Anhang 1 Eurotransplant International Foundation

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Anhang 1 Eurotransplant International Foundation Anhang 1 Eurotransplant International Foundation A m 1. Dezember 1997 trat in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland das Gesetz über die Spende, Entnahme und Übertragung von Organen, kurz Transplantationsgesetz (TPG) genannt, in Kraft. Es regelt neben den Voraussetzungen für eine Organspende auch die Verteilung der verfügbaren vermittlungspflichtigen Or- gane (Herz, Lunge, Leber, Niere, Bauchspeicheldrüse, Dünn- darm). Hierzu führt es in § 12(3) aus, dass die vermittlungs- pflichtigen Organe von einer Vermittlungsstelle nach Regeln, die dem Stand der Erkenntnisse der medizinischen Wissen- schaft entsprechen, insbesondere nach Erfolgsaussicht und Dringlichkeit für geeignete Patienten zu vermitteln sind. Die gemeinnützige Stiftung Eurotransplant Foundation (ET) in Lei- den/Niederlande (www.eurotransplant.nl) wurde vom Gesetz- geber mit der Wahrnehmung der Aufgabe der Vermittlungsstel- le beauftragt. Neben der Vermittlungsstelle sieht der Gesetzgeber im TPG auch die Einrichtung einer Koordinierungsstelle – wahrgenom- men von der Deutschen Stiftung für Organtransplantation (DSO) – zur Koordinierung aller Aspekte der Organsspende vor. ET ist eine 1967 von dem Transfusionsmediziner Jon van Rood ins Leben gerufene Non-Profit-Organisation. Van Rood erkannte die grundlegende Bedeutung des HLA-Systems für die allogene Organtransplantation und regte an, das HLA von Spen- der und Empfänger bei Zuteilung von Organtransplantaten, ins- besondere bei der Nierentransplantation, zu berücksichtigen. Um über einen größeren Pool an Spendern und Empfängern zu verfügen und somit eine optimierte Organzuteilung zu errei- 172 z Anhang 1 Eurotransplant International Foundation chen, wurde ein erster europäischer Transplantationsverbund von den Ländern Belgien, Niederlande, Luxemburg und Deutschland gegründet. Dieser wurde 1971 durch Österreich und im Jahr 2000 durch den Beitritt von Slowenien erweitert. ET ist eine gemeinnützige Stiftung, die von den beteiligten Staaten bzw. Kostenträgern des Gesundheitssystems z.B. über Re- gistrierungsgebühren finanziert wird. Dies ermöglicht ET, rund um die Uhr die für eine Organzuteilung erforderlichen adminis- trativen und personellen Strukturen (Transplantationskoordina- toren, Ärzte) verfügbar zu halten. Die Aufgaben von ET sind die tagesaktuelle Führung der Wartelisten für die einzelnen Orga- ne, die neutrale und transparente Vermittlung der Spenderorgane sowie die Überwachung der Vermittlung bzw. der Transplantati- onstätigkeit. Neben der in gleicher Weise erforderlichen Regis- trierung von potentiellen Empfängern bei geplanter Lebendspen- de kommt ET neben den Ethikkomissionen der Landesärztekam- mern eine wichtige Funktion in der Überwachung der Lebend- spende zu. Die jeweiligen Transplantationsprogramme entsenden Delegierte, die auf der jährlich stattfindenden Vollversammlung ihre Vertreter in den einzelnen organspezifischen Administrativ- strukturen von ET (Kidney Advisory Committee – ETKAC, Liver Intestine Advisory Committee – ELIAC, Pancreas Advisory Com- mittee – EPAC, Thoracic Advisory Committee – EThAC, Organ Procurement Committee – OPC, Computer Services Working Group – CSWG, Tissue Typing Advisory Committee – TTAC, Ethics Committee – EC, Finacial Committe – FC) wählen. Die Committees erlassen entsprechend der Vorgaben der jeweiligen nationalen Exekutivstrukturen (z. B. Ständige Kommission Or- gantransplantation bei der Bundesärztekammer) Regularien, an Hand derer die Organzuteilung in praxi erfolgt. Sämtliche Regu- larien wie auch erfolgte Änderungen werden in schriftlicher Form den Transplantationszentren mitgeteilt und sind auf der Website von ETeinsehbar. Zusammen mit Repräsentanten der na- tionalen Transplantationsgesellschaften bilden die Mitglieder des Boards einen Vorstand, dem ein Verwaltungsdirektor (General Director), ein medizinischer Direktor (Medical Director) sowie ein Präsident vorstehen. a Anhang 1 Eurotransplant International Foundation z 173 Alle potentiellen Organempfänger wie auch Organspender werden zentral bei ET gemeldet. Es sind hier sämtliche für eine Organzuteilung relevanten Empfänger- wie auch Spenderdaten (biometrische Daten, Blutgruppe, HLA, Antikörperprofile, viro- logische Befunde, Bereitschaft der Zentren zur Akzeptanz kriti- scher Spender) verfügbar. Anhand festgelegter Regeln erfolgt dann die Zuordnung des jeweiligen Spenderorgans zum geeig- neten Empfänger. Diese Regelungen sind organspezifisch sowie auch teilweise in Abhängigkeit von der jeweiligen Gesetzeslage länderspezifisch. In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland werden die Wartelisten auf vermittlungspflichtige Organe seit Einführung des TPG als bundeseinheitliche Warteliste geführt, um so eine Chancengleichheit unabhängig von der