DOCSLIB.ORG

Pesticides and Intermediates, Supp. A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pesticides and Intermediates, Supp. A PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM SRI INTERNATIONAL Menlo Park, California ABSTRACT 94025 l Process Economics Program Report No. 171A (August 1985) -0 This report describes and evaluates the processes for making carbo- furan and mancozeb, as well as the intermediates for these two pesti- cides. Carbofuran is made from either catechol or o-nitrochlorobenzene. The economics of each route, including the manufacture of the inter- mediates methyl isocyanate and methallyl chloride, are evaluated. The catechol route is found to be economically superior. For methyl iso- cyanate, which is common to both routes, two nonphosgenation processes are evaluated and compared with two phosgenation processes. The non- phosgenation route is not only competitive with the phosgenation route, but also avoids the transport of both methyl isocyanate and Phosgene when integrated with carbofuran production. Mancoxeb is evaluated in detail, with a brief evaluation of two similar pesticides, maneb, and zineb. The intermediates are carbon disulfide and ethylenediamine. The process for making carbon disulfide from methane and sulfur is evaluated, with a discussion of the use of alternative carbon sources. For ethylenediamine, two processes start- ing from ethylene dichloride, one process from monoethanolamine, and 0 another from ethylene oxide are evaluated and compared. PEP'84 YCY, DJL, CSL - Report No.171A 0 PESTICIDES AND INTERMEDIATES SUPPLEMENT A by YEN-CHEN YEN with contributions by DIN-JIN LIN 0 and CHUN-SAN LIU August 1985 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM Menlo Park, California 94025 For detailed marketing data and information, the reader is referred to one of the SRI programs specializing in marketing research. The CHEMICALECONOMICS HANDBOOK Program covers most major chemicals and chemical products produced in the United States and the WORLDPETROCHEMICALS Program covers major hydrocarbons and their derivatives on a worldwide basis. In addition, the SRI DIRECTORYOF CHEMICALPRODUCERS services provide detailed lists of chemical producers by company, prod- uct, and plant for the United States and Western Europe. a 0 ii CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION. 1 2 SUMMARY.......................... 3 General Aspects ...................... 3 Technical Features ..................... 13 Carbofuran from Catechol ................. 13 Carbofuran from o-Nitrochlorobenzene ........... 13 Carbofuran Production Without Using Methyl Isocyanate . 14 Methyl Isocyanate from Methyl Amine Phosgenation ..... 15 Methyl Isocyanate via Diphenyl Carbonate ......... 15 Methyl Isocyanate via N-Methylformamide ......... 15 Methallyl Chloride from the Chlorination of Isobutane . 16 Catechol and Hydroquinone from Phenol .......... 16 p- and o-Nitrochlorobenzene from Chlorobenzene ...... 16 Mancozeb from Ethylenediamine and Carbon Disulfide .... 17 Ethyleneamines from Ethylene Dichloride byEztractionRecovery ................. 18 Ethyleneamines from Ethylene Dichloride by Evaporation Recovery ................. 18 Ethyleneamines from Monoethanolamine ........... 18 Ethyleneamines from Ethanolamine Starting from Ethylene Oxide ................... 18 Carbon Disulfide from Natural Gas ............ 19 3 INDUSTRYSTATUS ...................... 21 Carbofuran. ........................ 21 Intermediates for Carbofuran ................ 23 Mancozeb, Maneb, and Zineb ................. 24 Intermediates for Mancozeb, Maneb, and Zineb ........ 25 4 CARROFURAN ........................ 37 Chemistry ........................ 37 The Catechol Route to Producing the Benzofuran Derivative . 38 The o-Nitrophenol Route to Producing the Renzofuran Derivative ....................... 39 Review of Processes ................... 48 A Process for Making Carbofuran from Catechol ...... 57 Process Description .................. 57 Process Discussion ................... 68 Cost Estimates. .................... 70 A Process for Making Carbofuran from o-Nitrochlorobenzene via o-Nitrophenol .................... 74 Process Description .................. 74 iii CONTENTS 4 CARROFURAR (continued) Process Discussion .................... Cost Estimates. ..................... Comparison of the Two Processes for Making Carbofuran ... 103 Carbofuran Production Without Methyl Isocyanate ...... 104 Process Description ................... 106 Process Discussion .................... 