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Traditional Livestock Production and Growth Opportunities in India University of Kentucky UKnowledge International Grassland Congress Proceedings XXIII International Grassland Congress Traditional Livestock Production and Growth Opportunities in India S. M. Deb National Research Centre on Yak, India Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/igc Part of the Plant Sciences Commons, and the Soil Science Commons This document is available at https://uknowledge.uky.edu/igc/23/keynote/9 The XXIII International Grassland Congress (Sustainable use of Grassland Resources for Forage Production, Biodiversity and Environmental Protection) took place in New Delhi, India from November 20 through November 24, 2015. Proceedings Editors: M. M. Roy, D. R. Malaviya, V. K. Yadav, Tejveer Singh, R. P. Sah, D. Vijay, and A. Radhakrishna Published by Range Management Society of India This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Plant and Soil Sciences at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Grassland Congress Proceedings by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Traditional livestock production and growth opportunities in India S. M. Deb ABSTRACT Livestock and animal health development projects need to be based on an understanding of livestock production systems because different systems need different approaches particularly in view of degradation of environment combined with population pressure. In India, the livestock production system is primarily traditional, consisting of mixed- farming and pastoral systems, therefore, development of marginal and smallholder mixed farms must aim at intensification of the total production system. Resource-poor farming systems may aim at the improved management of the various livestock species in backyards. Pastoral systems must focus on effective management of grazing pressure. Community pasture management involves application of technologies, land tenure policies, institutional development, economic return and a reduction in the number of people depending upon livestock. The challenge is to reverse the current degradation of the environment, and arrive at sustainable increases in crop and livestock production to secure present and future food supplies. Key words: Environment, Integrated farming system, Traditional livestock production Introduction farming system or may constitute the whole farming system. Seré and Steinfeld (1996) The sustainability of many crop and broadly classified livestock production livestock production systems in many systems into four types: countries is threatened by population growth and changes in consumption patterns. i) Grassland-based systems, based solely on Increased cropping, changes in cropping livestock, in which more than 90 percent pattern and intensity and overgrazing of of the dry matter fed to animals comes from pasturelands lead to soil degradation and these rangelands, pastures or home-grown endanger food production. Especially the forages. livestock sector is often blamed. Strategies for sustainable agricultural and livestock ii) Rain-fed mixed farming systems, in which development are needed to meet the increasing more than 10 percent of the dry matter fed demand for food and employment, and to to animals comes from crop by-products. reduce the degradation of the environment. iii) Irrigated mixed farming systems. Description of livestock production systems: iv) Landless livestock production systems, Livestock production systems may be which are solely livestock-based with 10 classified according to a number of criteria, the percent or less of the dry matter fed to main ones being integration with crop animals being farm produced. production, the animal-land relationship, intensity of production, and type of product. A Modern and traditional livestock livestock production system can be considered production systems have been distinguished either as a component of a mixed crop-livestock on the basis of factors of production. Modern Proceedings of 23rd International Grassland Congress 2015-Keynote Lectures 69 Deb systems have large capital requirements and (Birthal et al., 2006), however, livelihood of employ substantial amounts of hired labour, marginal communities are dependent on it. while traditional systems mainly rely on family The major factor in pastoral systems is the labour and the extensive use of land. In general, mean rainfall, its reliability and distribution. traditional livestock systems are far more Three types of pastoral system can be identified prevalent in India than modern systems. (Jahnke, 1982): The traditional livestock production 1. Nomadic pastoralism, which is a pure systems can be subdivided into two broad pastoral system, characterized by little or categories: Grassland-based Systems and Mixed no agriculture and by high mobility of or Integrated Farming System. people and animals in search of grazing The grassland-based systems again have and water. Livestock species reared under been subdivided into: this system are primarily sheep and goat. i) Traditional pastoral systems, found in 2. Transhumant pastoralism, which is based arid areas receiving less rainfall per on more or less regular seasonal annum and where cropping is not migrations from a permanent home. The practised. sheep, yak and mithun rearing are categorized under this system. ii) Traditional agro-pastoral systems, which occur in arid and semi-arid areas with 3. Agro-pastoralism, in which livestock medium annual rainfall and whose main production is associated with dryland or crops are millet and sorghum. rainfed cropping and animals range over short distances. They are village-based Pastoral and agro-pastoral systems: Pastoral herders, who make a substantial systems are associated with zones that are too commitment to farming, although this dry for cropping to provide a basis for remains subsidiary to pastoralism for the subsistence and are defined as land-based purposes of household income. The systems, where the grazing of ruminants is the commonest species kept in agro-pastoral predominant form of land use. Based on the systems are cattle, buffaloes, camel, sheep degree of economic dependency on livestock, and goats. a pastoral production system has been defined as one in which 50 percent or more of Mixed or Integrated Farming System: Livestock household gross revenue comes from livestock in India are raised as a part of mixed farming or livestock-related activities, or where more systems. Mixed farming systems are considered than 20 percent of household food energy is environmentally most benign and sustainable directly derived from livestock or livestock- because of complementarities between crop related activities (Swift, 1984). Pastoral systems and livestock production. Animals derive most are mainly found in the arid and semi-arid of their feed–fodder requirement from zones of Rajasthan, Gujrat, Haryana and agricultural residues and by-products, and in Ladakh region of India. Pastoral systems are turn provide draught power and dung manure also prevalent in the humid and sub-humid for cropping activities. zones of Himalayas, including North Eastern In India mixed rainfed system is practised hills of India. Approximately 4% of on 46% of land and mixed irrigated system on agricultural land is used under this system 37% land. The mixed crop–livestock systems 70 Proceedings of 23rd International Grassland Congress 2015-Keynote Lectures Traditional livestock production and growth opportunities in India are characterized by considerable farmers is low, average 0f 1.16 hectares. The heterogeneity in terms of species, production marginal (> 1 ha) and small farmers (1-2 ha) efficiency, management practices and constitutes more than 80% of the farming commercialization (Birthal et al., 2006). This community. Additionally, about 43% of the heterogeneity was captured by Rao et al. (2004) rural household does not possess agricultural who delineated 15 crop–livestock systems, and lands (Agricultural Census, 2010-11). The found cattle or buffalo as the second or third situation increases the cost of livestock feeding, largest economic activity in most of these which constitute major part of the livestock systems. husbandry. However, livestock have remained an integral part of the socio-economic fabric of Mixed farming systems, however, are rural India as a source of livelihood and a undergoing a steady transformation due to provider of draught energy, manure and fuel. increasing pressure on livestock to produce Therefore, in rural India a growing livestock more to meet the growing food demand. The sector, which is mostly traditional livestock non-food functions of livestock, that is draught production system, augurs well for the low services and manure production, are declining income households to augment their income in importance because of increasing use of bio- and escape poverty. mechanical inputs in crop production and declining size of land holding. Thus the Livestock in the livelihoods of the poor: interactions between crop and livestock Livestock are integral to the livelihood production are likely to weaken, giving way to strategies of hundreds of millions of resource- emergence of commercial production systems poor crop–livestock farmers and pastoralists based on high-producing animals and external and of many millions of the rural landless. inputs. For instance, poultry production in While the way livestock contribute to India has largely been transformed from a livelihoods varies considerably between
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