Region des Transplanta- tionszentrums zu gewährleisten, an welchem ein Patient auf die Transplantation wartet. Für die thorakalen Organe gilt, basierend auf den Regularien von ET, a priori eine blutgruppenidentische Vermittlung. Hierdurch soll eine bevorzugte Transplantation von Spenderorganen der Blutgruppe 0 in Empfänger aller Blut- gruppen vermieden werden. Nur bei den in der Bevölkerung selteneren Blutgruppen B und AB ist in Abhängigkeit von der Dringlichkeitsstufe eine blutgruppeninkompatible Organalloka- tion vorgesehen (0 auf B und AB, A auf AB, B auf AB) (Abb. 15). Das HLA-System wird bei der Allokation von thorakalen Orga- nen nicht berücksichtigt, da Patienten im terminalen Herz- oder Lungenversagen entsprechend lange Wartezeiten auf ein auch im HLA-System gut kompatibles Organ nicht überleben würden. O AB Abb. 15. Blutgruppenverträglichkeit AB 174 z Anhang 1 Eurotransplant International Foundation z Allokation thorakaler Spenderorgane Gemäß § 12(3) TPG erfolgt die Zuteilung vermittlungspflichti- ger Organe für geeignete Patienten nach Regeln, die dem Stand der Erkenntnisse der medizinischen Wissenschaft entsprechen, insbesondere nach Erfolgsaussicht und Dringlichkeit. Zur zeit- gerechten Allokation von Transplantaten für dringliche Patien- ten wurden von der Organkommission Herz der Deutschen Transplantationsgesellschaft zusätzlich zur Wartezeit nach Ta- gen ein Regionalfaktor wie auch Kriterien zur Graduierung nach medizinischer Dringlichkeit ausgearbeitet und diese Emp- fehlungen von der Ständigen Kommission Organtransplantation bei der Bundesärztekammer als Ausführungsbestimmung des Transplantationsgesetzes implementiert (Deutsches Ärzteblatt, 15. Februar 2000). Es sind auf der Warteliste 3 Gewichtungen der medizinischen Dringlichkeit vorgesehen (Tabelle 30). Der Status „T“ („trans- plantable“) für eine normale Listung ohne hervorgehobene Dringlichkeit, „U“ („urgent“) für erhöhte Dringlichkeit und „HU“ („high urgent“) für höchste Dringlichkeit. Des weiteren gibt es bei vorübergehender nicht möglicher Transplantation (z. B. bei interkurriender Infektion) die Möglichkeit, den Warte- listenstatus des Patienten auf NT („not transplantable“) zu set- zen. Die Zeit der Listung auf NT wird nicht als Wartezeit ange- rechnet. Während dieser Zeit erfolgt für diesen Patienten kein Organangebot. Patienten, die für eine erhöhte Dringlichkeit (U oder HU) qua- lifiziert sind, werden in anonymisierter Weise mittels eines Gut- achtenprozesses durch eine externe, ebenfalls anonym bleibende Expertengruppe für thorakale Transplantation (Auditgruppe) auf die Erfüllung festgelegter Kriterien beurteilt. Es werden zwei in der thorakalen Organtransplantation erfahrene Ärzte aus jedem zur Transplantation thorakaler Organe zugelassenen Transplanta- tionszentren in Deutschland für die Auditgruppe nominiert. Die jeweils amtierende Auditgruppe setzt sich aus drei Mitgliedern zusammen (ihr müssen ein Internist und ein Chirurg angehö- ren), die in verschiedenen Transplantationszentren tätig sind, a Anhang 1 Eurotransplant International Foundation z 175 Tabelle 30. Prinzipien der Dringlichkeitstufen zur Herztransplantation – allgemeine Präambel z Hohe Dringlichkeit („high urgent“ – HU) Bei Patienten auf der Warteliste in akut lebensbedrohlicher Situation besteht eine besondere Dringlichkeit zur Transplantation. Sie werden daher vorrangig vor allen anderen Patienten transplantiert. Empfänger, die diese Kriterien erfüllen, sind in der Regel bereits auf der Warteliste geführte Patienten, deren Zustand sich verschlechtert. Es handelt sich um Patienten mit terminaler Herz- insuffizienz, die im Zentrum auf der Intensivstation nach Ausschöpfung aller alternativer Behandlungsmöglichkeiten trotz hoch dosierter Therapie mit Katecholaminen und Phosphodiesterasehemmern nicht rekompensierbar sind und Zeichen des beginnenden Organversagens aufweisen. Bei progredientem Multiorganversagen scheidet die „HU“-Einstufung aus. z Dringlich („urgent“ – U) Bei Patienten auf der Warteliste, die aufgrund ihrer Herzerkrankung oder deren Folgen lebensbedrohlich gefährdet sind und stationär behandelt werden müssen, besteht eine erhöhte Dringlichkeit zur Transplantation. Sie werden daher vorrangig vor den elektiven Patienten auf der Warteliste transplantiert. Es handelt sich um Patienten, die stationär mit niedrig dosierter Therapie mit Katecholaminen und Phosphodiesterasehemmern rekompensierbar aber nicht entlastbar sind oder bei denen refraktäre Arrhythmien dokumentiert werden. Wie beim HU-Status scheidet die Zuordnung zur Stufe „U“ bei progredientem Multiorganversagen aus. z Elektiv („transplantable“ – T) Diese Patientengruppe erfüllt die Kriterien zur Aufnahme in die Warteliste zur Herztransplantation, jedoch nicht die Kriterien für die höchste oder die erhöhte Dringlichkeit. z Nicht transplantabel („not transplantable“ – NT) Bestehen
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