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Ecological Sanitation – an Introduction to the Philippines

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Ecological Sanitation – an Introduction to the Philippines Ecological Sanitation – An Introduction to the Philippines General Paper prepared within the DILG-GTZ Water Program towards an Integrated Water Resources Management for the Philippines Claudia Früh Manila, Philippines October 2003 Fehler! Formatvorlage nicht definiert. Background This report was prepared during the first two months of my three months stay as a trainee in the DILG-GTZ Water Program. As an environmental engineer, used to the “conventional way” of wastewater management, it was especially interesting to learn more about ecosan and its possible implementations worldwide but also in the explicit case of the Philippines. May this report clarify important aspects of this topic and serve as a basis for further more detailed studies. I would like to thank GTZ and especially Andreas Kanzler as the Program Director for the opportunity to gain this interesting experience and address additional acknowledgements to him as well as to Carissa Noche, Joan Lacson and Leo Wales from the DILG-GTZ Water Program team and the “girls” from the Water Supply and Sanitation Program Management Office (WSSPMO), Vince Delector from GTZ and Dan Lapid from CAPS for their comprehensive assistance during my time in the Philippines. Claudia Früh, Environmental Engineer and Master of Science in Water Resources Engineering and Management Manila, October 2003 Ecological Sanitation - An Introduction to the Philippines, Manila, October 2003 ii Fehler! Formatvorlage nicht definiert. Table of Contents Table of Contents................................................................................................ iii List of Figures ..................................................................................................... iv List of Tables....................................................................................................... iv List of Appendix Figures..................................................................................... v List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................... vi 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 2 DEFINITION OF ECOSAN ............................................................................. 1 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN EXCRETA AND GRAYWATER .............. 2 4 COMPARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS...................................................................................................... 3 4.1 Conventional Systems ................................................................................. 3 4.2 Advantages of ecosan ................................................................................. 4 4.3 Possible Problems and Risks of ecosan ...................................................... 4 5 TECHNICAL POSSIBILITIES ........................................................................ 5 5.1 General Remarks......................................................................................... 5 5.2 Sanitary Devices.......................................................................................... 5 5.3 Treatment Processes................................................................................... 6 5.3.1 Separated Urine........................................................................................... 7 5.3.2 Separated Feces.......................................................................................... 7 5.3.3 Graywater .................................................................................................... 8 5.3.4 Combined Collection of Urine and Feces..................................................... 8 6 PROJECT EXAMPLES .................................................................................. 9 7 GENERAL TOOLS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ECOSAN............... 12 7.1 Interdisciplinary Holistic Approach ............................................................. 12 7.2 Household Centered Ecological Sanitation Approach-HCES .................... 12 7.3 Analysis of the Present Situation ............................................................... 13 7.4 Public Awareness, Mobilization and Participation...................................... 14 7.5 Implementation, Operation and Maintenance ............................................ 15 7.6 Monitoring and Evaluation ......................................................................... 15 8 ECOSAN AS SOLUTION FOR THE PHILIPPINES ..................................... 15 8.1 Analysis of the Wastewater Sector ............................................................ 15 Ecological Sanitation - An Introduction to the Philippines, Manila, October 2003 iii Fehler! Formatvorlage nicht definiert. 8.2 Regulatory Framework............................................................................... 16 8.3 Experience of ecosan in the Philippines .................................................... 17 8.4 Information Assessment during short Field-trip to Bantayan...................... 19 8.4.1 Background................................................................................................ 19 8.4.2 Household Questionnaire for Barangay Sillion .......................................... 19 8.4.3 Additional Information ................................................................................ 20 8.4.4 Summary ................................................................................................... 21 9 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................... 22 Appendix............................................................................................................. 23 Dehydration Toilet................................................................................................ 23 Composting Toilet ................................................................................................ 23 Final Products...................................................................................................... 25 Graywater Treatment ........................................................................................... 25 Separation............................................................................................................ 27 Anaerobic Digestion............................................................................................. 30 Tingloy ecosan Pilot Project................................................................................. 31 Biogas Plant, Tingloy Island................................................................................. 33 Questionnaire with Answers from Field-trip to Sillon, Bantayan........................... 36 Pictures taking during Field-trip Bantayan ........................................................... 37 List of Figures Figure 3-1: Characteristics of divertible domestic wastewater flows with no dilution for urine and feces (TUHH, Otterpohl 2003) ................................2 Figure 5-1: Examples for urine-diverting sanitary devices ..................................6 Figure 6-1: Examples of ecosan dehydration toilets with urine-diversion in Tanzania using local material (Shayo, 2003)..........................................10 Figure 6-2: Ecosan toilets in Mexican middle-class indoor bathrooms..............10 Figure 6-3: Schematic view of the ecosan concept of the Flintenbreite, Lübeck, Germany ...................................................................................11 Figure 6-4: Pictures of one of the family houses, of the vacuum station, the sanitization tank and the biogas plant, Flintenbreite, Lübeck, Germany.11 Figure 7-1: Household Centered Environmental Sanitation Approach (adapted from Schertenleib) ..................................................................................13 Figure 8-1: Monthly averaged water-borne diseases from 1998 to 2002 of Bantayan Island......................................................................................19 List of Tables Table 4-1: Disadvantages of common flush-and-discharge and drop-and-store systems ....................................................................................................3 Table 4-2: Advantages of the ecosan approach..................................................4 Table 7-1: Motivation for implementation of ecosan for different levels ............14 Ecological Sanitation - An Introduction to the Philippines, Manila, October 2003 iv Fehler! Formatvorlage nicht definiert. Table 8-1: Lessons-learnt from Tingloy ecosan project ....................................18 List of Appendix Figures Appendix Figure 1: Vietnam double-vault dehydration toilet (Esrey, 1998).......23 Appendix Figure 2: Double-vault toilet in India (Esrey, 1998) ...........................23 Appendix Figure 3: Continuous composting toilets ...........................................24 Appendix Figure 4: Final products of dehydration and composting toilet systems ..................................................................................................25 Appendix Figure 5: Schematic view of a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland ...............................................................................25 Appendix Figure 6: Constructed wetland, Lambertsmuehle, Germany (Otterwasser GmbH) ..............................................................................26 Appendix Figure 7: Graywater garden in Mali...................................................26 Appendix Figure 8: Enviroo
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