BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX Aberdeen George Hamilton-Gordon, earl of (1784–1860), was the Foreign Secretary under Robert Peel 1841–46 and a close friend of Guizot and of Princess Lieven. He acted as go- between for Louis-Philippe and the comte de Chambord in 1849–50. He was the Prime Minister of Great Britain in 1852–55. Affre Denis-Auguste (1793–1848) was the archbishop of Paris from 1840. He rallied to the Republic quickly in 1848 but was mortally wounded when he tried to parlay with insur- gents during the June Days. d’Agoult Marie (1805–76) published her Histoire de la Révolution de 1848 under the name of Daniel Stern. Arago François (1786–1853) was an astronomer and member of the Provisional Government and Executive Commission. Barante Prosper de (1782–1866) was a member of the Doctrinaires in the Restoration and prefect during the July Monarchy as well as ambassador in Turin and Saint Petersburg. Baroche Jules (1802–70) was the Minister of the Interior from March 1850, actively supported the electoral reform law of 31 May 1850. He resigned when Changarnier was dis- missed but was made Minister of Foreign Affairs in April 1851, only to resign in October in protest against the President’s attempt to revoke the law of 31 May. After the coup he became President of the Council of State. Barrot Odilon (1791–1873) was prefect of the Seine after the 1830 Revolution. He was leader of the Dynastic Opposition © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 299 C. Guyver, The Second French Republic 1848–1852, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-59740-3 300 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX during the July Monarchy, and his banquet campaign for reform of the electoral system helped trigger the February Revolution of 1848. He was chairman of the commission for the Constitution and of the commission of inquiry into the invasion of the Assembly on 15 May 1848, and the June Days. From December 1848 to October 1849, he was President of the Council of Ministers and Keeper of the Seals. Arrested during the coup of 1851, he presided over an abortive project of de- centralization in 1863 but reen- tered public life as deputy and President of the Council of State after 1870. Beaumont Gustave comte de (1802–66) was deputy from 1839 to 1848 and representative of the people from 1848 to 1851; a close friend of Tocqueville, he sat with the Third Party. Bedeau General Marie-Alphonse (1804–63) served in Algeria. His troops were overwhelmed by insurgents in February 1848, which led to the invasion of the Chamber of Deputies. Representative of the people from April 1848, he was quaestor in 1851 and exiled after the coup of 1851. Berryer Pierre-Antoine (1790–1868) was a legitimist politician and barrister who had started out as a Marshal Ney’s barrister in 1815. During the July Monarchy he was a prominent spokesman of the legitimist opposition. Elected to the Assembly in 1848, arrested during the coup of 1851, he was elected deputy in 1863. Blanc Louis (1811–82) was writer and historian. Born in Madrid in 1811, he published the Organisation du travail in 1839 and the Histoire de la Révolution française in 1847. A member of the Provisional Government, he was the chair- man of the Luxembourg Commission. Compromised after the invasion of the Assembly on 15 May 1848, he fl ed to England in August, where he lived till 1870. Blanqui Louis-Auguste (1805–81) was a revolutionary leader. He attempted to seize power in May 1839. He was released from prison in February 1848 but re-arrested after the invasion of the Assembly on 15 May. Broglie Victor duc de (1785–1870) was member of the Doctrinaires in the Restoration and President of the Council of Ministers 1835–36. He was representative of people in 1848 and played a leading role in the réunion of the rue de Poitiers and in the law of 31 May 1850. He retired from political life after the coup of 1851. BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX 301 Bugeaud Marshal (1784–1849), a veteran of the Peninsular War, was responsible for imprisoning the duchesse de Berry after her failed rising in the Vendée in 1832 and was inaccurately believed to have ordered his troops to butcher civilians in Paris in 1834. He served in Algeria 1836–47, where he sponsored brutal tactics against the native population. He commanded the Army of the Alps in 1848–49 but died suddenly of cholera in June 1849. Cabet Étienne (1788–1856), utopian thinker, published his Voyage en Icarie in 1840. His attempt to fi nd a community in Nauvoo, Illinois, which ended in failure. Carlier Pierre (1794–1858) was Prefect of Police from November 1849 to October 1851. Carnot Hippolyte (1801–88) was the son of the revolutionary gen- eral and regicide Lazare Carnot. He