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Emma Goldman StMU History Media Featuring Historical Research, Writing, and Media at St. Mary’s University Vol. 2 No. 1 Jan-Feb 2017 Emma Goldman By Gabriella Serrato Read about this "most dangerous woman in America" Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show By Nelson Smithwick Discover the fascinating story of this vision of what the "West" was thought to be Sir Francis Drake By Cameron Adelman Fascinating look at the exploits and adventures of this swashbuckling privateer Bloody Mary in the Mirror 2 ARTICLES ARTICLES 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS STMU HISTORY MEDIA Oct. - Nov. 2016 TOP 14 ARTICLES 04 Sir Francis Drake: Knight and 27 The Intellectual Endeavors of Explorer, Slave Trader and Pirate Leonardo Da Vinci by Cameron Adelman by Christopher Repka 07 The Ghost Dance and the Wounded 30 The Son of a Watchmaker: Jean- Knee Massacre of 1890 Jacques Rousseau Leonardo Da Vinci by Gabriela Serrato by Zaraly Frasquillo 10 The US Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 32 "The Most Dangerous Woman in America" Emma Goldman by Cameron Adelman » p 32 » p. 27 » p.12p. 7 by Gabriela Serrato 13 Have Fun, Will Travel: Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show 36 Sargon of Akkad by Nelson Smithwick by Erick Martinez 15 The Lynching Era: The Tragic 38 Martin Luther: Rebel or Reformer? Hanging of Laura and L.D. Nelson by Teresa Valdez by Gabriela Serrato 41 Nikola Tesla: The Man Who Gave a 20 Peter the Great: The Man who New "Light" to the World Westernized Russia by MNahim Rancharan by Mario Sosa 44 The Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 » p. 10 » p. 23 » p. 41 23 Bloody Mary in the Mirror by Sergio Cervantes by Nicolas McKay » p. 13 » p. 38 4 ARTICLES ARTICLES 5 globe. belief that a hypothetical continent, referred to as Sir Francis Drake: Knight and Terra Australis, was located just south of Chile. In 1577, Queen Elizabeth dispatched Drake Returning northward, Drake began raiding the on an expedition to cross through the Strait relatively unguarded Spanish ports along Chile’s Explorer, Slave Trader and Pirate of Magellan–a passage located at the southern coast, the Spanish firm in the belief that they tip of South America that were safe so far away from connects the Atlantic and Europe. Drake reportedly By Cameron Adelman Pacific Oceans–ostensibly traveled up the coast as far Although the 1519 voyage of Ferdinand Magellan John Hawkins on two successful slave trading with the purpose of seeking as California, although some is openly acknowledged to be the first successful expeditions from Africa to the Caribbean. These trade opportunities along believe he may have reached expedition to circumnavigate the globe, it is also expeditions earned Drake and his cousin the South America’s eastern as far as Canada or Alaska. His commonly known that Magellan did not survive enmity of the Spanish, who alongside Portugal coast. However, Drake’s hold full of Spanish treasure, the undertaking, having been killed in the claimed exclusive rights to trade with the mission also had a second, Drake feared the possibility of Philippines during a local political dispute in 1521.1 Americas under the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas. secret objective: to raid as a Spanish trap waiting for him In that respect, the first man to lead an expedition And so, during Hawkins and Drake’s third slave many Spanish outposts and in the Strait of Magellan, and that successfully circumnavigated the globe– trading expedition in 1567, their convoy was set merchant vessels as possible, decided to return to England and survive the undertaking–was Sir Francis upon by Spanish warships at San Juan de Ulúa, with the goal of reducing the by way of the Pacific instead.8 Drake, the sixteenth-century English explorer Mexico. The Spanish’s raid was largely successful, vast revenue that Spain was who is frequently cited as the most famous (and and Hawkins and Drake barely escaped with their receiving from trade with the Unlike his journey thus far, notorious) explorer of the Elizabethan Era (1558- lives aboard separate vessels. Separated from his Americas and thus indirectly the remainder of Drake’s 1603).2 From a more modern perspective, Drake cousin, Drake’s vessel returned to England empty- decrease Spain’s ability to expedition was comparatively appears as quite a controversial figure in history. handed. To add insult to injury, when Hawkins fund an invasion of England. uneventful. The Golden Hind To the British, he was a living folk hero, equatable finally managed to return to England, he accused And so, Drake departed from crossed the Pacific, making to Robin Hood or King Arthur, a romantic figure Drake of cowardice and of abandoning him in England in December of 1577, stops in the Palau Islands, the who rose from the Caribbean. with a fleet of five ships and Sir Francis Drake, by Marcus