Usda Natural Resources Conservation Service Pacific Islands Area

TECHNICAL NOTE USDA NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE PACIFIC ISLANDS AREA

Biology Technical Note No. 5

NATIVE FOREST BIRD INVENTORY WORKSHEET

Client Name: TMK# Location: Completed by: Date: Weather: Time:

I. PURPOSE To provide conservation planners a method to conduct an inventory of native forest and open- country birds and their habitats in Hawai‘i and the Marianas.

II. MASTER LIST The MASTER LIST OF NATIVE BIRDS BY ISLAND lists species by island. Use the island checklist to conduct your offsite and onsite inventory. Federal and State endangered species are in bold.

Attachment A: HAWAI‘I

Attachment B: MARIANAS

Contributors and Reviewers

T. Erickson, K. Uyehara, G. Koob, J. Flores, L. Smock-Randall, J. Bamba, and J. Higashino.

Biology Tech Note 5 – Native Forest Page 1 of 20 Revised – January 2009 Bird Inventory Worksheet Attachment A – HAWAI‘I

III. OFFSITE INVENTORY & FIELD PREP A. Determine existing or potential habitat: 1. Complete section 7 ESA compliance process (Biology Tech Note No. 18) 2. Review distribution maps for the species on your island checklist in relation to your site: (a) Listed species: Forest Bird Recovery Plan (USFWS 2006), Nēnē Recovery Plan (USFWS 2004) (b) Non-listed species: Forest Bird Maps (Scott et al. 1986, Biology Tech Note No. 6) (c) Additional reference: Hawai‘i Wildlife Strategy (Mitchell et al. 2005) http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/cwcs/Conservation_need.htm 3. If you have forest birds on your T&E map, check-off the species on your Master List under the “Potential” column. 4. If your site is located within or adjacent to existing bird populations or recovery areas, also check-off those species on your Master List under the “Potential” column. B. For bird ID, review relevant bird groups: (a) Voices of Hawaii’s Birds audiotape (Pratt 1995) (b) Hawaii’s Birds book (Hawaii Audubon Society 1993). C. You will need binoculars and a digital camera to complete this inventory. This worksheet assumes basic skills in field ID. If you have any questions about completing the worksheet, contact the NRCS State Biologist, USFWS, or DLNR representative.

IV. ONSITE INVENTORY A. What is the site’s elevation (ft or m)? Is the site above the mosquito zone (about 3500-4000 ft [1070-1220 Yes No m])? Hawaiian forest birds are vulnerable, some more than others, to avian malaria and avian pox transmitted by the southern house mosquito. For example, avian malaria is usually fatal in ‘I‘iwi and Maui Creeper (these birds rarely occur below 4000 ft [1220 m]), but Hawai‘i ‘Amakihi in southeast Hawai‘i are resistant to the disease. B. What is the site’s average annual rainfall (inches or mm)? Wet: >100 inches (2500 mm) annual rainfall Mesic: 50-100 inches (1200-2500 mm) annual rainfall Dry: <50 inches (1200 mm) annual rainfall C. Are native birds present on site? Yes No Listen and look for birds and check-off species present on Master List under the “Observed” column. Consult with the landowner and note their observations. Birds are more active and likely to be seen or heard in early morning or late afternoon. Spend at least 5-10 minutes in each vegetation type. Keep in mind that bird presence could be seasonal (e.g., ‘ōhi‘a blooming, māmane has green pods). D. What are the site’s dominant vegetation types?

Biology Tech Note 5 – Native Forest Page 2 of 20 Revised – January 2009 Bird Inventory Worksheet If site was modified, what do you think vegetation types were prior to human modifications (May use Jacobi Vegetation Maps and Soil Survey Maps to make determination)?

E. Does (or could, if restored) the site’s vegetation match the habitat types Yes No of the species checked off on your Master List? If No, cross species off the Master List. If Yes, take photos of habitat and attach below.