was involved in Saint- Simonianism in the 1830s and later served as Minister of Public Instruction and Worship from February to July 1848. Castellane General Esprit-Victor-Elisabeth-Boniface de (1788–1862) was dismissed from his command by the Provisional Government; he was reappointed by Louis-Napoleon in 1850 and promoted to Marshal of France after the coup. His Journal is an important source for the history of the Second Republic. Caussidière Marc (1808–61) took part in the revolt in Lyons in 1834 and fought on the barricades in February 1848. After he promoted himself to Prefect of Police, he created a special police force, the Montagnards . He resigned after 15 May 1848, but was soon reelected. Indicted in August 1848, he fl ed fi rst to England and then to the USA. He died soon after returning to France after the amnesty. Cavaignac General Louis-Eugène (1802–57) was the brother of a renowned republican and son of a man who had voted for the death of Louis XVI in 1793. After fi ghting in Algeria, he was appointed Minister of War by the Executive Commission in May 1848 and given dictatorial powers dur- ing the June Days. He was Head of the Executive Power from June 1848 but unsuccessfully stood for President in December 1848. After this check, he voted increasingly often with the Mountain. He was arrested and imprisoned in the coup of December 1851. 302 BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX Chambord comte Henri de (1820–83), also known as the duc de Bordeaux, was the posthumous son of the assassinated duc de Berry. He lived in exile from 1830 to 1843; his principal residence was at Frohsdorf, outside Vienna. Changarnier General Anne-Nicolas (1793–1877) served Algeria dur- ing the July Monarchy and was elected to the Assembly in 1848. He was commander of the National Guard in Paris and of the army of the department of the Seine from December 1848 until he was dismissed in January 1851. He was exiled after the coup and returned to France in 1859. He fought in the Franco-Prussian War; he was taken prisoner by the Germans but was elected to the Assembly in February 1871 and appointed Senator for life in 1875. Chevalier Michel (1806–79) was imprisoned after the closure of the Saint-Simonian house in 1832. He was Professor of Political Economy at the Collège de France, a job he lost with the fall of the July Monarchy. He attacked Louis Blanc in his articles in the Débats soon after the 1848 Revolution. He rallied to Louis-Napoleon after the coup of 1851 and was nominated to the Senate. Circourt Adolphe de (1801–79) was a diplomat and man of letters. He was married to the Russian Anastasia Klustine and his salon was an important meeting point for political and liter- ary fi gures from all over Europe. He was closely linked to Tocqueville and Lamartine who sent him on a diplomatic mission to Berlin in 1848. His letters to Henry Reeve, now kept at the British Library, are invaluable for understanding the politics of the period. Considerant Victor (1808–93) was a disciple of Fourier who popular- ized and sanitized his works. On the committee of labor in 1848, he fl ed France after the failed journée of 13 June 1849. He spent most of the next two decades in Texas and returned to France after the fall of the Second Empire. Cormenin Louis-Marie de La Haye, vicomte de (1788–1868), was a constitutional expert who was in the republican opposition during the July Monarchy and sat on the constitutional committee in 1848. He rallied to Louis-Napoleon after the coup of 1851. Cousin Victor (1792–1867), philosopher and educator, was involved in the Charbonnerie in the 1820s but rose to prominence during the July Monarchy as the founder of the philosophical school of eclecticism and was Minister of BIOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX 303 Public Instruction in 1840. After 1848, he sat on Falloux’s committee for the law of education. Dosne Eurydice (1794–1869) was the mother-in-law of Thiers. Her Mémoires are an important source for Thiers’s thoughts and activities during the Second Republic. Dufaure Jules Armand (1798–1881) had already served as Minister of Public Works in Marshal Soult’s 1839 ministry and sat with the Third Party. He was Minister of the Interior twice during the Second Republic. Dunoyer Charles-Barthélemy (1786–1863) was an economist of Malthusian leanings. He had edited with Charles Comte the Censeur européen since the First Restoration in 1814, and had been jailed in 1817 for the opinions printed in that newspaper. After the July Revolution, he was elected to the newly constituted Académie des Sciences morales et politiques in 1832 and was a prefect of the department of the Allier from August 1830, of the Mayenne (1832), and of the Somme (1833), and became a councilor of state in 1837.