PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM SRI INTERNATIONAL Menlo Park, California ABSTRACT 94025 l Process Economics Program Report No. 171A (August 1985) -0 This report describes and evaluates the processes for making carbo- furan and mancozeb, as well as the intermediates for these two pesti- cides. Carbofuran is made from either catechol or o-nitrochlorobenzene. The economics of each route, including the manufacture of the inter- mediates methyl isocyanate and methallyl chloride, are evaluated. The catechol route is found to be economically superior. For methyl iso- cyanate, which is common to both routes, two nonphosgenation processes are evaluated and compared with two phosgenation processes. The non- phosgenation route is not only competitive with the phosgenation route, but also avoids the transport of both methyl isocyanate and Phosgene when integrated with carbofuran production. Mancoxeb is evaluated in detail, with a brief evaluation of two similar pesticides, maneb, and zineb. The intermediates are carbon disulfide and ethylenediamine. The process for making carbon disulfide from methane and sulfur is evaluated, with a discussion of the use of alternative carbon sources. For ethylenediamine, two processes start- ing from ethylene dichloride, one process from monoethanolamine, and 0 another from ethylene oxide are evaluated and compared. PEP'84 YCY, DJL, CSL - Report No.171A 0 PESTICIDES AND INTERMEDIATES SUPPLEMENT A by YEN-CHEN YEN with contributions by DIN-JIN LIN 0 and CHUN-SAN LIU August 1985 A private report by the PROCESS ECONOMICS PROGRAM Menlo Park, California 94025 For detailed marketing data and information, the reader is referred to one of the SRI programs specializing in marketing research. The CHEMICALECONOMICS HANDBOOK Program covers most major chemicals and chemical products produced in the United States and the WORLDPETROCHEMICALS Program covers major hydrocarbons and their derivatives on a worldwide basis. In addition, the SRI DIRECTORYOF CHEMICALPRODUCERS services provide detailed lists of chemical producers by company, prod- uct, and plant for the United States and Western Europe. a 0 ii CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION. 1 2 SUMMARY.......................... 3 General Aspects ...................... 3 Technical Features ..................... 13 Carbofuran from Catechol ................. 13 Carbofuran from o-Nitrochlorobenzene ........... 13 Carbofuran Production Without Using Methyl Isocyanate . 14 Methyl Isocyanate from Methyl Amine Phosgenation ..... 15 Methyl Isocyanate via Diphenyl Carbonate ......... 15 Methyl Isocyanate via N-Methylformamide ......... 15 Methallyl Chloride from the Chlorination of Isobutane . 16 Catechol and Hydroquinone from Phenol .......... 16 p- and o-Nitrochlorobenzene from Chlorobenzene ...... 16 Mancozeb from Ethylenediamine and Carbon Disulfide .... 17 Ethyleneamines from Ethylene Dichloride byEztractionRecovery ................. 18 Ethyleneamines from Ethylene Dichloride by Evaporation Recovery ................. 18 Ethyleneamines from Monoethanolamine ........... 18 Ethyleneamines from Ethanolamine Starting from Ethylene Oxide ................... 18 Carbon Disulfide from Natural Gas ............ 19 3 INDUSTRYSTATUS ...................... 21 Carbofuran. ........................ 21 Intermediates for Carbofuran ................ 23 Mancozeb, Maneb, and Zineb ................. 24 Intermediates for Mancozeb, Maneb, and Zineb ........ 25 4 CARROFURAN ........................ 37 Chemistry ........................ 37 The Catechol Route to Producing the Benzofuran Derivative . 38 The o-Nitrophenol Route to Producing the Renzofuran Derivative ....................... 39 Review of Processes ................... 48 A Process for Making Carbofuran from Catechol ...... 57 Process Description .................. 57 Process Discussion ................... 68 Cost Estimates. .................... 70 A Process for Making Carbofuran from o-Nitrochlorobenzene via o-Nitrophenol .................... 74 Process Description .................. 74 iii CONTENTS 4 CARROFURAR (continued) Process Discussion .................... Cost Estimates. ..................... Comparison of the Two Processes for Making Carbofuran ... 103 Carbofuran Production Without Methyl Isocyanate ...... 104 Process Description ................... 106 Process Discussion .................... 112 Cost Estimates. ..................... 112 Integration with Isocyanate Production ........... 116 5 METHYL ISOCYANATE ..................... 117 Phosgenation of Methylamine ................ 117 Chemistry and Review of Process ............. 117 Process Description ................... 119 Process Discussion .................... 128 Cost Estimates ...................... 129 Other Phosgenation Processes ................ 