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FOOTNOTES Introduction 2 Sources 3 1 Youth in Roermond (1869-1886) APPENDICES LOUIS RAEMAEKERS, ‘ARMED WITH PEN AND PENCIL’ FOOTNOTES Introduction 2 Sources 3 1 Youth in Roermond (1869-1886) 4 2 Training and work as a drawing teachter (1887-1905) 9 3 First political cartoons (1906-1914) 15 4 The war: anti-neutrality (1914-1915) 22 5 Raemaekers becomes famous abroad (1915-1916) 33 6 Role in Allied propaganda (1916-1917) 41 7 Propaganda tour of the United States – and the end of the war (1917-1918) 34 8 Between the wars (1918-1939) 51 9 The Second World War and Raemaekers’ last years (1939-1956) 59 10 The significance of Raemaekers for Allied propaganda 61 ‘The Kaiser in exile: Wilhelm II in Doorn’ 64 BIBLIOGRAPHY General works – consulted and recommended 66 Albums and brochures with political cartoons 89 Books with covers and illustrations by Louis Raemaekers 95 SOURCES AND ARCHIVES CONSULTED Sources 104 Archives 104 LIST OF EXHIBITIONS 107 LIST OF HONORARY MEMBERSHIPS AND DECORATIONS 117 INTRODUCTION IN - 1 Churchill, Thoughts and Adventures (1948, essay from 1931), 20. IN - 2 Roberts, Obituaries Times (1979), 589. IN - 3 Horne & Kramer, German Atrocities (2001), 297. IN - 4 The Great War: a Neutral’s Indictment (1916), xv-xvi. IN - 5 War Office [name illegible] to Raemaekers, London 27 July 1915. IN - 6 Westwood, ‘Modern Caricaturists’, Review of Reviews (1931), 36. SOURCES SO - 1 Murray Allison, ‘The Thousand Million Cartoons’ in Land & Water Extra (1918), 4. SO - 2 The initial run of posters came to 150,000 and more undoubtedly followed. W.A.M. Goode, secretary of the Committee for Relief in Belgium to Louis Raemaekers, London, 27 March 1916. SO - 3 Stephen J. Monchak, ‘To fight for Democracy’, Editor and Publisher 27 July 1940. SO - 4 Confusion arose in 1944 regarding the collection of letters, which – to Raemaekers’ great irritation – was for some time impossible to locate. They are now held at Hoover in the correspondence series of the Louis Raemaekers collection. Unless otherwise indicated, the letters quoted in the present publication form part of that archive. SO - 5 The register is accessible online: : www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf258001qr/. Part of it has been digitised by the Louis Raemaekers Foundation and is available on application. For the Hoover Archives and the Raemaekers collection, see: Patenaude, A Wealth of Ideas (2006), ix-xii and 31-33 and www.hoover.org/about/herbert-hoover. SO - 6 ‘Mémoires van Louis Raemaekers zooals ik ze heb bijeengevoegd uit vele losse aanteekeningen, gevonden in verschillende schriften en papieren, geheel volgens zijn eigen redactie en bewoordingen, zonder eenige bijvoeging van mijn hand.’ SO - 7 A transcription of the memoirs and the complete list of owners are available on the website of the Louis Raemaekers Foundation. SO - 8 Jenks, ‘Artist and Emperor’, Cartoons Magazine (1917). 1 YOUTH IN ROERMOND (1869-1886) 1 - 1 ‘stoomfabriek van mineraalwater, vruchtenstroopen en limonades, de eenige in Roermond en omstreken’. ‘zaak in galanterien en luxe-artikelen’. ‘Berlijner Korfwaren, Rustieke vogelkooijen, kinder-vélocipèdes, Amerikaanse Patent-Papierhoeden naar het nieuwste model’. ‘complete tafelserviezen’. De Volksvriend, 1870. 