V. MASTER LIST OF NATIVE BIRDS BY ISLAND KAUA‘I l d a i e t v n r e e t s

o Species Elevation – ft (m) Habitat b P O

Kaua‘i ‘Elepaio 1500-5200 (460-1585) Native and exotic forests, common in dense wet ‘ōhi‘a Small Kaua‘i Thrush, 3300-5200 (1005-1585) Mesic koa and wet ‘ōhi‘a forests Puaiohi1 along ridges and valleys of streams Kaua‘i ‘Amakihi 1500-5200 (460-1585) ‘Ōhi‘a and koa-‘ōhi‘a forests Lesser ‘Amakihi, 1000-5200 (305-1585) Mesic to wet ‘ōhi‘a and koa-‘ōhi‘a ‘Anianiau forests, exotic forests in lowlands Kaua‘i Nukupu‘u2 2000-4000 (610-1220) Mesic to wet ‘ōhi‘a and koa-‘ōhi‘a forests Kaua‘i Creeper, ‘Akikiki3 2000-5200 (610-1585) Mesic to wet ‘ōhi‘a and koa forests with diverse understory Kaua‘i ‘Akepa, ‘Akeke‘e3 1000-5200 (305-1585) Mesic to wet ‘ōhi‘a and koa forests ‘I‘iwi 3600-5200 (1100-1585) Mesic to wet ‘ōhi‘a forests ‘Apapane 3600-5200 (1100-1585) ‘Ōhi‘a forests Hawaiian Goose, Nēnē 0-5000 (0-1525) Grasslands, shrublands, forest edges Hawaiian Owl, Pueo 0-5000 (0-1525) Grasslands, shrublands, forest edges Endangered species are in bold 1Currently found only in Alaka‘i Wilderness Preserve 2Extremely rare, no reliable sightings in over 10 years 3Proposed for listing as endangered

NOTES A. Transfer the information from the Master List to your inventory and/or conservation plan B. Contact the NRCS State Biologist, if endangered species were observed

Biology Tech Note 5 – Native Forest Page 3 of 20 Revised – January 2009 Bird Inventory Worksheet V. MASTER LIST OF NATIVE BIRDS BY ISLAND

O‘AHU l d a i e t v n r e e t s

O‘ahu ‘Elepaio1 330-4000 (100-1220) Native and exotic forests, common in mesic mixed-species forest with tall canopy and developed understory O‘ahu ‘Amakihi 100-4000 (30-1220) Native and exotic forests O‘ahu Creeper, 1000-2000 (305-610) Mesic to wet koa-‘ōhi‘a forests O‘ahu ‘Alauahio2 ‘I‘iwi3 1000-4000 (305-1220) Mesic to wet native ‘ōhi‘a, koa forests ‘Apapane 400-4000 (120-1220) Mesic to wet native and exotic forests Hawaiian Owl, Pueo3 0-4000 (0-1220) Grasslands, shrublands, forest edges Endangered species are in bold 1Designated Critical Habitat 2Extremely rare, no reliable sightings in over 10 years 3State-listed endangered only

V. MASTER LIST OF NATIVE BIRDS BY ISLAND MOLOKA‘I d U e H v r A ‘ e s O

l Species Elevation – ft (m) Habitat b a i O t n e t o P Moloka‘i Thrush, 3300-4900 (1005-1495) Closed-canopy native forests Oloma‘o, 1 Hawai‘i ‘Amakihi 1000-4900 (305-1495) Mesic and dry native and native-exotic forests ‘I‘iwi2 3000-4900 (915-1495) Mesic to wet ‘ōhi‘a forests ‘Apapane 330-4900 (100-1495) Mesic to wet ‘ōhi‘a and exotic forests Hawaiian Goose, Nēnē 0-4900 (0-1495) Grasslands, shrublands, forest edges Hawaiian Owl, Pueo 0-4900 (0-1495) Grasslands, shrublands, forest edges Endangered species are in bold 1Extremely rare, no reliable sightings in over 10 years 2State-listed endangered only

Biology Tech Note 5 – Native Forest Page 4 of 20 Revised – January 2009 Bird Inventory Worksheet Biology Tech Note 5 – Native Forest Page 5 of 20 Revised – January 2009 Bird Inventory Worksheet V. MASTER LIST OF NATIVE BIRDS BY ISLAND LANA‘I KAHO‘OLAWE l d a i e t v n r e e t s

