UMA LEITURA DE NOSTROMO, DE JOSEPH CONRAD E HISTÓRIA SECRETA DE COSTAGUANA, DE JUAN GABRIEL VÁSQUEZ Lucilene Canilha Ribeiro (FURG)

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UMA LEITURA DE NOSTROMO, DE JOSEPH CONRAD E HISTÓRIA SECRETA DE COSTAGUANA, DE JUAN GABRIEL VÁSQUEZ Lucilene Canilha Ribeiro (FURG) A VOZ E A VEZ DO DISCURSO AMERICANO: UMA LEITURA DE NOSTROMO, DE JOSEPH CONRAD E HISTÓRIA SECRETA DE COSTAGUANA, DE JUAN GABRIEL VÁSQUEZ Lucilene Canilha Ribeiro (FURG) A conquista do continente americano pelos navegadores europeus sempre foi uma problemática mal resolvida do ponto de vista do “conquistado”. A aceitação da chegada dos aventureiros às praias do “Novo Mundo” – como foi chamado posteriormente – e a colonização desses povos ainda geram muita discussão. O que é irrefutável é nossa condição de sujeito híbrido, que vive as angústias de pertencer, ao mesmo tempo, a duas culturas que inicialmente se antagonizaram: somos fruto da união entre nativos e estrangeiros. Somos o amálgama que José de Alencar, magistralmente, relatou em seu romance Iracema na figura de Moacir, do filho de Iracema e Martim, que nasce na América, mas é levado para a Europa para ser educado. De todas as imagens que esse romance pode nos trazer, talvez essa seja a que mais alimente a angústia de um sujeito pertencente a dois mundos que coexistem ao mesmo tempo em que se interpõem. O americano de hoje já é um sujeito diferenciado com os acréscimos de todas as variáveis trazidas pela globalização. Apesar disso, algumas constantes ainda são pertinentes, tais como a apropriação do discurso acerca do território americano vista pelo europeu. A motivação para essa discussão parte da análise de dois romances, Nostromo (1904), de Joseph Conrad e História secreta de Costaguana (2007), de Juan Gabriel Vásquez, em que a visão sobre o continente americano é problematizada graças à modificação da perspectiva de quem conta a história. As duas narrativas – distanciadas no tempo e no espaço no que se refere aos seus autores – constroem a trama sob o pano de fundo americano, mais especificamente sob a localização da Colômbia e a construção do Canal do Panamá. Essa polêmica acerca da apropriação do discurso é levantada no segundo romance, através da voz do narrador José Altamirano que não se conforma com a história contada por Conrad. Segundo o personagem de Vásquez, o escritor polonês narrou ao mundo uma América diferenciada da que ele, colombiano legítimo, conhecia. A narração do europeu estaria deturpando e controlando a imagem da América mais uma vez, como os navegadores que aqui chegaram e narraram as maravilhas recém “descobertas” aos seus conterrâneos. Em Nostromo, conhecemos a história de um marinheiro de origem italiana que se apodera de uma embarcação cheia de prata. Esse enredo se passa em um país imaginário que o autor designou de Costaguana, uma república latino-americana que concentra em si a imagem da situação política de alguns países naquele lugar e momento histórico. O autor comenta no prefácio que a motivação do livro surgiu de uma história que ele ouviu duas 1 vezes na sua vida, em momentos distintos, e representam a influência da viagem que fez à América: [...] a primeira ideia de Nostromo veio sob a forma de uma anedota vadia, completamente destituída de pormenores de importância. Na verdade, foi em 1875 ou 1876, quando eu era muito jovem e estava nas Índias Ocidentais, ou melhor, no golfo do México, pois os meus contatos com a terra eram breves, poucos e fugazes, que ouvi a história de um homem que dizia ter roubado, sem ajuda de ninguém, um batelão carregado de prata, algures no litoral de Tierra Firme durante as agitações de uma revolução (CONRAD, 2007:7). E o esqueci por vinte e seis ou vinte e sete anos, quando topei precisamente com ele num ensebado volume comprado à porta de uma loja de livros usados. Era a biografia de um marujo americano escrita por ele próprio com a ajuda de um jornalista. No curso de suas andanças, o dito marujo trabalhara durante alguns meses a bordo de uma escuna cujo capitão e proprietário era o mesmo ladrão de quem eu ouvira falar nos primórdios da minha juventude. Eu não tinha qualquer dúvida a respeito, pois dificilmente poderia ter havido duas façanhas de tipo tão peculiar na mesma parte do mundo e ambas ligadas a uma revolução sul-americana (CONRAD, 2007:7). Para desenvolver essa trama, Conrad utiliza seu conhecimento sobre as terras americanas que obteve enquanto navegava por esses mares. Porém sua história se passa em um local fictício que tenta amalgamar as características daquelas terras que tanto impressionaram o aventureiro polonês. Por mais que isso fique esclarecido o romance pode ser lido, desde o prefácio, como uma narrativa histórico-ficcional. Os dados apresentados servem como base histórica, creditando veracidade a história à ser narrada. A prática de ambientar a trama do romance em uma suposta motivação real foi utilizada inúmeras vezes por escritores que diziam ter encontrado uma carta, um diário ou um manuscrito para dar sustentação verídica aos fatos contados. Conrad soma a esta