Gheeraerts | Philippines, and Indonesia. He humble origins Drake protested less than two hundred men.5 Courtesy of Buckland Abbey then crossed the Indian Ocean and ascended that he had and sailed around the Cape to knighthood, been following From the beginning, the journey was fraught of Good Hope in Africa, traveling up the coast the man who Hawkins’ orders with complications. While crossing the Atlantic towards Europe. On September 26, 1580, almost circumnavigated by returning Ocean, Drake ordered two of his ships, the three years after his departure, Drake sailed the globe, and to England, Christopher and the Swan, stripped of supplies into Plymouth Harbor with just fifty-six of his a hero who but Hawkins’ and burned due to the loss of too many personnel.6 original crew. He returned to a hero’s welcome, helped repel the accusation would Additionally, while moored at Port St. Julian–in his expedition an unquestionable success in the Spanish Armada. taint Drake’s what is now Argentina–Drake tried and convicted eyes of England. The venture made both he and On the other reputation for Thomas Doughty, his friend and captain of the his investors incredibly wealthy, and in April of hand, to the years to come.3 Swan, for the crimes of treachery and incitement the following year Drake was knighted by Queen Spanish, Drake to mutiny. Doughty was executed there in Port St. Elizabeth for his service to the crown. That was a notorious These events Julian, the same spot where Magellan ironically same year, Drake was elected to Parliament and pirate who embittered had tried and convicted several mutineers of became the mayor of Plymouth. He purchased raided peaceful Drake towards his own exactly 58 years earlier during his own a large estate known as Buckland Abbey where merchant Spain, and he circumnavigation expedition.7 However, Drake’s he settled down to enjoy the riches and acclaim vessels and would spend the troubles did not end there. After reaching and he had earned.9 sacked Spanish Queen Elizabeth I knights Francis Drake | Courtesy of Baldwin H. Ward rest of his life traversing the Strait of Magellan and entering settlements. and Kathryn C. Ward/Corbis taking vengeance the Pacific Ocean, Drake’s remaining ships Fate would see Drake return to the sea sooner Drake’s reputation against the encountered powerful storms. The storms than expected, however. In 1585, tensions between has been stained by many other disreputable acts, Spanish for the theft of what he believed had separated him from the Elizabeth and sank England and Spain had escalated to the point that including multiple accusations of desertion and been his rightful property. In 1571 Drake secured a the Marigold, with the crew of the Elizabeth war had become inevitable. In response, Queen his participation in the slave trade. What no one privateer’s license from Queen Elizabeth I, which returning to England under the assumption that Elizabeth placed Drake in charge of a fleet of 25 can doubt, however, is the undeniable impact that he used to conduct a successful raid against a Drake’s sole remaining ship, the Golden Hind, warships, and ordered him to attack Spanish- Drake has had on the world’s history. Spanish silver shipment in Panama. After had sunk beneath the waves. held territories across the world. With his fleet returning to England, Drake spent the next few Drake attacked multiple settlements, capturing Francis Drake was born to Edmund Drake years assisting the Earl of Essex, Robert Devereux, With only eighty crewmen and the Golden Santiago in the Cape Verde Islands, Cartagena circa 1540, in the town of Tavistock in the county to quell an Irish rebellion, during which Drake Hind, Drake nevertheless pressed onward. The in Colombia, St. Augustine in Florida, and San of Devon, England. He was apprenticed at an forged many important political friendships that Golden Hind had been pushed southward away Domingo in Hispanola. Returning to Europe, early age to his relative, William Hawkins, with would serve him well over the course of his life.4 from Cape Horn to the southern tip of Tierra del Drake scored further victories against Spain and whom Drake learned the fundamentals of sailing, It was after this service to the crown that Drake Fuego, an archipelago at the southernmost tip of Portugal by capturing or destroying 37 merchant trade, exploration, and piracy. While he was still would embark on his most famous venture, one South America. Exploring the waters south of vessels at Cadiz, Spain and by occupying the city a young man, Drake accompanied his cousin that would result in his circumnavigation of the South America, Drake was able to debunk the of Sagres, Portugal.10 Despite these victories, the Visit us online at http://www.stmuhistorymedia.org Visit us online at http://www.stmuhistorymedia.org 6 ARTICLES ARTICLES 7 English were unable to stop the Spanish WORKS CITED 1.
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