‘Apapane (Lana‘i only) 1700-3700 (520-1130) Mesic to wet native and exotic forests and shrublands Hawaiian Owl, Pueo All elevations Grasslands, shrublands, forest edges

V. MASTER LIST OF NATIVE BIRDS BY ISLAND MAUI l d a i e t v n r e e t s

Maui Parrotbill1 4000-7700 (1220-2350) Mesic to wet native forests with a dense, diverse subcanopy and understory Hawai‘i ‘Amakihi 1000-10000 (305-3050) Native and native-exotic forests and shrublands Maui Nukupu‘u2 3600-7000 (1100-2135) Mesic to wet ‘ōhi‘a, koa-‘ōhi‘a forests with a dense, diverse understory Maui Creeper, Maui 3000-8500 (915-2590) Native and exotic forests, shrublands, ‘Alauahio and grasslands Maui ‘Akepa, 3600-7000 (1100-2135) Wet ‘ōhi‘a, ‘ōhi‘a-koa forests ‘Akepeu‘ie2 ‘I‘iwi 1600-9500 (490-2895) Native forest, common in mesic to wet ‘ōhi‘a and koa-‘ōhi‘a ‘Apapane 1000-9500 (305-2895) Native forest, common in mesic to wet ‘ōhi‘a and koa-‘ōhi‘a Crested Honeycreeper, 3600-7000 (1100-2135) Mesic ‘ōhi‘a-koa and wet ‘ōhi‘a with a ‘Ākohekohe1 dense, diverse understory Hawaiian Goose, Nēnē 0-8500 (0-2590) Grasslands, shrublands, forest edges, sparsely-vegetated lava flows Hawaiian Owl, Pueo 0-8500 (0-2590) Grasslands, shrublands, forest edges Endangered species are in bold 1Currently, found only on Haleakala Volcano, East Maui 2Extremely rare, no reliable sightings in over 10 years

Biology Tech Note 5 – Native Forest Page 6 of 20 Revised – January 2009 Bird Inventory Worksheet V. MASTER LIST OF NATIVE BIRDS BY ISLAND

HAWAI‘I l d a i e t v n r e e t s

Hawai‘i ‘Elepaio 1000-9800 (305-2990) Native and exotic forests, common in wet to mesic ‘ōhi‘a and ‘ōhi‘a-koa, dry māmane-naio Hawai‘i Thrush, ‘Ōma‘o, 3000-9500 (915-2895) Mesic to wet ‘ōhi‘a and koa forests and subalpine shrublands with fruiting trees and shrubs ‘Ō‘ū1 3000-5000 (915-1525) Mesic to wet ‘ōhi‘a forests with ‘ie‘ie Palila2 6500-9800 (1980-2990) Dry māmane, māmane-naio forest Hawai‘i ‘Amakihi 0-10000 (0-3050) Native forests and shrublands, some exotic ‘Akiapōlā‘au 3000-7000 (915-2135) Mesic to wet koa and ‘ōhi‘a or dry subalpine māmane-naio forests Hawai‘i Creeper 5000-7000 (1525-2135) Mesic to wet koa and koa-‘ōhi‘a and dry subalpine māmane forests Hawai‘i ´Akepa, 4300-7000 (1310-2135) Mesic to wet old-growth ‘ōhi‘a or ‘Akakane ‘ōhi‘a-koa forests ‘I‘iwi 1000-9500 (305-2895) Native forests, common in mesic to wet ‘ōhi‘a and koa-‘ōhi‘a, seasonally in dry koa and māmane ‘Apapane 1000-9500 (305-2895) Native forests, common in mesic to wet ‘ōhi‘a and koa-‘ōhi‘a, seasonally in dry koa and māmane Hawaiian Goose, Nēnē 0-9800 (0-2990) Grasslands, shrublands, forest edges, sparsely-vegetated lava flows Hawaiian Hawk, ‘Io 0-8500 (0-2590) Most vegetated landscapes with trees, prefer mature ‘ōhi‘a for nesting Hawaiian Owl, Pueo 0-9800 (0-2990) Grasslands, shrublands, forest edges Endangered species are in bold 1Extremely rare, no reliable sightings in over 10 years 2Currently, found only on upper Mauna Kea