estratégia a conscientização do leitor a respeito de suas viagens pelo mundo, decidido a convencê-lo da factualidade de seu relato. As descrições da República de Costaguana – e mais precisamente da cidade de Sulaco, onde se passa a maior parte da história – remontam à paisagem paradisíaca e turbulenta dos trópicos que tanta comoção causa no estrangeiro. A terra é descrita pelo narrador com abundância de adjetivos que exaltam a riqueza natural da América. Porém, o mesmo não se pode dizer da apresentação do povo oriundo destas terras e muito menos de seus avanços sociais. A população do lugar é composta (segundo a descrição do livro) por pessoas rudes que parecem obedecer muito mais a instintos animais de dominação do que a impulsos racionais de progresso. Tanto que a exploração dos recursos é feita por estrangeiros que centralizam em si o poder aquisitivo, social e cultural. A extração da prata, posteriormente roubada por Nostromo, é fruto do trabalho da família Gould, ingleses que se instalam nas terras americanas com o propósito de apoderar-se das riquezas que ali estão. 2 As revoluções propostas pelos nativos da região são desajeitadas e violentas, levando a uma profusão de batalhas onde pouca coisa se define, resultando apenas em uma transferência superficial entre os que detêm o poder. Em determinado momento a narração rememora o que o personagem Martin Decoud falava de sua terra natal aos franceses, enquanto estudava na Europa: Imaginem uma atmosfera de ópera bouffe em que todos os assuntos cômicos de estadistas, bandoleiros e muitas outras figuras de fancaria, a roubar, intrigar e apunhalar farsescamente são encenados com mortal seriedade. É demais; corre sangue o tempo todo e os próprios atores acreditam estar influenciando o destino do universo. Evidentemente, o governo em geral, qualquer governo em qualquer parte, é coisa refinadamente cômica para um espírito perspicaz; entretanto, nós hispano- americanos ultrapassamos os limites (CONRAD, 2007:142). Além do olhar estrangeiro do autor, ainda vemos a narração se centralizar em personagens que vieram de outras terras, ou, ao menos, possuem uma educação e um posicionamento análogo. Não só o protagonista Nostromo – oriundo da Itália – pertence à outra cultura, como também a família Gould (ingleses) e Decoud (de formação francesa). Os Gould, por exemplo, são os detentores do poder das minas de Sulaco e mesmo os que nasceram em solo americano receberam educação fora do país, nesse caso na Inglaterra. Podemos perceber isso na declaração de Charles Gould em consideração a sua família e mais especificamente a seu tio. O nome Gould foi sempre altamente respeitado em Sulaco. Meu tio Harry foi chefe do Estado durante algum tempo e deixou um nome ilustre entre as principais famílias. Com isso quero dizer as famílias crioulas puras, que não tomaram parte da miserável farsa do governo. O tio Harry não era nenhum aventureiro. Em Costaguana, nós, os Gould não somos aventureiros. Ele era da terra e a amava, mas continuou essencialmente inglês nas suas idéias (CONRAD, 2007:68). A hierarquização de culturas européias alia-se também à supervalorização da norte- americana. O trecho a seguir exemplifica esse tipo de situação em relação a possíveis pretendentes de uma moça de alta classe de Sulaco. Era voz geral que a culta e orgulhosa Antonia, com a sua educação estrangeira e suas idéias estrangeiras, nunca iria se casar – a menos, evidententemente, que desposasse algum estrangeiro da Europa ou da América do Norte, agora que Sulaco parecia a pique de ser invadida pelo mundo todo (CONRAD, 2007:141). A identidade de Decoud é um tanto conflituosa, pois apesar de ser um sujeito nascido na América, sua personalidade é moldada pela cultura francesa, de onde recebeu a educação. Nele o autor salienta a característica do “entre-lugar”, aquele que, devido à sua mobilidade, sente não mais pertencer ao seu lugar de origem e nem àquele para onde se desloca. Notamos essa sua inconstância em muitos momentos de sua trajetória, mas, no trecho a seguir essa ideia se torna mais clara: “Uma espécie de francês; um ímpio; um 3 materialista – pronunciou cada termo vagarosamente, como se o pesasse numa cuidadosa análise. – Que não é filho de seu país nem de nenhum outro – continuou, pensativamente” (CONRAD, 2007:181). Decoud torna-se estrangeiro em qualquer lugar que esteja, seja na América ou na França, mas isso não o afasta da alta posição que ocupa na sociedade de Sulaco. Até o momento da revolução, o enredo mostra a sociedade estrangeira como a cúpula daquela cidade. Todo o progresso e a extração de riquezas são obras dos que não pertencem àquela terra, mas de quem possui posição dominadora embasada em um olhar estrangeiro. Mesmo Nostromo, que é de classe inferior, ainda assim possui destaque entre os moradores de Costaguana e também na narração. A corrupção do doutor Monygham, torturado pelo nativo Sotillo, é apresentada como uma condição que o diferencia dos demais europeus: Sotillo também se levantou e, pondo-se no caminho dele, examinou-o da cabeça aos pés.
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