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BOOK REVIEWS Minnesota Politics and Government But, as the 1998 election proved, Minnesota’s political By Daniel J. Elazar, Virginia Gray, and Wyman Spano culture continues to evolve. That victory of the Reform (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999 . 259 p. Party was a warning to Republicans and Democrats alike. Cloth, $ 45 .00 ; paper, $ 25 .00 .) Celebrity Ventura’s election was a protest shot over the bow that pierced the hull of the two-party system. “We shocked the world,” crowed Jesse “The Body” In Minnesota, preprimary party endorsements and Ventura on election night. Many Minnesotans, watching state financing for legislative races reduce the impact of their new governor on television, responded in silent dis - money on elections. But the national trend toward weaker belief: “We shocked ourselves.” Ever since that November parties and money-dominated primaries is being felt here, 1998 night, political leaders in both major parties have too. It is reflected in the decline of the caucus system and reexamined history, the polls, and popular wisdom. They party endorsement and in TV-ad-based campaigns that have hoped these modern oracles would reveal the algo - bypass the parties except as places to raise money. These rithm that Ventura had used to win so that they could use changes mean there is less popular involvement and less it to steal his success. organization to hold politicians accountable. This is trou - Minnesota Politics and Government looks repeatedly bling: while party platforms may be irrelevant to the candi - through the lens of that election night. No magic formula dates, the platform issues are what attract the activists is revealed, but the authors’ insights into the state that whose involvement counters the influence of money. elected a Hubert Humphrey, a Floyd B. Olson, a Rudy Included in this book are a thorough index and chap - Perpich, and an Arne Carlson make the Ventura phenom - ters on the nuts and bolts of elections, political parties, enon more understandable. The story of Minnesota’s the legislature, the executive, the courts, lobbyists, local proud outsider, reformer tradition in American politics government, and the history and workings of state-Indian unfolds as an epic drama in which the election of the new relations. The text describes the interplay between the governor is but a small scene. personalities of leaders and the constitutional structure of Minnesota Territory was carved out of the Wisconsin state government. These chapters make this book a worth - Territory during the prelude to Civil War. Minnesota while investment for anyone seriously interested in engag - became a state in 1858 , dominated by the new Republican ing in the governmental and political life of the state by, Party. It was the first to send a volunteer regiment in for example, working on the passage of new legislation. response to President Lincoln’s call to rally behind the But, having defined Minnesota as a moralistic political Union. culture, this book unfortunately avoids examining the Throughout the nineteenth century Minnesota was political content of that culture. Left out are the aquifers geographically isolated from the mainstream of American of ideas that percolate to the surface in legislative reforms development. The first immigrants formed a frontier soci - and the organizations that turn out voters to make the ety with the shared moral principle, the authors write, of politicians listen: the human rights and civil rights efforts “serving the commonwealth.” Immigration brought the of Hubert Humphrey, grassroots lobby groups like the idealism of exiled European reformists to the state when it Minnesota Senior Federation, the labor and peace move - lacked an established system to tame their reform spirit. ments of the 1930 s and 1960 s, the family-farm movement Through wave after wave of nineteenth- and twentieth- (from the Farm Holiday to this year’s family-farm crisis), century immigration, Minnesotans maintained a belief in and the African American, Indian, and immigrant press. the desirability of communal provision of services and a The book also ignores the prochoice-prolife debate that “commitment to using community power to intervene in has been central to the state’s interparty and intraparty private activities for the good of the polity.” politics for three decades. And it glosses over the institu - Over the years, the authors continue, Minnesota tion of the precinct caucus that has allowed grassroots matured into a “moralistic political culture” that on many activists to overcome money and power in the election issues led the way for the nation in passing thoughtful process. In an era of front-loaded primaries, soft money, reform legislation. Even during the Reagan era, Governor issue-advocacy advertising, and independent campaign Rudy Perpich made national firsts: open school enroll - expenditures, Minnesotans’ continued practice of citizen - ment, charter schools, and post-secondary education ship is not a trivial topic. options. He