Biology Tech Note 5 – Native Forest Page 7 of 20 Revised – January 2009 Bird Inventory Worksheet NOTES A. Transfer the information from the Master List to your inventory and/or conservation plan B. Contact the NRCS State Biologist, if endangered species were observed

Biology Tech Note 5 – Native Forest Page 8 of 20 Revised – January 2009 Bird Inventory Worksheet Other planning documents

Upland Wildlife Habitat Management (646) Nēnē Habitat Enhancement and Management (Biology Tech Note No. 16) Hawaiian Hawk Habitat Enhancement and Management (Biology Tech Note No. 17)

Common and scientific names of animals in text

‘Akepa [Hawai‘i], ‘Akakane (Loxops coccineus coccineus) ‘Akepa [Kaua‘i], ‘Akeke‘e (Loxops caeruleirostris) ‘Akepa [Maui], ‘Akepeu‘ie (Loxops coccineus ochraceus) ‘Akiapōlā‘au (Hemignathus munroi) ‘Amakihi [Kaua‘i] (Hemignathus kauaiensis) ‘Amakihi [O‘ahu] (Hemignathus flavus) ‘Amakihi [Maui] (Hemignathus virens wilsoni) ‘Amakihi [Hawai‘i] (Hemignathus virens virens) ‘Amakihi [Lesser], ‘Anianiau (Hemignathus parvus) ‘Apapane (Himatione sanguinea sanguinea) Creeper [Hawai‘i] (Oreomystis mana) Creeper [Kaua‘i], ‘Akikiki (Oreomystis bairdi) Creeper [Maui], Maui ‘Alauahio (Paroreomyza montana newtoni) Creeper [O‘ahu], O‘ahu ‘Alauahio (Paroreomyza maculata) Crested Honeycreeper, ‘Akohekohe (Palmeria dolei) ‘Elepaio [Kaua‘i] (Chasiempis sandwichensis sclateri) ‘Elepaio [O‘ahu] (Chasiempis sandwichensis ibidis) ‘Elepaio [Hawai‘i] (Chasiempis sandwichensis sandwichensis) Hawaiian Goose, Nēnē (Branta sandvicensis) Hawaiian Hawk, ‘Io (Buteo solitarius) Hawaiian Owl, Pueo (Asio flammeus sandwichensis) ‘I‘iwi (Vestiaria coccinea) Maui Parrotbill (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) Nukupu‘u [Kaua‘i] (Hemignathus lucidus hanapepe) Nukupu‘u [Maui] (Hemignathus lucidus affinis) ‘Ō‘ū (Psittirostra psittacea) Palila (Loxioides bailleui) Southern House Mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus) Thrush [Hawai‘i], Ōma‘o (Myadestes obscurus) Thrush [Moloka´i], Oloma´o (Myadestes lanaiensis rutha) Thrush [Small Kaua‘i], Puaiohi (Myadestes palmeri)

References

Atkinson, C. T. 2005. Ecology and diagnosis of introduced avian malaria in Hawaiian forest birds. U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005-3151. Found at: http://biology.usgs.gov/pierc/piercfactsheets.htm.

Fancy, S. G. and C. J. Ralph. 1997. Apapane (Himatione sanguinea), In: Poole, A. and F. Gill, eds. The Birds of North America, No. 296. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA.

Hawaii Audubon Society. 1993. Hawaii’s Birds. Honolulu: Hawaii Audubon Society. 104 pp.

Lindsey, G. D., E. A. VanderWerf, H. Baker, and P. E. Baker. 1998. Kauai Amakihi (Hemignathus virens), In: Poole, A. and F. Gill, Eds. The Birds of North America, No. 360. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA.