112 Cost Estimates. ..................... 112 Integration with Isocyanate Production ........... 116 5 METHYL ISOCYANATE ..................... 117 Phosgenation of Methylamine ................ 117 Chemistry and Review of Process ............. 117 Process Description ................... 119 Process Discussion .................... 128 Cost Estimates ...................... 129 Other Phosgenation Processes ................ 137 A Process for Raking Methyl Isocyanate via Diphenylcarbonate ................... 141 Chemistry and Review of Process ............. 141 Process Description ................... 143 Process Discussion .................... 151 Cost Estimates ...................... 151 A Process for Raking Methyl Isocyanate via N-methylformamide ................... 157 Chemistry and Review of Process ............. 157 Process Description ................... 161 Process Discussion .................... 169 Cost Estimates ...................... 169 Summary of Evaluation .................. 174 6 MRTUALLYL CHLORIDE ..................... 177 Chemistry ......................... 177 Review of Processes .................... 178 Process Description .................... 182 Process Discussion ..................... 187 Cost Estimates ....................... 187 7 CATECHOL.......................... 191 Review of Processes . 191 Hydrolysis of o-Chlorophenol or o-Dichlorobenzene . 192 IV CONTENTS 7 CATECHOL (continued) Evaluation of a Hydroxylation Process for Making Catechol and Hydroquinone Using Hydrogen Peroxide . 197 8 o-NITROPHENOL and o-NITROCULOROBENZENE ........... 209 o-Nitrophenol ....................... 209 o-Nitrochlorobenzene .................... 211 Evaluation of a Process for Making Nitrochlorobenzenes ... 212 Process Description ................... 212 Process Discussion .................... 221 Cost Estimates ...................... 223 9 MABCOZEB .......................... 229 Chemistry ......................... 229 Review of Processes .................... 230 Process Description .................... 238 Process Discussion ..................... 246 Cost Estimates. ...................... 246 10 ETBYLENEDIAMINE . 253 A Process for Producing Ethyleneamines from Ethylene Dichloride Involving Extraction Recovery . 253 Process Description . 253 Process Discussion . 265 Cost Estimates . 265 Updating of the EDC Process for Baking Ethyleneamines InPEP Report138. 272 A Process for Producing Ethyleneamines from Ethylene Oxide via Monoethanolamine . 275 Process Description . 275 Process Discussion . 285 Cost Estimates . 285 Updating of the Process for Baking Ethyleneamines from Ethanolamine Evaluated in PEP Report 138 . 291 11 CARBON DISULFIDE ...................... 295 Chemistry ......................... 295 Review of Processes .................... 297 Carbon-Sulfur Process .................. 297 Hydrocarbon-Sulfur Process ................ 298 Evaluation of a Process for Making Carbon Disulfide fromNatural Gas ..................... 305 V CONTENTS 11 CARBON DISULFIDE (continued) Process Description . 305 Process Discussion . 312 Cost Estimates . 313 Use of Hydrocarbons Other than Natural Gas ......... 314 APPENDIX A PROPERTIES OF CARBOFURAN .............. 319 APPENDIX B SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF INTERMEDIATES IN CARBOFURAN PREPARATION ............... 321 APPENDIX c TOXICITY OF METHYL ISOCYANATE ........... 323 APPENDIX D PROPERTIES OF MANCOZEB ............... 325 APPENDIX E TOXICITY AND HAZARD OF CARBON DISULFIDE ...... 327 APPENDIX F DATA ON HEATS OF REACTION ............. 329 CITEDREFERENCES ........................ 333 PATENT REFERENCES. ....................... 349 vi ILLUSTRATIONS 4.1 Carbofuran from Catechol Plowsheet........................ 355 4.2 Carbofuran from o-Nitrochlorobenzene Flowsheet........................ 361 4.3 Carbofuran from Benzofuran Flowsheet........................ 367 5.1 Methyl Isocyanate from Methylamine via Esterification and Splitting Flowsheet........................ 369 5.2 Methyl Isocyanate Production FlowSheet........ 371 5.3 Methyl Isocyanate via Diphenyl Carbonate FlowSheet.. 373 5.4 Methyl Isocyanate via N-methylformamide Flowsheet........................ 377 6.1 Methallyl Chloride from Isobutylene Flowsheet........................ 379 7.1 Catechol from Phenol by Hydroxylation FlowSheet.. 381 7.2 Sensitivity of the Product Value of Catechol to the Prices of Phenol and Hydrogen Peroxide . 207 8.1 Production of o- and p-Nitrochlorobenzenes FlowSheet.. 