1 - 2 ‘De ondergeteekende...berigt bij deze aan zijne geëerde stad- en landgenooten, dat hij zich alhier gevestigd heeft op de Varkensmarkt en dat eerstdaags zijn winkel zal geopend worden....een zeer net Bovenkwartier...drukkers leerling...huisknecht die ook met tuinwerk kan omgaan’. De Volksvriend, 28 September 1859, 4; De Volksvriend, 1 October 1859. 1 - 3 Josephus Christinus Hubertus Raemaekers (1829-1895) and Margaretha Amalia Michels (1838- 1920) married on 9 May 1860. After the death of her father Friedrich Wilhelm Michels, Amelie and her mother Cornelia Deriks moved from Aachen to her mother’s birthplace Wassenberg, just across the Dutch/Prussian border and 15 km from Roermond. In Wassenberg Cornelia met her second husband Lambert van Weustenraad who also came from this town. In Roermond, the couple lived at Swalmerstraat 19. Information from Maastricht, Regional Historical Centre Limburg (RHCL), Bevolkingsregister Roermond. 1 - 4 Louis had an older brother and sister who died shortly after birth. Maastricht RHCL, Bevolkingsregister Roermond. 1 - 5 Hubertus Franciscus van Schoonhoven (1835-1859) was a goldsmith and painter by profession. The sculptor Jean Henri Leeuw (1819-1909) was married to Anna Amelia Hubertine Raemaekers, Joseph’s sister. Maastricht RHCL, Bevolkingsregister Roermond. 1 - 6 ‘Father great art lover and collectioneer of antics [sic]. From him fighting spirit and artistic vein.’ Raemaekers to Leon Friend, 17 November 1936. 1 - 7 For the religious history of Roermond and the conflict between liberals and Catholics, see Verhage, Katholieken, Kerk en Wereld (2003), and Nissen & Van der Bruggen, Roermond: biografie van een stad en haar bewoners (2014). 1 - 8 According to censuses by Statistics Netherlands (CBS), about 95% of Roermond’s population at that time was Catholic; from Keyers, Verzuiling in Roermond (1981), 5. 1 - 9 For the history of Limburg, see Nuyens, De staatkundige geschiedenis (1956) and Berkvens, ‘De staatkundige geschiedenis’ in Rechtspraak in Roermond (2013), 13-30. 1 - 10 ‘Men vergete niet, dat in 1830 [van] de oudste generatie die ik in mijn jeugdjaren nog even heb aangeraakt, er geen tien Limburgers op de duizend waren, die iets met Holland wilden te maken hebben.’ See also the interview with Raemaekers – ‘Een onderhoud met Louis Raemaekers’ – in De Telegraaf, 2 March 1919. 1 - 11 ‘zonderling soort van landgenooten! ze spreken beter Fransch en Duitsch dan Hollandsch….de zeden en gewoonten...met die van andere provincien [verschillen] en veel meer met die der Belgen [overeenkomen]’. Habets, ‘Cronijkje van Limburg’ in Maasgouw 96 (1977), 115. From Verhage, Katholieken, Kerk en Wereld (2003), 50-52. 1 - 12 That national feeling was strengthened during the First World War when the Netherlands’ neutrality kept the province out of harm’s way. 1 - 13 ‘Roermond huisvest binnen zijne muren mannen, voor het grootste gedeelte echter uit den vreemde hier aangeland, die den liberalen beginselen met hart en ziel zijn toegedaan en ze op Limburgschen bodem trachten voort te planten.’ Maas- en Roerbode, 3 January 1874, 1. The Roermond newspapers of the time provide an inexhaustible source of information on the struggle between clericals and liberals. They are available in digital form on the website of the Municipality of Roermond at http://roermond.x-cago.com/kranten/. 1 - 14 L.F.H. Beerenbroek (1805-1884) was Mayor of Roermond from 1856 to 1875. Jonkheer L.F.H. Michiels van Kessenich (1840-1921) studied law in Leiden and was a lawyer [advocaat] and Inspector of Primary Education in Roermond. Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek 2 (1912), 113-114. 1 - 15 ‘En zo zullen ook vader en zoon Raemaekers, als hoogstaande vrijzinnigen, zich politiek wel hebben verwant gevoeld met deze sympathieke, suggestieve, fascinerende krachtmens, wiens geest tot nu toe nog voortleeft in hun vaderstad.’ Schoolmeesters, ‘Pleidooi’, Maas- en Roerpost (1980). 1 YOUTH IN ROERMOND (1869-1886) 1 - 16 More information about J.A. Paredis (1795-1886) can be found in Historische Opstellen (1951) (published by the Bisschoppelijk College Roermond); Gijsen, Paredis (1968), and Verhage, Katholieken, Kerk en Wereld (2003). Quotation from Gijsen, Paredis (1968), 317. 1 - 17 ‘het is...waar dat onze volksaard, onze zeden en gewoonten soms meer overeenstemmen met die van onze buitenlandse naburen, maar het is...ook niet tegen te spreken dat...onze belangen verbonden zijn met die van onze noordelijke landgenooten, en dat dus de handelingen van de Kamers, zoowel als van de Regering, een grooten invloed uitoefenen op onzen toestand.’ De Volksvriend, 28 September 1859, 1. For the demise of De Roermondenaar and the origin of De Volksvriend, see the special issue published on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the newspaper, De Volksvriend, 4 October 1884. On the history of De Volksvriend, see Van de Schoor, ‘De Volksvriend’, TS (1998), 27-44. 1 - 18 For more information about the Roermond press, see Romen, ‘Oorsprong’, in Limburg’s Jaarboek (1905), 54-55; Hemels, Op de bres (1969), 375-580; Verhage, Katholieken, Kerk en Wereld (2003), 56-62, 97-102, and Nissen & Van der Bruggen, Roermond: biografie van een stad en haar bewoners (2014), 432-433. 1 - 19 For example in ‘Pluksel’, De Volksvriend, 5 February 1876, 1, and in ‘Nog iets!’, De Volksvriend, 13 March 1880, 1. 1 - 20 ‘Gij waart het, vriend, die de Vrije vaan hoog hieldt en den strijd tegen Duisternis en geestelijke pomperij opnieuw aanvaardet.... Maar de stooten en schoppen, die ‘t clerikalisme u toebracht in de Maas- en Roerbode, gij gaaft ze terug, met woeker. Gij kondt het, want aan uwe zijde was het Recht, de Waarheid!... Het donderen van den kansel tegen u en uw werk – ‘t was het bewijs, dat uw vijand de scherpte voelde van uwe slagen! Maar – zijne middelen raakten niet uitgeput. Toen ook nog van den kansel verboden werd, iets te koopen bij u, Raemaekers, toen ook zelfs deinsdet gij niet.’ L.F. de M., ‘Aan mijn vriend Jos. Raemaekers, ter gelegenheid van het 25-jarig jubilé van den “Volksvriend”’, De Volksvriend, 4 October 1884, 1-2. 1 - 21 ‘liberale professoren, regters, officiers van Justicie [en] kommissarissen van policie’. ‘De liberalen, de geestelijken en de katholieke burgers’ in Maas- en Roerbode, 28 August 1875, 1; quoted from Historische Opstellen (1951), 431, note 163. See also the article ‘Voetangels en klemmen’, in De Volksvriend, 16 February 1878, 1. 1 - 22 More information about the Van de Kamp issue can be found in Verhage, Katholieken, Kerk en Wereld (2003), 124-128. 1 - 23 ‘artikelen, correspondenties, ingezonden stukken, enz. die overvloeijen van de walgelijkste gemeenheden en lasterlijkste aantijgingen tegen Z.H. den Paus, de Kardinalen, de Bisschoppen, de Priesters, de Kloosterlingen en de Katholieken in het algemeen...[hun] venijn [uit] in den Roermondschen vuilnisbak, waarvan zij zich als gieter bedienen om hun zwadder over stad en provincie te verspreiden’.
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