2015 2016 Accelerated Biology Midterm Review

2015 – 2016 ACCELERATED BIOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEW

1. Discuss the steps of the scientific method.

2. List laboratory safety procedures.

3. What are the parts of the microscope and their functions?

4. Identify the following types of microscopes: Compound light

transmission electron

scanning electron

5. What are some of the limitations of microscopes?

6. What is the importance of resolution?

7. List and define different branches of biology.

8. List the 5 characteristics of living things.

9. What elements and compounds are common in living things?

10. Discuss the following types of bonding: Covalent –

Ionic –

Peptide bond –

11. Identify the parts of an atom, their mass and charge.

12. Define: atomic number - mass number -

isotope -

13. Discuss the structure, monomers and examples for each of the following biomolecules:

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic acids

14. What is an enzyme? Discuss how it performs its function.

15. Describe the reactions catalyzed by the following enzymes: a. catalase b. ATP synthase

16. Discuss dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis and give an example of each.

17.. What is a carboxyl group and an amino group?

18.. Identify the scientists who contributed to the Cell Theory and state the Cell Theory.

19. What are the differences between: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Plant and animal cells? 20. Name structures and list functions of organelles in plant and animal cells.

21. Describe the structure of the cell membrane.

22. Explain: Diffusion

Osmosis

Endocytosis

Pinocytosis

Phagocytosis

Exocytosis

23. Give an example of the following types of solutions and describe what happens to plant and animal cells placed in a(n):

hypertonic solution

hypotonic solution

isotonic solution

24. Who were Van Helmont and Joseph Priestly and what discoveries did they make?

25. What is ATP? Why is it the “energy” molecule? What is ADP?

26. Discuss the basic steps in photosynthesis. What are the reactants and the products? Know where each step takes place and what pigment is needed. 27. Discuss the steps of aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

28. Compare lactic acid fermentation to alcoholic fermentation and give an example of an organism that does each.

29. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA.

30. What are the roles of: mRNA?

31. What are codons and aniticodons? What is an initiator and a stop codon? Be able to use a codon chart.

32. Discuss:

transcription –

translation -

protein synthesis -

33. What is DNA replication? 34. Identify the steps in mitosis. Be able to label key structures and stages. Know the order and the differences in animal and plant mitosis.

35. What is: cell division, M phase?

Mitosis?

cytokinesis?

36. Describe what occurs during the different stages of cell division and interphase.

37. What is: a. chromatin?

b. a chromosome?

38. What are the human diploid and haploid numbers?

Which types of cells are haploid and which are diploid?

What is the 2N number?

N number?

39. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. 40. Compare and contrast spermatogenesis to oogenesis.

41. Discuss the methods of artificial selection giving the pros and cons of each. Selective breeding:

Inbreeding:

Hybridization:

42. Explain the Mendel’s three laws of Genetics: a. Law of Segregation:

b. Law of Independent Assortment:

c. Law of Dominance:

43. Be able to use a Punnett Square to solve a one trait cross: When purple flowers are crossed with white flowers, only purple offspring resulted. Cross heterozygous purple flowers with white flowers. Cross heterozygous purple flowers with heterozygous purple flowers. Show the Punnett Squares for both crosses. Use letter P or p. For each problem, give the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios.

44. Be able to use a Punnett Square to solve a two trait cross such as: Yellow is dominant and green is recessive for pea color. Round is dominant and wrinkled is recessive for pea shape. Use Y or y and R or r. (A) Cross two heterozygous plants bearing yellow, round peas. Give expected phenotypic ratios.

Chapter 1: The Science of Biology Scientific method Hypothesis Controlled experiment Manipulated variable Responding variable Theory Liter Gram Meter Observation Data Inference Biology Cell Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction Metabolism Stimulus Homeostasis Evolution Biosphere Ecosystem Community Population Organism Metric system microscope Compound light microscope Electron microscope

Chapter 2: The Chemistry of Life Cohesion Adhesion Mixture Solution Solute Solvent Suspension pH scale Acid Base Buffer Monomer Polymer Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide Lipid Nucleic acid Nucleotide Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Protein Amino acid Chemical reaction Reactant Product Activation energy Catalyst Enzyme Substrate Enzyme-Substrate Complex Active site Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis Glycerol Fatty Acid

Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function Cell Cell Theory Nucleus Prokaryote Eukaryote Organelle Cytoplasm Nuclear envelope (membrane) Chromatin Chromosome Nucleolus Ribosome Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosome Vacuole Mitochondrion Chloroplast Cytoskeleton Centriole Cell membrane Anton von Leeuwenhoek Robert Hooke Rudolph Virchow Robert Brown Theodor Schwann Matthias Schleiden Cell wall Microfilaments Microtubules Flagellum Diffusion Osmosis Lipid bilayer Concentration Equilibrium Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic Facilitated diffusion Passive transport Active transport Endocytosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Exocytosis Cell specialization Tissue Organ Organ system

Chapter 8: Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Autotroph Heterotroph Pigment Chlorophyll Glucose Light-Dependent Reactions Photolysis Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Light-Independent Reactions Chloroplast Calvin Cycle Grana Stroma

Chapter 9: Respiration Cellular Respiration Aerobic Anaerobic Fermentation Electron Transport chain Glycolysis Krebs cycle muscle fatigue ATP

Chapter 10: Cell Growth Mitosis Cell Division Cytokinesis Sister chromatids Centromere Cell cycle Interphase Centrioles Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Spindle Cyclin Cancer G1 G2 S phase M phase

Chapter 11: Meiosis Homologous Diploid Haploid Meiosis Crossing-over Tetrad Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Gametogenesis Homologues Gametes Ova Sperm Meiosis I Meiosis II

Chapter 12: DNA and RNA Transformation Bacteriophage Nucleotides Nitrogenous base Base pairing Double helix Chromatin Histone Replication Protein synthesis Transcription Translation mRNA tRNA rRNA Codon Anticodon Stop codon

Chapter 11: Introduction to Genetics Genetics Segregation Genotype Fertilization Gamete Dihybrid True-breeding Probability Selective breeding (13-1) Trait Punnett Square Inbreeding (13-1) Hybrid Homozygous Hybridization(13-1) Gene Heterozygous Allele Phenotype

Know the following monomers and their polymers: ______

______

What process? ______What is occurring here? ______

Label the parts of the Cell Cycle. What is occurring here? ______Know the steps involved

Know how to use this Genetic Code wheel during Protein Synthesis

Identify the specific type of RNA shown below

______Be able to label each process and the structure indicated in the process of Protein Synthesis.

Label the parts of the microscope

Label the parts of the Plant and then the Animal cell

Label the parts of the paired chromosome Be able to explain what is happening in the diagram above

Identify this molecule Know what is happening here