385 8.2 The Relationship of the Product Value of the p-Isomer to Credit for o-Isomer . 228 9.1 Mancozeb Manufacture FlowSheet.. 389 10.1 Ethyleneamines from Ethylene Dichloride Flowsheet........................ 391 10.2 Ethylenediamines from Ethylene Oxide Flowsheet........................ 393 11.1 Carbon Disulfide from Natural Gas Flowsheet........................ 397 Vii TABLES 2.1 Cost Features of Carbofuran Production . 4 2.2 Cost Features of Methyl Isocyanate Production . 5 2.3 Cost Features of Methallyl Chloride Production . 7 - 2.4 Cost Features of Catechol Production . 8 2.5 Cost Features of p-Nitrochlorobenzene . 9 2.6 Cost Features of Mancozeb Production . 10 2.7 Cost Features of Ethyleneamines Production . 11 2.8 Cost Features of Carbon Disulfide Production ...... 12 3.1
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Use and Storage of Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) at Bayer Cropscience
    Summary The Use and Storage of Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) at Bayer CropScience The use of hazardous chemicals such as methyl isocyanate can be a significant concern to the residents of communities adjacent to chemical facilities, but is often an integral, necessary part of the chemical manufacturing process. In order to ensure that chemical manufacturing takes place in a manner that is safe for workers, members of the local community, and the environment, the philosophy of inherently safer processing can be used to identify opportuni­ ties to eliminate or reduce the hazards associated with chemical processing. However, the concepts of inherently safer process analysis have not yet been adopted in all chemical manu­ facturing plants. This report presents a possible framework to help plant managers choose between alternative processing options—considering factors such as environmental impact and product yield as well as safety—to develop a chemical manufacturing system. n 2008, an explosion at the Bayer CropScience chemical production Iplant in Institute, West Virginia, resulted in the deaths of two employees, a fire within the production unit, and extensive damage to nearby structures. The accident drew renewed attention to the fact that the Bayer facility manufac­ tured and stored methyl isocyanate, or MIC—a volatile, highly toxic chemical used in the production of carbamate pesticides and the agent responsible for thousands of deaths in Bhopal, India, in 1984. In the Institute incident, debris Figure 1. The Bayer CropScience facility at Insitute, WV. from the blast hit the shield surrounding Google Earth satellite image: © 2012 Google a MIC storage tank, and although the container was not damaged, an investiga­ tion by the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Portable HAZMAT Sensors for First Responders
    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Assessment of Portable HAZMAT Sensors for First Responders Author(s): Chad Huffman, Ph.D., Lars Ericson, Ph.D. Document No.: 246708 Date Received: May 2014 Award Number: 2010-IJ-CX-K024 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant report available electronically. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Assessment of Portable HAZMAT Sensors for First Responders DOJ Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice Sensor, Surveillance, and Biometric Technologies (SSBT) Center of Excellence (CoE) March 1, 2012 Submitted by ManTech Advanced Systems International 1000 Technology Drive, Suite 3310 Fairmont, West Virginia 26554 Telephone: (304) 368-4120 Fax: (304) 366-8096 Dr. Chad Huffman, Senior Scientist Dr. Lars Ericson, Director UNCLASSIFIED This project was supported by Award No. 2010-IJ-CX-K024, awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Ephedrine by Pseudomonas Putida Detection of (—)-Ephedrine: NAD+-Oxidoreductase from Arthrobacter Globiformis
    Degradation of (—)-Ephedrine by Pseudomonas putida Detection of (—)-Ephedrine: NAD+-oxidoreductase from Arthrobacter globiformis E. Klamann and F. Lingens Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, D-7000 Stuttgart 70 Z. Naturforsch. 