Mitchell, C., C. Ogura, D. W. Meadows, A. Kane, L. Strommer, S. Fretz, D. Leonard, and A. McClung. 2005. Hawaii’s Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. Department of Land and Natural Resources. Honolulu, Hawai‘i. 722 pp. Found at: http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/cwcs/Conservation_need.htm.

Biology Tech Note 5 – Native Forest Page 9 of 20 Revised – January 2009 Bird Inventory Worksheet Pratt, H. D. 1995. Voices of Hawaii’s Birds [audiocassette]. Library of Natural Sounds, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Available through Hawaii Audubon Society, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Reynolds, M. H. and T. J. Snetsinger. 2001. The Hawai`i rare bird search 1994-1996. Studies in Avian Biology 22:133-143.

Scott, J. M., S. Mountainspring, F. L. Ramsey, and C. B. Kepler. 1986. Forest bird communities of the Hawaiian Islands: their dynamics, ecology, and conservation. Studies in Avian Biology 9:1-431.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Hawaiian Hawk Recovery Plan, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR. 48 pp. Found at: http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plans/1984/840509.pdf.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2004. Draft revised recovery plan for the Nēnē or Hawaiian goose (Branta sandvicensis). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR. 104 pp. Found at: http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plans/2004/040924a.pdf.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2006. Revised Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Forest Birds. Region 1, Portland, OR. 622 pp. Found at: http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/recovery_plans/2006/060922a.pdf.

VanderWerf, E. A. 1998. `Elepaio (Chasiempis sandwichensis), In: Poole, A. and F. Gill, eds. The Birds of North America, No. 344. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA.

Wakelee, K. M. and S. G. Fancy. 1999. Omao (Myadestes obscurus), In: Poole, A. and F. Gill, eds. The Birds of North America, No. 460. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA.

Biology Tech Note 5 – Native Forest Page 10 of 20 Revised – January 2009 Bird Inventory Worksheet To add photo, click in cell and insert digital file. Describe photo in space provided.

Description: Description:

Biology Tech Note 5 – Native Forest Page 11 of 20 Revised – January 2009 Bird Inventory Worksheet Attachment B: MARIANAS

III. OFFSITE INVENTORY & FIELD PREP A. Determine existing or potential habitat: 1. Complete section 7 ESA compliance process (Biology Tech Note No. 18) 2. Review distribution maps for the species on your island checklist in relation to your site: (a) Marianas rare species GIS shapefiles are located at: Geodata\MarianaIslands_MainIsland_HeritageLayer_ver1.1_Aug07.shp (b) Non-listed species on Guam: Forest Bird Surveys of Guam (Engbring & Ramsey 1984) Guam Wildlife Strategy (Chap. 3): http://www.guamdawr.org/Conservation/gcwcs2/ (c) Non-listed species in CNMI: Forest Bird Surveys of CNMI (Engbring et al. 1986) CNMI Wildlife Strategy (Chap 5): http://www.wildlifeactionplans.org/n_marianas.html 3. If you have forest birds on your T&E map, check-off the species on your Master List under the “Potential” column. 4. If your site is located within or adjacent to existing bird populations or recovery zones, also check-off those species on your Master List under the “Potential” column. B. For bird ID, review relevant bird groups: (a) Birds of the Marianas audiotape (b) Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific (Pratt et al. 1987) or Common Flora and Fauna of the Mariana Islands (Vogt & Williams 2004). C. You will need binoculars and a digital camera to complete this inventory. This worksheet assumes basic skills in field ID. If you have any questions about completing the worksheet, contact the NRCS State Biologist, USFWS, or DLNR representative.

IV. ONSITE INVENTORY A. What is the site’s elevation (m)? B. Are native birds present on site? Yes No

Listen and look for birds and check-off species present on Master List under the “Observed” column. Consult with the landowner and note their observations.