pioneered concepts such as reinventing gov - In Minnesota the prairie fire of politics is still alive in ernment, judicial appointments of women, public-school Iron Range communities where voters turn out at rates choice, charter schools, health-care reform, and inter - exceeding 80 percent after community election-night nationalism. dinners. The soul of Minnesota lives in government 98 MINNESOTA HISTORY institutions, personalities, and parties. It speaks a lan - study Ojibwe names and language is important. Ideally, guage of issues and has maintained its political culture future editions or other works by the author will involve from Gettysburg to prohibition to human rights to pro - more consultation with some of the many Ojibwe speakers choice-prolife to education and health-care reform. It is whose language is being referenced. these and other issues that motivate popular participation Ojibway Chiefs is an important book. It is a convenient in politics and civic affairs and make Minnesota the moral - and approachable reference that will be of use and inter - istic outsider, the reform leader, that it is. Minnesota est to anyone curious about Ojibwe leaders in the nine - Politics and Government is strong on government but offers teenth century. Diedrich also shows great promise as a only a glimpse at the magic of Minnesota politics. future scholar of the Ojibwe. His 25 -page introduction provides great insight into the nature of Ojibwe leader - Reviewed by Mark Anderson, who is a native Minnesotan and ship, a subject yet to be fully explored in historical mono - a policy aide to Senator Paul Wellstone. He has been active in graphs. I hope that Ojibway Chiefs will provide not just a grassroots politics and government all his life. valuable resource but also a stimulus for future research and writing by Diedrich and others. Reviewed by Dr. Anton Treuer, assistant professor of history at Ojibway Chiefs: Portraits of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and editor of Anishinaabe Leadership Oshkaabewis Native Journal. By Mark Diedrich (Rochester, MN: Coyote Books, 1999 . 189 p. Paper, $29 .95 .) Downtown: A History of Downtown Ojibway Chiefs is a welcome contribution to the pub - Minneapolis and Saint Paul in the Words lished reference material on Ojibwe history. Mark Diedrich has clearly done a great deal of digging in the of the People Who Lived It National Archives and the holdings of the Minnesota Edited by David Anderson Historical Society to pull together this collection of bio - (Minneapolis: Nodin Press, 2000 . 351 p. Paper, $ 29 .95 .) graphical sketches on important nineteenth-century Ojibwe leaders. Undergraduate students and the universi - Known by their glittering, zigzagging skylines, down - ty libraries that serve them will find this a useful resource. towns are the centerpieces of cities that beckon those in Diedrich’s biographical sketches vary in length from search of a new life, excitement, or their fortune. Histori - three to ten pages. They are accurate, concise, and well cally, downtowns were often the most visible symbol of a written. Concerns that Diedrich may have sacrificed his - city, the image that came to mind when a city name was torical accuracy by publishing this work himself can safely mentioned. Downtowns provided a myriad of destinations be set aside. However, the brief biographies presented and a variety of experiences. It is this variety that is here do not provide a level of analysis or depth of histori - explored in a collection of essays on Minneapolis and ographical discussion sufficient to make this work espe - St. Paul edited by David Anderson. cially important for graduate students and scholars of Anderson assembled more than 40 essays written by Ojibwe history. It is a reference work, just what the subtitle a wide-ranging group of authors over the last 150 years. says—portraits of Anishinaabe leadership. Among the noted writers included are Mark Twain, Language is an area where Diedrich could make some Brenda Ueland, and Patricia Hampl; the foreword is by improvements in this otherwise well-researched work. He the late Dave Moore. The essays are divided into sections relied heavily upon A Concise Dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe on Minneapolis and St. Paul, each further grouped into for certain word forms. That was a fine choice, since this writings on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. dictionary is the standard reference for Southwestern Ander son’s introductory chapters for each city serve as Ojibwe dialects. However, Diedrich did not take the time frameworks describing physical development and changes to check language usage, the plural forms of participles, that occurred within the downtowns. The chapters pro - and the unique patterns of Ojibwe naming. As a result, vide valuable perspective for interpreting the following some Ojibwe words and names in his book are misspelled, essays, some of which are quite narrowly focused on an misused, or misinterpreted. Also, Diedrich admits to using area, a particular street, or even a single building.