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Noam Chomsky Noam Chomsky Addressing a Crowd at the University of Victoria, 1989 Noam Chomsky Noam Chomsky addressing a crowd at the University of Victoria, 1989. Noam Chomsky A Life of Dissent Robert F. Barsky ECW PRESS Copyright © ECW PRESS, 1997 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any process—electronic, mechan- ical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the prior written permission of the copyright owners and ECW PRESS. CANADIAN CATALOGUING IN PUBLICATION DATA Barsky, Robert F. (Robert Franklin), 1961- Noam Chomsky: a life of dissent Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-55022-282-1 (bound) ISBN 1-55022-281-3 (pbk.) 1. Chomsky, Noam. 2. Linguists—United States—Biography. I. Title. P85.C47B371996 410'.92 C96-930295-9 This book has been published with the help of a grant from the Humanities and Social Sciences Federation of Canada, using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and with the assistance of grants provided by the Ontario Arts Council and The Canada Council. Distributed in Canada by General Distribution Services, 30 Lesmill Road, Don Mills, Ontario M3B 2T6. Distributed in the United States and internationally by The MIT Press. Photographs: Cover (1989), frontispiece (1989), and illustrations 18, 24, 25 (1989), © Elaine Briere; illustration 1 (1992), © Donna Coveney, is used by per- mission of Donna Coveney; illustrations 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20,21,22,23,26, © Necessary Illusions, are used by permission of Mark Achbar and Jeremy Allaire; illustrations 5, 8, 9, 10 (1995), © Robert F. Barsky; illus- tration 17 (1995), © Sydney Barsky; illustration 27 (1990), © Derek Roger, is used by permission of Derek Roger. Published in Canada by ECW PRESS, 2120 Queen Street East, Suite 200 Toronto, Ontario M4E 1E2. To Sam Abramovitch and Noam Chomsky, and the "good society" that they have described to me This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi I The Milieu That Formed Chomsky 1 Introduction 3 1 Family, Hebrew School, Grade School 9 2 Zellig Harris, Avukah, and Hashomer Hatzair 47 3 Humboldt and the Cartesian Tradition 95 n The Milieu Chomsky Helped to Create 117 4 The Intellectual, the University, and the State 119 5 The Intellectual as Commissar 165 Conclusion 201 Notes 219 Works Consulted 221 Index 229 This page intentionally left blank Illustrations Vancouver Island, 1989 cover University of Victoria, 1989 frontispiece 1. Staff photo taken at MIT, 1992 2. Chomsky as an infant 3. Chomsky, age 8, and brother David, age 3,1936 4. Chomsky, age 12, and his parents outside of Gratz College/Mikveh Israel School, 1940 5= Chomsky's office at MIT 6. Living Marxism 7. Chomsky, age 16, at his high-school graduation 8. Zellig Harris 9. Events in Montreal reported in Avukah Student Action 10. Chomsky at the Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton, 1959 11. Chomsky's review of the work of B. F. Skinner, in the NYRB, 1971 12. Chomsky giving a political talk in the 1960s 13. A report concerning Nixon's "enemy" list 14. South End Press 15. Chomsky debating Michel Foucault, with Fons Elders as intermediary, 1971 16. Building 20 at MIT 17. Chomsky attending a talk 18. Robert Faurisson 19. The Faurisson affair x Illustrations 20. Letters from Noam Chomsky 21. Chomsky at his summer cottage in Wellfleet, Massachusetts, 1986 22. David Barsamian and Chomsky 23. Kyoto Basic Sciences Awards ceremony, 1988 24. Chomsky speaking in Nanaimo, British Columbia, 1989 25. Chomsky receiving a piece of Native art in British Columbia, 1989 26. The Chomsky family 27. At the pub in Govan, Scotland, 1990 Acknowledgments I would like to thank Noam Chomsky, as well as some of the people most intimately familiar with his milieu, notably Sam Abramovitch, Norman Epstein, Edward S. Herman, Seymour Melman, and Carlos P. Otero. Their willingness to share their insights and experiences is further testament to their unfailing commitment to the "good society." Marc Angenot, Robert Freiden, Denise Helly, Martin Kreiswirth, Yzabelle Martineau, Michel Meyer, and George Szanto have contributed to broadening the scope and the value of this book. Lisa Travis and Robert Lecker provided me with the long-awaited opportunity to discuss the ideas it contains. Mark Achbar, Jeremy Allaire, Elaine Briere, Jim Kelman, and Derek Rodger generously assisted me with the difficult task of assembling the photographs. Benjamin and Tristan offer constant inspiration. The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada funded two years of research and writing in the form of a postdoctoral fellowship, for which I am very grateful. Amy Pierce of MIT Press and Mary Williams of ECW PRESS undertook a careful and thoughtful edit of the manuscript. This page intentionally left blank