35 c, 80-87 (1980); received October 24, 1979 (—)-Ephedrine, (—)-Ephedrine: NAD+-oxidoreductase, Pseudomonas putida, Arthrobacter globiformis A bacterium utilizing the alkaloid (-)-ephedrine as its sole source of carbon was isolated by an enrichment-culture technique from soil supplemented with 4-benzoyl-l,3-oxazolidinon-(2). The bacterium was identified as Pseudomonas putida by morphological and physiological studies. The following metabolites were isolated from the culture fluid: methylamine, formaldehyde, methyl- benzoylcarbinol (2-hydroxy-1-oxo-l-phenylpropane), benzoid acid, pyrocatechol and cis, cis- muconic acid. A pathway for the degradation of (-)-ephedrine by Pseudomonas putida is proposed and compared with the degradative pathway in Arthrobacter globiformis. The enzyme, which is responsible for the first step in the catabolism of (-)-ephedrine could be demonstrated in extracts from Arthrobacter globiformis. This enzyme catalyses the dehydrogena­ tion of (—)-ephedrine yielding phenylacetylcarbinol/methylbenzoylcarbinol and methylamine. It requires NAD+ as cofactor and exhibits optimal activity at pH 11 in 0.1 M glycine/NaOH buffer. The K m value for (—)-ephedrine is 0.02 mM and for N A D + 0.11 mM , respectively. No remarkable loss of activity is observed following treatment
    [Show full text]
  • Catalyzed Reaction of Isocyanates (RNCO) with Water
    Catalyzed Reaction of Isocyanates (RNCO) with Water Mark E. Wolf,y Jonathon E. Vandezande,z,{ and Henry F. Schaefer III∗,y yCenter for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA z1st Source Research, 617 Hutton St., Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA {Zymergen, 5980 Horton Street, Suite 105, Emeryville, California 94608, USA E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +1 706 542-2067. Fax: +1 706 542-0406 Abstract The reactions between substituted isocyanates (RNCO) and other small molecules (e.g. water, alcohols, and amines) are of significant industrial importance, particularly for the development of novel polyurethanes and other useful polymers. We present very high level ab initio computations on the HNCO + H2O reaction, with results tar- geting the CCSDT(Q)/CBS//CCSD(T)/cc-pVQZ level of theory. Our results affirm that hydrolysis can occur across both the N−C and C−O bonds of HNCO via con- certed mechanisms to form carbamate or imidic acid with ∆H0K barrier heights of 38.5 −1 and 47.5 kcal mol . A total of 24 substituted RNCO + H2O reactions were studied. Geometries obtained with a composite method and refined with CCSD(T)/CBS single point energies determine that substituted RNCO species have a significant influence on these barrier heights, with an extreme case like fluorine lowering both barriers by close to 20 kcal mol−1 and most common alkyl substituents lowering both by approxi- mately 4 kcal mol−1. Natural Bond Oribtal (NBO) analysis provides evidence that the 1 predicted barrier heights are strongly associated with the occupation of the in-plane C−O* orbital of the RNCO reactant.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is in Your Cigarette?
    What Is In Your Cigarette? There are more than 4,000 ingredients, including 43 known cancer-causing (carcinogenic) compounds and 400 other toxins in a cigarette other than tobacco. Common additives include yeast, wine, caffeine, beeswax and chocolate. Here are some other ingredients: • Ammonia • Cadmium • Megastigmatrienone (Household cleaner) (Used in batteries) (Chemical naturally found in grapefruit juice) • Angelica root extract • Cyanide (Deadly poison) (Known to cause cancer in • Maltitol • DDT (A banned insecticide) animals) (Sweetener for diabetics) • Ethyl Furoate • Arsenic • Napthalene (Causes liver damage in (Used in rat poisons) (Ingredient in mothballs) animals) • Benzene • Methyl isocyanate • Lead (Used in making dyes, (Its accidental release killed (Poisonous in high doses) synthetic rubber) 2000 people in Bhopal, India in 1984) • Formaldehiyde (Used to • Butane preserve dead specimens) (Gas; used in lighter fluid) • Polonium (Cancer-causing radioactive • Methoprene (Insecticide) • Carbon monoxide element) (Poisonous gas) Important to know: • Fungicides and pesticides -- Cause many types of cancers and birth defects. • Cadmium -- Linked to lung and prostate cancer. • Benzene -- Linked to leukemia. • Formaldehyde -- Linked to lung cancer. • Nickel -- Causes increased susceptibility to lung infections. If you are angry that so many things have been added to the cigarettes you enjoy so much, you should be. Many of these chemicals were added to make you better able to tolerate toxic amounts of cigarette smoke. Make sure that you have the last laugh. Regardless of the countless chemicals in your cigarettes, quitting is always your option. Cigna Members: Call (855) 246 – 1873 to speak with a health coach today! Non-Cigna Members: Call (877) U – Can – Now for the Florida Quit Line to speak to a health coach today! .