137 A Process for Raking Methyl Isocyanate via Diphenylcarbonate ................... 141 Chemistry and Review of Process ............. 141 Process Description ................... 143 Process Discussion .................... 151 Cost Estimates ...................... 151 A Process for Raking Methyl Isocyanate via N-methylformamide ................... 157 Chemistry and Review of Process ............. 157 Process Description ................... 161 Process Discussion .................... 169 Cost Estimates ...................... 169 Summary of Evaluation .................. 174 6 MRTUALLYL CHLORIDE ..................... 177 Chemistry ......................... 177 Review of Processes .................... 178 Process Description .................... 182 Process Discussion ..................... 187 Cost Estimates ....................... 187 7 CATECHOL.......................... 191 Review of Processes . 191 Hydrolysis of o-Chlorophenol or o-Dichlorobenzene . 192 IV CONTENTS 7 CATECHOL (continued) Evaluation of a Hydroxylation Process for Making Catechol and Hydroquinone Using Hydrogen Peroxide . 197 8 o-NITROPHENOL and o-NITROCULOROBENZENE ........... 209 o-Nitrophenol ....................... 209 o-Nitrochlorobenzene .................... 211 Evaluation of a Process for Making Nitrochlorobenzenes ... 212 Process Description ................... 212 Process Discussion .................... 221 Cost Estimates ...................... 223 9 MABCOZEB .......................... 229 Chemistry ......................... 229 Review of Processes .................... 230 Process Description .................... 238 Process Discussion ..................... 246 Cost Estimates. ...................... 246 10 ETBYLENEDIAMINE . 253 A Process for Producing Ethyleneamines from Ethylene Dichloride Involving Extraction Recovery . 253 Process Description . 253 Process Discussion . 265 Cost Estimates . 265 Updating of the EDC Process for Baking Ethyleneamines InPEP Report138. 272 A Process for Producing Ethyleneamines from Ethylene Oxide via Monoethanolamine . 275 Process Description . 275 Process Discussion . 285 Cost Estimates . 285 Updating of the Process for Baking Ethyleneamines from Ethanolamine Evaluated in PEP Report 138 . 291 11 CARBON DISULFIDE ...................... 295 Chemistry ......................... 295 Review of Processes .................... 297 Carbon-Sulfur Process .................. 297 Hydrocarbon-Sulfur Process ................ 298 Evaluation of a Process for Making Carbon Disulfide fromNatural Gas ..................... 305 V CONTENTS 11 CARBON DISULFIDE (continued) Process Description . 305 Process Discussion . 312 Cost Estimates . 313 Use of Hydrocarbons Other than Natural Gas ......... 314 APPENDIX A PROPERTIES OF CARBOFURAN .............. 319 APPENDIX B SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF INTERMEDIATES IN CARBOFURAN PREPARATION ............... 321 APPENDIX c TOXICITY OF METHYL ISOCYANATE ........... 323 APPENDIX D PROPERTIES OF MANCOZEB ............... 325 APPENDIX E TOXICITY AND HAZARD OF CARBON DISULFIDE ...... 327 APPENDIX F DATA ON HEATS OF REACTION ............. 329 CITEDREFERENCES ........................ 333 PATENT REFERENCES. ....................... 349 vi ILLUSTRATIONS 4.1 Carbofuran from Catechol Plowsheet........................ 355 4.2 Carbofuran from o-Nitrochlorobenzene Flowsheet........................ 361 4.3 Carbofuran from Benzofuran Flowsheet........................ 367 5.1 Methyl Isocyanate from Methylamine via Esterification and Splitting Flowsheet........................ 369 5.2 Methyl Isocyanate Production FlowSheet........ 371 5.3 Methyl Isocyanate via Diphenyl Carbonate FlowSheet.. 373 5.4 Methyl Isocyanate via N-methylformamide Flowsheet........................ 377 6.1 Methallyl Chloride from Isobutylene Flowsheet........................ 379 7.1 Catechol from Phenol by Hydroxylation FlowSheet.. 381 7.2 Sensitivity of the Product Value of Catechol to the Prices of Phenol and Hydrogen Peroxide . 207 8.1 Production of o- and p-Nitrochlorobenzenes FlowSheet.. 385 8.2 The Relationship of the Product Value of the p-Isomer to Credit for o-Isomer . 228 9.1 Mancozeb Manufacture FlowSheet.. 389 10.1 Ethyleneamines from Ethylene Dichloride Flowsheet........................ 391 10.2 Ethylenediamines from Ethylene Oxide Flowsheet........................ 393 11.1 Carbon Disulfide from Natural Gas Flowsheet........................ 397 Vii TABLES 2.1 Cost Features of Carbofuran Production . 4 2.2 Cost Features of Methyl Isocyanate Production . 5 2.3 Cost Features of Methallyl Chloride Production . 7 - 2.4 Cost Features of Catechol Production . 8 2.5 Cost Features of p-Nitrochlorobenzene . 9 2.6 Cost Features of Mancozeb Production . 10 2.7 Cost Features of Ethyleneamines Production . 11 2.8 Cost Features of Carbon Disulfide Production ...... 12 3.1