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Nanobacterial System Towards Biofilm Forming Pseudomonas Oryzihabitans

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Nanobacterial System Towards Biofilm Forming Pseudomonas Oryzihabitans Nano Biomed. Eng., 2019, Vol. 11, Iss. 3 297 Nano Biomed Eng 2019, 11(3): 297-305. doi: 10.5101/nbe.v11i3.p297-305. Research Article Silver Nanoparticles as an Effective Anti- Nanobacterial System towards Biofilm Forming Pseudomonas oryzihabitans Shaimaa Obaid Hasson1 , Mohammed Jabber Al-Awady2, Mohanad Jawad Kadhim2, Hayder Shkhair Al-Janabi2 1Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon, Iraq. 2Department of Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, Al Qasim Green University, Babylon, Iraq. Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Received: Jun. 18, 2019; Accepted: Aug. 22, 2019; Published: Aug. 23, 2019. Citation: Shaimaa Obaid Hasson, Mohammed Jabber Al-Awady, Mohanad Jawad Kadhim, and Hayder Shkhair Al-Janabi, Silver Nanoparticles as an Effective Anti-Nanobacterial System towards Biofilm FormingPseudomonas oryzihabitans. Nano Biomed. Eng., 2019, 11(3): 297-305. DOI: 10.5101/nbe.v11i3.p297-305. Abstract Silver nanoparticles have been considered a powerful antimicrobial agents recently especially after increasing incidence of diseases associated with biofilm and multi-drug resistant pathogens required to find a novel path to eradicate that challenge. The present study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a cell-free extract of Enterobacter cloacae and chemo synthesis by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) on biofilm-forming Pseudomonas oryzihabitans. Antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles in both types and in combination with imipenem were evaluated by agar well diffusion method. The results revealed a good response to inhibit biofilm-forming Pseudomonas oryzihabitans growth by silver nanoparticles antibacterial activity in both types (biological and chemical) and in combination with imipenem; the antimicrobial effect was increased and enhanced. In the present study, it was found that the biological and chemical silver nanoparticles were considered a novel and decisive solution against biofilm and multi- drug resistance bacteria with a preference of biological silver nanoparticles. Keywords: Biological silver NPs; Chemical silver NPs; Biofilm; Pseudomonas oryzihabitans; Imipenem Introduction incidence of diseases associated with biofilm and multi-drug resistance pathogens which are necessarily Silver-ions have been reported to possess strong required to find a novel path to eradicate that challenge. biocidal effects [1]. The silver-compounds are used Moreover, there are wide range of studies focusing as disinfection agents from the ancient time [2]. on AgNPs antimicrobial activity [5]. They possess a Nanoparticles have dimension less than 100 nm [3]. high activity against microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) contain compounds and virus) but the mechanism of action still mostly which act as antimicrobial agents [4]. Recently, silver unknown [6]. nanoparticles have been considered as powerful Silver has long standing antibacterial compound, and antimicrobial agents, especially with increasing silver nanoparticles are more potent in antimicrobial http://www.nanobe.org 298 Nano Biomed. Eng., 2019, Vol. 11, Iss. 3 effect than normal scale [7, 8]. Silver nanoparticles using a cell-free extract of Enterobacter cloacae and increase bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics when chemo synthesis by NaBH4 (sodium borohydride) on combined with them as synergistic effect especially biofilm-formingPseudomonas oryzihabitans. in biofilm infection [9], for example, nitrofurazone increased its effect in silver present [10]. Experimental Studies have pointed out that silver is non-toxic, Bacterial isolates safe, and may not accumulate or cause harmful effects Biofilm-forming bacterial isolates (P. oryzihabitans) to human body, so silver nanoparticles have been used were isolated and identified according to previous in the medical field as wound dressing, heart valves study [26]. and face mask [11]. Many methods such as chemical and biological methods have been used to synthesize Preparation and characterization of silver silver nanoparticles [12]. Most researchers tend to nanoparticles use the biological method because it is eco-friendly, The chemical method for the preparation of inexpensive and more antimicrobial-effective than silver nanoparticles was carried out according to the other methods. Many microorganisms like bacteria procedure described by Hasson et al. [9] with some [13, 14] can produce nanoparticles through two routes; modifications. Briefly, silver nanoparticles were intracellular and extracellular [3, 15]. The intracellular synthesized chemically using sodium borohydride route deals with mixing the filtrate of