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Detta Föreställer Kapitelrubrik (1K Kapitelrubrik)
    SCOEL/SUM/118 September 2006 Recommendation from the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits for Methyl Isocyanate 8-hour TWA: - STEL (15 min): 0,02 ppm Additional classification: - Substance Identity and Properties CAS No.: 624-83-9 Synonyms: isocyanic acid methylester Structure: H3C-N=C=O Molecular weight: 57.06 Boiling point: 39°C Melting point: -45°C Vapour pressure: 46.4 kPa (20°C) Conversion factors: 1 ppm = 2.4 mg/m3 1 mg/m3 = 0.4 ppm Classification: F+; R12 Extremely flammable Repr.Cat.3; R63 Possible risk of harm to the unborn child T+; R26 Very toxic by inhalation T; R24/25 Toxic in contact with skin and if swallowed R42/43 May cause sensitization by inhalation and skin contact Xi; R37/38 Irritating to respiratory system and skin R41 Risk of serious damage to eyes 1 This summary document is based on a consensus document from the Swedish Criteria Group for Occupational Standards (Montelius, 2002). Methyl isocyanate (MIC) is a monoisocyanate and should be distinguished from the diisocyanates. At room temperature MIC is a clear liquid. It is sparingly soluble in water, although on contact with water it reacts violently, producing a large amount of heat. MIC has a sharp odour with an odour threshold above 2 ppm (Römpp and Falbe, 1997). Occurrence and Use Methylisocyanate (MIC) occurs primarily as an intermediate in the production of carbamate pesticides. It has also been used in the production of polymers (Hrhyhorczuk et al., 1992). Photolytic breakdown of N-methyldithiocarbamate releases some MIC, and it can therefore occur in the air around application of the pesticides (Geddes et al., 1995).
    [Show full text]
  • Methyl Isocyanate (Mic)
    METHYL ISOCYANATE (MIC) I. Protocol Overview Methyl isocyanate, classified as a choking/pulmonary agent, is a water reactive liquid at room temperature. Methyl isocyanate is irritating and corrosive to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, including asthma-like allergy. Exposure to methyl isocyanate can result in cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, excessive tearing (lacrimation), swelling of the eyes, and unconsciousness. Late stage exposure (next 24 to72 hours) can include acute lung injury, cardiac arrest, and death. Decontamination of patients is absolutely critical. For all suspected chemical exposures, consult the Poison Control Center (800-222-1222) located at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Information and treatment advice is available to the public and healthcare professionals at no charge. Methyl isocyanate is an intermediate chemical in the production of carbamate pesticides (such as carbaryl, carbofuran, methomyl, and aldicarb). It has been used in the production of rubbers and adhesives. The Bhopal India Disaster of 1984 was caused by the accidental release of 40 tons of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas from a Union Carbide pesticide plant. Greenpeace cites 20,000 total deaths from related illnesses as its conservative estimate with nearly 3,000 people dead initially. Bhopal is frequently cited as the world's worst industrial disaster. There are no clinical biomarkers known for methyl isocyanate exposure. Routine laboratory studies include chest radiography and pulse oximetry (or ABG measurements). Rapid toxicological screening may rule out other exposures. Air samples may be analyzed using XAD-7 adsorption tubes followed analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a fluorescence or ultraviolet (UV) detector. The Delaware Public Health Laboratory does not perform this testing.