I The Milieu That Formed Chomsky We've always tried to keep personal and other lives quite separate. We're actually "very private" people (and quite conventional). Not on the party circuit, keep pretty much to ourselves—which is kind of odd for me to say, since I spend a huge amount of my time speaking to thousands of people. But that's the way we prefer it. —Noam Chomsky, letter to the author, 25 July 19951 This page intentionally left blank Introduction The task of writing a biography of Noam Chomsky gives new meaning to the word daunting. Chomsky is one of this century's most important figures, and has been described as one who will be for future generations what Galileo, Descartes, Newton, Mozart, or Picasso have been for ours. He is the most cited living person—four thousand citations of his work are listed in the Arts and Humanities Citation Index for the years 1980 through 1992—and eighth on a shortlist, which includes the likes of Marx and Freud, of the most cited figures of all time.2 Chomsky is also a vital point of reference in the sciences; from 1974 to 1992 he was cited 1,619 times, according to the Science Citation Index. Among the innu- merable honors he has been awarded is the 1988 Kyoto Prize, described as the Japanese equivalent of the Nobel Prize, for his contribution to basic sciences. Chomsky has published over seventy books and over a thousand arti- cles in a range of fields including linguistics, philosophy, politics, cognitive sciences, and psychology. He was made associate professor at the Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology at the age of twenty-nine and full pro- fessor at thirty-two; he was given an endowed chair at thirty-seven, and became institute professor, an honor reserved for the most distinguished faculty, at forty-seven. An enormous array of awards and honors have been bestowed upon him for his work in a variety of disciplines and fields including those, such as linguistics and cognitive sciences, that he himself revolutionized. A multitude of articles and books have been devoted to his work, and recently an eight-volume collection containing over a hundred such articles has been published by Routledge as part of its Critical Assessments Series. 4 Introduction Figure 1 Chomsky, one of the world's most well-known activists and intellectuals, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. Introduction 5 An activist who is looked to by masses of left-leaning individuals and groups as one of the truly inspirational figures of this century, Chomsky has maintained a radical stance for more than fifty years, and it has embroiled him in controversy. It has led people to idolize him, debate about him, arrest him, utter slanderous comments about him, and censor his work. The work of the Chomsky biographer is in no way simplified by the fact that Chomsky himself deplores the biographical genre, for both political and personal reasons. On the one hand, I think that Chomsky is right to condemn personality cults; on the other, I believe that much can be learned by looking at Chomsky's life and work in the context of the milieus from which they have emerged and to which they have contributed. For that reason, this book, although an exploration of Chomsky's life and work, is also a portrait of his milieus. My premise is that Chomsky's ideas, and in particular his political ideas, cannot be fully understood without some knowledge of the organizations, movements, groups, and individuals with whom he has had contact, either through study or discussion. I will look at Chomsky's incredible body of work and explore its relationship to the work of others in various fields and milieus. For Chomsky, the work he has produced is his life. In response to com- ments I made about the 1992 film Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media? Chomsky remarked that he had not, and most probably would not, go to see it: [F]irsts I hate watching or hearing myself. I can only think about how I should have said things better. Second, I'm not happy with the personalized framework. Things happen in the world because of the efforts of dedicated and courageous people whose names no one has heard, and who disappear from history. I can give talks and write because of their organizing efforts, to which I'm able to contribute in my own ways. Not having seen the film, I don't know whether this is brought out. I'm concerned that it may not be. (18 Feb. 1993) Whenever possible, I have recalled in this book "the efforts of dedicated and courageous people," the people who have contributed to the ways in which Chomsky perceives the world and construes his own work, and to that degree "the personalized framework," if not eliminated (this would make for something other than a biography), is at least mitigated.
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