Birds are more active and likely to be seen or heard in early morning or late afternoon. Spend at least 5-10 minutes in each vegetation type. Keep in mind that bird presence could be seasonal (e.g., flowers in bloom). C. Are there relatively-undisturbed, medium or large caves on site (Guam, Yes No Aguiguan, Saipan only)? N/A If Yes, check-off Mariana Swiftlet under “Potential” column D. What vegetation communities are present on site? Limestone forest Secondary forest: Ravine forest Tangantangan Coastal strand Agroforest Savannah Other (describe e.g., Albizia, Acacia): Wetland

Biology Tech Note 5 – Native Forest Page 12 of 20 Revised – January 2009 Bird Inventory Worksheet E. If site was modified, what do you think native vegetation communities were prior to human modifications (May use Soil Survey Maps to make determination)? Limestone forest Savannah Ravine forest Wetland Coastal strand Other (describe): F. Does (or could, if restored) the site’s vegetation match the habitat Yes No types of the species checked off on your Master List?

If No, cross species off the Master List.

If Yes, take photos of habitat and attach below.

V. MASTER LIST OF NATIVE BIRDS BY ISLAND GUAM l d a i e t v n r e e t s

o Species Diet Habitat b P O

Guam Rail, Ko‘ko‘1 Omnivore - snails, All habitat types except wetlands lizards, insects, carrion, seeds, leaves Mariana Swiftlet, Yayaguak Insectivore - small Roosts and nests in limestone caves, flying insects e.g., forages primarily over ridges and termites grasslands Mariana Crow, Aga2 Omnivore – crabs, Primarily mature native limestone insects, lizards, forest, also strand, ravine, agricultural, rats, bird eggs and secondary forests Micronesian Starling, Sali3 Omnivore – fruits, Most habitat types, more common in seeds, insects forests, nests in cavities Endangered species are in bold 1Only in captivity, planned reintroduction to Cocos Island 2Designated Critical Habitat 3Guam-listed endangered only

Biology Tech Note 5 – Native Forest Page 13 of 20 Revised – January 2009 Bird Inventory Worksheet V. MASTER LIST OF NATIVE BIRDS BY ISLAND ROTA l d a i e t v n r e e t s

Guam Rail, Ko‘ko‘ Omnivore - snails, All habitat types except wetlands lizards, insects, carrion, seeds, leaves White-throated Ground Frugivore – fruits, All forested habitats, thicket-meadow Dove, Paluman apaka, seeds, flowers mosaics, more common in native Paluman fachi, Apooka forests Mariana Fruit Dove, Frugivore – fruits, Native and secondary forests Paluman totut, Mwee‘mwe seeds Collared Kingfisher, Sihek, Carnivore – lizards, Most habitat types, more common in Waaw insects, crabs, small forest edges than interior, nests in birds cavities Mariana Crow, Aga, Omnivore – crabs, Primarily mature native limestone Mwii‘lup1 insects, lizards, rats, forest, also strand, ravine, agricultural, bird eggs and secondary forests Rufous Fantail, Naabak, Insectivore – flying All forested habitats Leteghipar and foliage insects Micronesian Starling, Sali, Omnivore – fruits, Most habitat types, more common in Mwii seeds, insects forests, nests in cavities Micronesian Honeyeater, Nectivore – but also Most habitat types except savannah Egigi insects Rota Bridled White-eye, Insectivore – but also Primarily mature native limestone, Nosa‘, Litchogh1 fruits and nectar also nonnative and mixed forests Endangered species are in bold 1Designated Critical Habitat

Biology Tech Note 5 – Native Forest Page 14 of 20 Revised – January 2009 Bird Inventory Worksheet V. MASTER LIST OF NATIVE BIRDS BY ISLAND AGUIGUAN l d a i e t v n r e e t s

