbaatar; the nutrient master, J. Calabria; and the driven, Dr. P. Dolejs. I also want to thank all of those I have had the pleasure to share the lab. Specifically, G. Dick, P. Zydek, N. de Hart, A. Filippi, H. Jean, M. Woodham, W. Sutton, J. Duran, and C. Agbim. Outside of the lab, I am greatly indebted to my friends and family, especially Adventure Points, members of the Lake House, and my loving parents. Above all, I want to thank my adviser, Dr. Daniel Yeh for his leadership, encouragement, advice, and persistence in this whole ordeal. Without his support there is little chance that I would have embarked on or completed this journey. Table of Contents List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... v Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 The Global Sanitation Challenge ............................................................................................... 1 1.2 Urban Sanitation: Challenges and Criteria ................................................................................. 2 1.3 Current Sanitation Technologies in Marginalized Urban Areas ................................................ 4 1.3.1 Open Defecation ........................................................................................................ 4 1.3.2 Flying Toilets ............................................................................................................. 5 1.3.3 Pit Latrines ................................................................................................................. 5 1.3.4 Ecological Sanitation ................................................................................................. 6 1.3.5 Biogas Toilets ............................................................................................................ 7 1.3.6 Pour Flush Toilets ...................................................................................................... 8 1.3.7 Simplified Sewerage .................................................................................................. 9 1.4 Current Technology Lessons and Summary .............................................................................. 9 1.5 The Promise of Membrane Technology................................................................................... 10 1.6 AnMBRs for Urban Slum Sanitation ....................................................................................... 12 1.7 Research Motivation and Problem Statement .......................................................................... 14 1.8 Research Hypothesis and Objectives ....................................................................................... 15 1.9 Structure of Dissertation .......................................................................................................... 17 1.10 References .............................................................................................................................. 17 Chapter 2: General Procedures ................................................................................................................... 23 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 23 2.2 Water Quality Analyses ........................................................................................................... 23 2.2.1 Sample Collection and Storage ................................................................................ 23 2.2.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand ...................................................................................... 24 2.2.3 Total Phosphorus ..................................................................................................... 24 2.2.4 Total Nitrogen .......................................................................................................... 24 2.2.5 Ammonia ................................................................................................................. 25 2.2.6 pH, Alkalinity, Turbidity ......................................................................................... 25 2.3 Membrane Filtration Systems .................................................................................................. 25 2.3.1 Module Construction ............................................................................................... 25 2.3.2 Clean Water Flux Testing ........................................................................................ 26 2.3.3 Membrane Cleaning ................................................................................................. 26 2.3.4 Membrane Specific Calculations ............................................................................. 27 2.4 Data Collection and Analysis ................................................................................................... 28 2.4.1 Data Collection Components ................................................................................... 28 2.4.1.1 Wet Tip Meters ........................................................................................ 28 2.4.1.2 Transducers .............................................................................................. 29 2.4.1.3 Permeate Flow and Rain Gauges ............................................................. 29 i 2.4.1.4 Flow Meters ............................................................................................. 29 2.4.1.5 Temperature ............................................................................................. 30 Chapter 3: Long Term Performance of an Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AnMBR) Treating Domestic Wastewater: Effects of Variable Feed Strength and Intermittent Operation ........................ 31 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................
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