    [Show full text]
  • Particularly Hazardous Substances
    Particularly Hazardous Substances In its Laboratory Standard, OSHA requires the establishment of additional protections for persons working with "Particularly Hazardous Substances" (PHS). OSHA defines these materials as "select" carcinogens, reproductive toxins and acutely toxic materials. Should you wish to add: explosive, violently reactive, pyrophoric and water-reactve materials to this category, the information is included. Carbon nanotubes have also been added due to their suspected carcinogenic properties. This table is designed to assist the laboratory in the identification of PHS, although it is not definitively conclusive or entirely comprehensive. *Notes on the proper use of this table appear on page 12. 1 6 5 2 3 4 Substance CAS National Toxicity National Program Carcinogen Toxin Acute Regulated OSHA Carcinogen Group IARC Carcinogen Toxin Reproductive Violently Reactive/ Explosive/Peroxide Forming/Pyrophoric A-a-C(2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3,b]indole) 2648-68-5 2B Acetal 105-57-7 yes Acetaldehyde 75-07-0 NTP AT 2B Acrolein (2-Propenal) 107-02-8 AT Acetamide 126850-14-4 2B 2-Acetylaminofluorene 53-96-3 NTP ORC Acrylamide 79-06-6 NTP 2B Acrylyl Chloride 814-68-6 AT Acrylonitrile 107-13-1 NTP ORC 2B Adriamycin 23214-92-8 NTP 2A Aflatoxins 1402-68-2 NTP 1 Allylamine 107-11-9 AT Alkylaluminums varies AT Allyl Chloride 107-05-1 AT ortho-Aminoazotoluene 97-56-3 NTP 2B para-aminoazobenzene 60-09-3 2B 4-Aminobiphenyl 92-67-1 NTP ORC 1 1-Amino-2-Methylanthraquinone 82-28-0 NTP (2-Amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3’,2’-d]imidazole) 67730-11-4 2B
    [Show full text]
  • Paper 1 CIE Chemistry A-Level
    PMT Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level CHEMISTRY 9701/12 Paper 1 Multiple Choice February/March 2017 1 hour Additional Materials: Multiple Choice Answer Sheet *7298237059* Soft clean eraser Soft pencil (type B or HB is recommended) Data Booklet READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write in soft pencil. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. Write your name, Centre number and candidate number on the Answer Sheet in the spaces provided unless this has been done for you. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. There are forty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are four possible answers A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the separate Answer Sheet. Read the instructions on the Answer Sheet very carefully. Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer. Any rough working should be done in this booklet. Electronic calculators may be used. This document consists of 14 printed pages and 2 blank pages. IB17 03_9701_12/4RP © UCLES 2017 [Turn over PMT 2 Section A For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider to be correct. Use of the Data Booklet may be appropriate for some questions. – 1 Which ion has the same electronic configuration as Cl ? A F– B P+ C Sc3+ D Si4+ 2 Compounds J and K each contain 40% carbon by mass. What could J and K be? J K A a hexose, C6H12O6 starch, (C6H10O5)n B a pentose, C5H10O5 a hexose, C6H12O6 C a pentose, C5H10O5 sucrose, C12H22O11 D starch, (C6H10O5)n sucrose, C12H22O11 3 Two moles of compound P were placed in a sealed container.
    [Show full text]
  • Air Target Concentration: 50 Μg/M3 (20 Ppb) (OSHA PEL) Procedure
    METHYL ISOCYANATE (MIC) Method no.: 54 Matrix: Air Target concentration: 50 µg/m3 (20 ppb) (OSHA PEL) Procedure: Samples are collected by drawing a known volume of air through XAD-7 tubes coated with 0.3 mg of 1-(2-pyridyl)piperazine (1-2PP). Samples are desorbed with acetonitrile (ACN) and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a fluorescence or ultraviolet (UV) detector. Recommended air volume and sampling rate: 15 L at 0.05 L/min Reliable quantitation limit: 4.8 µg/m3 (1.9 ppb) Standard error of estimate at the target concentration: 8.0% (Section 4.5.) Special requirements: The coated XAD-7 tubes should be stored under refrigeration before sampling. Status of method: Evaluated method. This method has been subjected to the established evaluation procedures of the Organic Methods Evaluation Branch. Date: April 1985 Chemists: Donald Burright Duane Lee Carcinogen and Pesticide Branch OSHA Analytical Laboratory Salt Lake City, Utah 1 of 13 T-54-FV-01-8504-M 1. General Discussion 1.1. Background 1.1.1. History In the past there has been no validated sampling and analytical procedures for methyl isocyanate (MIC) in air that could be used for compliance purposes. A search of the literature produced three procedures that were candidates for a validated method: The first procedure contained only analytical conditions for MIC derivatized with Nitro Reagent (nitrobenzyl-N-n-propylamine). (Ref. 5.1.) No data were presented to indicate the collection efficiency of the sampling device. The second procedure was a failure report by NIOSH that had derivatized MIC with Nitro Reagent or NMA (naphthylmethylamine) in a toluene impinger.
