ROOFS a Guide to Alterations and Extensions on Domestic Buildings
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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION NOTES.Pdf
10/21/2014 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION RIO HONDO TRUCK ACADEMY Why do firefighters need to know about Building Construction???? We must understand Building Construction to help us understand the behavior of buildings under fire conditions. Having a fundamental knowledge of buildings is an essential component of the decisiondecision--makingmaking process in successful fireground operations. We have to realize that newer construction methods are not in harmony with fire suppression operations. According to NFPA 1001: Standard for FireFighter Professional Qualifications Firefighter 1 Level ––BasicBasic Construction of doors, windows, and walls and the operation of doors, windows, and locks ––IndicatorsIndicators of potential collapse or roof failure ––EffectsEffects of construction type and elapsed time under fire conditions on structural integrity 1 10/21/2014 NFPA 1001 Firefighter 2 Level ––DangerousDangerous building conditions created by fire and suppression activities ––IndicatorsIndicators of building collapse ––EffectsEffects of fire and suppression activities on wood, masonry, cast iron, steel, reinforced concrete, gypsum wallboard, glass and plaster on lath Money, Money, Money….. Everything comes down to MONEY, including building construction. As John Mittendorf says “ Although certain types of building construction are currently popular with architects, modern practices will be inevitably be replaced by newer, more efficient, more costcost--effectiveeffective methods ”” Considerations include: ––CostCost of Labor ––EquipmentEquipment -
NEW ORLEANS NOSTALGIA Remembering New Orleans History, Culture and Traditions
NEW ORLEANS NOSTALGIA Remembering New Orleans History, Culture and Traditions By Ned Hémard They All Taxed For You: Shotguns, Camelbacks and More The Louvre in Paris, the Cabildo and Presbytère in the French Quarter, 1960s motor hotels, Lake Avenue apartments and early “Popeye’s Fried Chicken” outlets have what in common? The answer, of course, is the Mansard roof. After all, what exemplifies this architectural style more faithfully than Hawaiian black lava rock topped with red synthetic roof tiles? Architects and the late Al Copeland may have disagreed on this subject, but the history of the Mansard is still most interesting. The Mansard roof refers to a type of hip roof with two slopes on each of its four sides with the lower slope being much steeper, virtually vertical. The upper slope is usually not visible from the ground and is pitched just enough to shed water. For all intents and purposes, this is an additional story disguised as a roof. Sometimes, for decorative effect, the pitch is curved with impressive dormers. In modern commercial construction, the upper pitch has often been substituted with a flat roof. The Cabildo in New Orleans Mansard elevation, 1868 The architect, Francois Mansart (1598 - 1666), popularized the roof style known as Mansard, a misspelling of his name. The central portico of the Richelieu Wing of the Louvre is a fine example. In the years that French houses were taxed by the number of floors beneath the roof, the Mansard style afforded a clever way to avoid paying the tax collector. A revival of Mansard occurred in the 1850s rebuilding of Paris, and that era is called Second Empire. -
Glossary of Architectural Terms Apex
Glossary of Architectural Terms Apex: The highest point or peak in the gable Column: A vertical, cylindrical or square front. supporting member, usually with a classical Arcade: A range of spaces supported on piers capital. or columns, generally standing away from a wall Coping: The capping member of a wall or and often supporting a roof or upper story. parapet. Arch: A curved construction that spans an Construction: The act of adding to a structure opening and supports the weight above it. or the erection of a new principal or accessory Awning: Any roof like structure made of cloth, structure to a property or site. metal, or other material attached to a building Cornice: The horizontal projecting part crowning and erected over a window, doorway, etc., in the