the bacterial as reducing agent and silver nitrate (AgNO3) as a cell with metal salt then kept in a shaker incubator precursor (5 mL of 0.01 M AgNO3 was added dropwise in dark condition [16]. And on the other hand, the (1 drop per sec.) to 50 mL of 0.001M NaBH4). On the extracellular route relies on using bacterial supernatant other hand, the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles was after centrifuging at 8000 rpm then mixing with metal accomplished by using supernatant free Enterobacter salt, and incubating in dark condition [17]. In principle, cloacae as reducing agents with aliquot of silver the microorganism can synthesize nanoparticles by nanoparticles: 0.25 mL of 0.1 M AgNO3 was added to redoxing enzymes which are produced by bacterial 50 mL of 10 mL bacterial supernatant (E. cloacae) and activities, then act as electron shuttle to snatch the 40 mL deionized water. target ions from its environment to reduce the metal To calculate the final concentrations of ions to nanoparticles [3, 18], which lead to precipitate nanoparticles’ production in both types, the following the product nanoparticles on cell external environment steps were followed: [18]. In biological synthesis method, the protein responsible for ion reduction is found to secret at a Final concentration (con.) of chemosynthesis large amount [19]. AgNPs: N1V1=N2V2, N1 × 50=0.01 × 5 = 0.001. The chemical method used in nanoparticles Then, final con. = N1 × MW of AgNO3 × 1000, synthesis is the chemical reduction, which reduces 0.001 × 170 × 1000 = 170 µg/mL. And the biological the metal ions to nano-sized particles by reduction synthesis was: N1V1 = N2V2 = N1 × 50 = 0.1 × 0.25 agents such as sodium citrate, sodium borohydride, = 0.0005 M. Then, final con. = N1 × MW of AgNO3 × elemental hydrogen, ascorbate, etc. [20, 21]. Biofilm 1000 = 0.0005 × 170 × 1000 = 85 µg/mL. is aggregation of bacterial communities embedded The AgNPs for both methods were characterized in exopolysaccharide matrix (EPS). Bacteria within using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), biofilm communication tend to resist antibiotics and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), avoid a host immune system. The EPS protects biofilm particle size distribution and zeta potential as bacteria from antibiotics action by shielding it [22]. mentioned by Al-Azawi et al. and Hasson et al. [27, Based on the emergence of pathogenic bacterial strains, 28]. especially biofilm-forming bacteria have ability to develop antibiotics resistant to be multi-drug resistant Antimicrobial susceptibility assay of silver bacteria. The medical world is in urgent need of a new nanoparticles way to eradicate and kill biofilm-forming bacteria. Antimicrobial activity of the bio- and chemo- AgNPs are the most promising antimicrobial agents to synthesized AgNPs was evaluated using the agar fill this role [23-25]. The present study aims to evaluate well diffusion method. This method was carried out the antibacterial activity of biosynthesized AgNPs according to CLSI [29] by preparing biofilm-forming http://www.nanobe.org Nano Biomed. Eng., 2019, Vol. 11, Iss. 3 299 P. oryzihabitans inoculum at turbidity equivalent to resistant to antibiotics, as well as against fungi and McFarland tube standard at 1.5×108 CFU/mL, then viruses [2]. The chemical synthesis of AgNPs was seeded by streaking method on Muller Hinton agar accomplished by using NaBH4 as reducing agent plate and then waited for 10 min to dry. Afterwards, 5 which reduces silver nitrate to AgNPs [32], while wells were made by cork borer at 8 mm and each filled the biological synthesis method is simple and low- with 100 µL from either chemically synthesized AgNPs cost approach for the preparation of stable AgNPs by solution at different concentrations (170, 150, 130, reduction of silver nitrate solution using supernatant 110 and 90 µg/mL) or biologically synthesized AgNPs free Enterobacter cloacae as a result of the presence of with different concentrations (85, 65, 45, 25 and 5 µg/ nitrate reductase enzyme. mL). All plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h, with Nitrate reductase in bacteria is the main enzyme dark conditions. Both AgNPs types were diluent by concerning silver nanoparticles synthesis [33]. The deionized water [30]. After incubation, the inhibition reduction of this enzyme functions as an NADPH zone diameter was measured by ruler to nearest whole dependent nitrate reductase metal ion (Ag+ ions) to millimeter. synthesize nanoparticles (silver NPs). The enzyme acts The results of both types were compared with to convert the nitrate to nitrite [34], and then shuttles related bacterial reference strains as control. the electron to silver ions [20]. The characterization Combination of chemo- and bio-synthesized of the produced AgNPs was conducted in two ways as AgNPs with the antibiotic follows: The test
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