Micronesian Megapode, Omnivore – seeds, Native limestone forest and adjacent Sasangat, Sasangal insects, grub, native a nonnative secondary forests crabs, plant matter White-throated Ground Frugivore – fruits, All forested habitats, thicket-meadow Dove, Paluman apaka, seeds, flowers mosaics, more common in native Paluman fachi, Apooka forests Mariana Fruit Dove, Frugivore – fruits, Native and secondary forests Paluman totut, Mwee´mwe seeds Mariana Swiftlet, Insectivore - small Roosts and nests in limestone caves, Chachaguak, Leghe‘kiyank flying insects forages primarily over ridges and open areas Nightingale Reed-Warbler, Insectivore – but Native and secondary forests, thicket- Litchoghoi bwel1 also spiders, snails, meadow mosaics lizards Rufous Fantail, Naabak, Insectivore – flying All forested habitats Leteghipar and foliage insects Micronesian Starling, Sali, Omnivore – fruits, Most habitat types, more common in Mwii seeds, insects forests, nests in cavities Micronesian Honeyeater, Nectivore – but Most habitat types except savannah Egigi also insects Golden White-eye, Canario, Insectivore – but Native and secondary forests Khanooriyo also fruit Saipan Bridled White-eye, Insectivore – Most habitat types except savannah Nosa´, Litchogh foliage insects Endangered species are in bold 1Extremely rare, 4 reliable sightings in last 16 years on SW slope

Biology Tech Note 5 – Native Forest Page 15 of 20 Revised – January 2009 Bird Inventory Worksheet V. MASTER LIST OF NATIVE BIRDS BY ISLAND TINIAN l d a i e t v n r e e t s

Micronesian Megapode, Omnivore – seeds, Native limestone forest and adjacent Sasangat, Sasangal1 insects, grub, native a nonnative secondary forests crabs, plant matter White-throated Ground Frugivore – fruits, All forested habitats, thicket-meadow Dove, Paluman apaka, seeds, flowers mosaics, more common in native Paluman fachi, Apooka forests Mariana Fruit Dove, Frugivore – fruits, Native and secondary forests Paluman totut, Mwee‘mwe seeds Collared Kingfisher, Sihek, Carnivore – lizards, Most habitat types, more common in Waaw insects, crabs, forest edges than interior, nests in small birds cavities Tinian Monarch, Insectivore – Native and secondary forests, prefers Chichirikan Tinian, insects of mid and native limestone forest Leteighi‘par2 lower canopy Rufous Fantail, Naabak, Insectivore – flying All forested habitats Leteghipar and foliage insects Micronesian Starling, Sali, Omnivore – fruits, Most habitat types, more common in Mwii seeds, insects forests, nests in cavities Micronesian Honeyeater, Nectivore – but Most habitat types except savannah Egigi also insects Saipan Bridled White-eye, Insectivore – Most habitat types except savannah Nosa‘, Litchogh foliage insects Endangered species are in bold 1Extremely rare, 3 reliable sightings and 8 detections (calls) in last 15 years 2CNMI-listed endangered only NOTES A. Transfer the information from the Master List to your inventory and/or conservation plan B. Contact the NRCS State Biologist, if endangered species were observed

Biology Tech Note 5 – Native Forest Page 16 of 20 Revised – January 2009 Bird Inventory Worksheet V. MASTER LIST OF NATIVE BIRDS BY ISLAND SAIPAN l d a i e t v n r e e t s

Micronesian Megapode, Omnivore – seeds, Native limestone forest and adjacent Sasangat, Sasangal insects, grub, native a nonnative secondary forests crabs, plant matter White-throated Ground Frugivore – fruits, All forested habitats, thicket-meadow Dove, Paluman apaka, seeds, flowers mosaics, more common in native Paluman fachi, Apooka forests Mariana Fruit Dove, Frugivore – fruits, Native and secondary forests Paluman totut, Mwee‘mwe seeds Mariana Swiftlet, Insectivore - small Roosts and nests in limestone caves, Chachaguak, Leghe‘kiyank flying insects e.g., forages primarily over ridges and termites grasslands Collared Kingfisher, Sihek, Carnivore – lizards, Most habitat types, more common in Waaw insects, crabs, forest edges than interior, nests in small birds cavities Nightingale Reed-Warbler, Insectivore – but Vegetated wetlands, secondary Ga‘ga‘ karisu, Litchoghoi also spiders, snails, forests, thicket-meadow mosaics bwel lizards Rufous Fantail, Naabak, Insectivore – flying All forested habitats Leteghipar and foliage insects Micronesian Starling, Sali, Omnivore – fruits, Most habitat types, more common in Mwii seeds, insects forests, nests in cavities Micronesian Honeyeater, Nectivore – but Most habitat types except savannah Egigi also insects Golden White-eye, Canario, Insectivore – but Native and secondary forests Khanooriyo also fruit Saipan Bridled White-eye, Insectivore – Most habitat types except savannah Nosa‘, Litchogh foliage insects Endangered species are in bold