wall of a building. such a manner as to permit its being raised or Course: A horizontal layer or row of stones retracted to a position against the building, when or bricks in a wall. This can be projected or not in use. recessed. The orientation of bricks can vary. Bay: A compartment projecting from an exterior Cupola: A small structure on top of a roof or wall containing a window or set of windows. building. Bay Window: A window projecting from the Decorative Windows: Historic windows that body of a building. A “squared bay” has sides at possess special architectural value, or contribute right angles to the building; a “slanted bay” has to the building’s historic, cultural, or aesthetic slanted sides, also called an “octagonal” bay. If character. Decorative windows are those with segmental or semicircular in plan, it is a “bow” leaded glass, art glass, stained glass, beveled window. -
Alterations and Extensions Supplementary Planning Document
Lewisham local plan Alterations and Extensions Supplementary planning document Draft December 2017 Foreword “The Council is committed to supporting development that allows everyone in Lewisham the opportunity to make the most of their property in a positive way, not just for them but for their neighbours and the community as a whole. Currently there is great local interest in the don’t move - improve approach and the Council wishes to help residents stay in their properties by accommodating their changing needs. Well designed extensions and alterations can increase the amount and quality of accommodation and enhance the appearance of buildings. The improvement and conversion of existing buildings also makes effective use of urban land and makes good environmental sense. Poorly considered proposals can cause harm to the amenities and characteristics of our borough. Through carefully considered alterations and extensions, we have the potential to improve and enhance our community to make Lewisham the best place to live, work and learn in London.” CONTENTS FOREWORD ....................................................................................2 01 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 4 1.1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................5 1.2 WHAT IS A SUPPLEMENTARY PLANNING DOCUMENT?............................5 1.3 WHY HAVE AN SPD? ....................................................................................5 -
Truss-Facts-Book.Pdf
TRUSS FACTS BOOK CONTENTS WHAT IS A TRUSS? 2 THE EVOLUTION OF TRUSSES 3 THE UNIVERSAL TRUSS PLATE 5 TRUSS TERMS 6 TRUSS NUMBERING SYSTEM 8 TRUSS SHAPES 9 TRUSS SYSTEMS 12 GABLE END 12 HIP 12 DUTCH HIP 14 GIRDER AND SADDLE 15 SPECIAL TRUSS SYSTEMS 16 CANTILEVER 17 TRUSS DESIGN 18 TRUSS ANALYSIS 18 TRUSS LOADING COMBINATION & LOAD DURATION 18 LOAD DURATION 18 DESIGN OF TRUSS MEMBERS 18 WEBS 18 CHORDS 19 MODIFICATION FACTORS USED IN DESIGN 19 STANDARD & COMPLEX DESIGN 19 BASIC TRUSS MECHANICS 20 TENSION 20 COMPRESSION 20 BENDING 20 DEFLECTION 21 TRUSS ACTION 21 DESIGN LOADS 22 LIVE LOADS 22 WIND LOAD 23 TERRAIN CATEGORIES 24 SEISMIC LOADS 24 TRUSS HANDLING AND ERECTION 25 MULTINAIL CONNECTOR PLATES 26 MULTI GRIPS 26 TRIPLE GRIPS 26 EASY FIX GIRDER BRACKETS 26 INTERNAL WALL BRACKETS 26 TRUSS BOOTS 26 ANTI TWIST TRUSS BOOTS 26 PURLIN STRAPS 27 CYCLONE TIES 27 JOIST HANGERS 27 STUD TIES 27 STRAP NAILS 27 FLAT TENSION BRACING 27 STEELWOOD JOISTS 28 MULTISTRUT JOISTS 29 © MULTINAIL 1 TRUSS FACTS BOOK WHAT IS A TRUSS? A ‘truss’ is formed when structural members are joined together in triangular configurations. The truss is one of the basic types of structural frames formed from structural members. A truss consists of a group of ties and struts designed and connected to form a structure which acts as a large span beam. The members usually form one or more triangles in a single plane and are arranged so that the external loads are applied at the joints and theoretically cause only axial tension or axial compression in the members. -
Roof and Gutter De-Icing Cable