    [Show full text]
  • Spray Foam Event 2013, Session a Presentations Contents List
    Spray Foam Event 2013, Session A Presentations Contents List 1. Introduction to Spray Polyurethane Foam (Click to go to PDF Page 2) 2. OSHA’s Isocyanates National Emphasis Program (Click to go to PDF Page 58) 3. EOLWD On-site Consultation Program (Click to go to PDF Page 76) 4. Essential Resources and Training, American Chemistry Council (Click to go to PDF Page 109) 5. Safe Spray Foam (Click to go to PDF Page 126) 6. EPA Safe Use of Polyurethane Products (Click to go to PDF Page 137) Return to Contents List Introduction to Spray Polyurethane Foam This presentation will provide important background information on SPF, including history, product categories and delivery methods and applications. It will also address chemical concerns and include tips for a quality installation, and briefly cover environmental impacts of the product COPYRIGHTED MATERIALS This presentation is protected by US and International copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of any part of this presentation without written permission of the speaker is prohibited. © 2013 Spray Polyurethane Foam Alliance Presentation Content 1. History 2. Product Categories 3. Basic Chemistry 4. Delivery Methods 5. Chemical Concerns 6. Environmental Impact 7. Quality Installation 8. Summary History of SPF in Buildings in construction for 50 years • Late 60’s ‐ Medium Density (agricultural and industrial) • Mid 70’s ‐Roofing ‐ Medium Density (general const.) ‐ Sealants • Mid 90’s ‐ Low Density (residential) Product Category Four general categories of SPF Spray Foam
    [Show full text]
  • A Sustainable Route from Biogenic Levulinic Acid to 1,5-Dimethyl-2-Pyrrolidone
    Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Green Chemistry. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2021 Supplementary Information Reviving electrocatalytic reductive amination: A sustainable route from biogenic levulinic acid to 1,5-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidone Sonja D. Mürtza, Nils Kuriga, F. Joschka Holzhäusera, Regina Palkovits∗a a Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany. ∗ author of correspondence: [email protected] Contents Contents 1 Additional results2 1.1 Influence of the amine structure . .2 2 Experimental4 2.1 Electrolysis batch experiments . .4 2.2 Microwave experiments . .5 2.3 Purification of the product solution . .6 2.4 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy . .6 2.5 Chemicals: Origin and purity . .7 3 NMR spectroscopy8 3.1 Basic equation for calculations . .8 3.2 N-Methylisopropylamine . .9 3.3 N-Methylbutan-2-amine . 10 3.4 N-Methylpentan-2-amine . 11 3.5 N-Methylpentan-3-amine . 12 3.6 N-Methylcyclopentanamine . 13 3.7 4-(Methylamino)-pentanoic acid . 14 3.8 1,5-Dimethyl-2-pyrrolidone . 15 1 1 Additional results 1 Additional results 1.1 Influence of the amine structure Due to the differing results for sterically different ketonic substrates, an impact of the steric hindrance of the amine was expected as well. The reductive amination of acetone with methylamine and ethylamine was already investigated by Smirnov et al.[1] In this work, very similar results were obtained (Figure S1). 1.0 0.8 Conversion Y (Amine) 0.6 Y (Amine)[47] 0.4 Y (Alcohol) Y (Alcohol)[47] 0.2 Conversion, Yield (-) 0.0 Ammonia Methylamine Ethylamine Ethanolamine Figure S1: Conversion and yields Y of the electrocatalytic reductive amination of acetone with different amines compared to the results of Smirnov et al.[1] Conditions: Pb elec- −2 −1 trodes, 0.04 A cm , 2.4 mol L ketone in 0.5 M KH2PO4, acetone to amine ratio: 1:1.2, pH = 12, one faraday equivalent, 283 K.
    [Show full text]