Biology Tech Note 5 – Native Forest Page 17 of 20 Revised – January 2009 Bird Inventory Worksheet Common and scientific names of animals in text

Collared Kingfisher, Sihek, Waaw (Halcyon chloris) Golden White-eye, Canario, Khanooriyo (Cleptornis marchei) Guam Rail, Ko‘ko‘ (Gallirallus owstoni) Mariana Crow, Aga, Mwii‘lup (Corvus kubaryi) Mariana Fruit Dove, Paluman totut, Mwee‘mwe (Ptilinopus roseicapilla) Mariana Swiftlet, Yayaguak, Chachaguak, Leghe‘kiyank (Aerodramus bartschi) Micronesian Honeyeater, Egigi (Myzomela rubratra) Micronesian Megapode, Sasangat, Sasangal (Megapodius laperouse laperouse) Micronesian Starling, Sali, Mwii (Aplonis opaca) Nightingale Reed-Warbler, Ga‘ga‘ karisu Litchoghoi bwel (Acrocephalus luscinia) Rota Bridled White-eye, Nosa‘, Litchogh (Zosterops rotensis) Rufous Fantail, Naabak, Leteghipar (Rhipidura rufifrons) Saipan Bridled White-eye, Nosa‘, Litchogh (Zosterops conspicillatus saypani) Tinian Monarch, Chichirikan Tinian, Leteighi‘par (Monarcha takatsukasae) White-throated Ground Dove, Paluman apaka, Paluman fachi, Apooka (Gallicolumba xanthonura)

References

Berger, G. M., J. Gourley, and G. Schroer. 2005. Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy for the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Division of Fish and Wildlife, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Saipan, MP. 358 pp. Found at: http://www.wildlifeactionplans.org/n_marianas.html.

Craig, R. J. 1996. Seasonal population surveys and natural history of a Micronesian bird community. Wilson Bulletin 108:246-267.

Craig, R. J. and K. G. Beal. 2001. Microhabitat partitioning among small passerines in a Pacific Island bird community. Wilson Bulletin 113:317-326.

Engbring, J. and F. L. Ramsey. 1984. Distribution and abundance of the forest birds of Guam: results of a 1981 survey. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, FWS/OBS-84/20. 54 pp.

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Reichel, J. D. and P. O. Glass. 1991. Checklist of the birds of the Mariana Islands. Elepaio 51(1):3-10.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. Native Forest Birds of Guam and Rota of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR. 86 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1991. Recovery Plan for the Mariana Islands Population of the Vanikoro Swiftlet, Aerodramus vankorensis bartschi. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR. 49 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1998. Recovery Plan for the Micronesian Megapode (Megapodius laperouse laperouse). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR. 65 pp.

Biology Tech Note 5 – Native Forest Page 18 of 20 Revised – January 2009 Bird Inventory Worksheet U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1998. Recovery Plan for the Nightingale Reed-warbler (Acrocephalus luscinia). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR. 62 pp.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2005. Draft Revised Recovery Plan for the Aga or Mariana Crow, Corvus kubaryi. Portland, OR. 147 pp. Found at: http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands/recoveryplans/marianacrow.pdf.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2007. Recovery Plan for the Nosa Luta or Rota Bridled White-eye (Zosterops rotensis). Portland, OR. 136 pp. Found at: http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands/recoveryplans/RBWEFinalRecoveryPlan.pdf.

Vogt, S. R. and L. L. Williams. 2004. Common Flora and Fauna of the Mariana Islands. Saipan: self published. 158 pp.

Biology Tech Note 5 – Native Forest Page 19 of 20 Revised – January 2009 Bird Inventory Worksheet To add photo, click in cell and insert digital file. Describe photo in space provided.

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Biology Tech Note 5 – Native Forest Page 20 of 20 Revised – January 2009 Bird Inventory Worksheet