ROOF AND GUTTER DE-ICING CABLE Design and Installation Guide Industrial Residential CommeWhat are Ice Dams? How Ice Dams are formed 1 Rising heat from the house melts the blanket of snow and ice on the roof from the bottom up, sending water trickling down the roof. 2 When water arrives at the cold eaves, it refreezes and forms a dam, preventing drainage. 3 Water is trapped behind the dam and backs up under the shingles. 4 The melted water can leak into the house through the windows or ceiling Snowmelt Principles and Application: Electrical Heat Trace Cable is intended to provide drain paths for the melted or flowing water to be carried away from the roof, gutters, and down spouts. This system is not intended to provide a snow free surface. Roofs in General Sun and building heat combine to melt accumulated snow at the roof/snow interface. Snow is porous and allows water to flow. Ice is not porous and will trap water. Water will flow as long as the roof surface stays above freezing. When the water runs to the roof edge it freezes, starting an “ice dam” that continues to grow and trap more water, leading to leakage problems. The objective of a snowmelt system is to ensure the water is drained off and not allowed to freeze at the roof edge forming a dam. Gutter Damage from Ice The water that enters into your rain gutters can freeze and build up an enormous amount of weight many times causing water to leak into soffits and entering into the building. -
As Seen Here in These Pictures of Ranch Houses in Just One Small Community. T
1 Ranch Houses in Georgia: A Guide to Architectural Styles May 2010 Richard Cloues, Ph.D. 2 Ranch Houses in Georgia come in a wide variety – as seen here in these pictures of Ranch Houses in just one small community. 3 Their diversity is extreme -- more so than any other kind of historic house -- and sometimes perplexing. 4 And yet there are recurring patterns of outward appearances and underlying forms. 5 The outward appearances are indicative of different architectural styles applied to Ranch Houses. 6 The variations in the underlying forms of Ranch Houses reveal different Ranch House types (or sub- types). 7 This presentation is about architectural styles. (A complementary presentation discusses the various types of Ranch Houses in Georgia.) 8 It builds upon the residential architectural styles first identified in the 1991 Georgia's Living Places report. In that report, architectural style is defined in two ways: 9 (1) the decoration or ornamentation that has been put on a house in a systematic pattern or arrangement to create a specific visual effect; and/or (2) the overall design of a house including proportions, scale, massing, symmetry or asymmetry, and the relationship among parts such as solids and voids or height, depth, and width. 10 With this definition of architectural style in mind, let’s get our Ranch House identification kit and look at the different architectural styles found on Georgia's Ranch Houses. 11A Four architectural styles predominate: Contemporary the Contemporary (or Eichleresque "California" Contemporary), Rustic (Western) the Eichleresque (or Colonial Revival "Eichler"), the Rustic (or "Western"), and the Colonial Revival. -
Gutter System Installation Standards Product Specification
Gutter System Installation Standards Product Specification Property of: Spectra Metal Sales Gutters and Leaf Protection Introduction A Rain Gutter System starts with a trough, called a gutter, which collects rainwater from the roofline of a house and diverts it away from the structure, using elbows and downspouts. • The purpose of this diversion is to prevent water flow off the roof edge which can cause structural damage over time to the walls and/or foundation of a house. • The gutter system is more important to the exterior of your home than the actual paint, siding, or even windows, because it protects your home from rot, mold, mildew, and flooding. • This water damage, without a gutter system, occurs slowly, spreads quickly, and is unnoticeable until the damage repair is substantial. • For your gutter system to work properly, it must be able to empty out the water faster than it fills up. In order to ensure the proper flow of water, a few are vital to the success of the overall gutter system: 1) Seamless gutters 2) Gutter and downspout sizing 3) Slope or pitch of gutter 4) Downspout placement 5) Keeping the gutters debris free 6) Using quality parts and accessories 2 Gutter Specifications Scope of Guide A) The Rain-carrying system consists of all necessary components to complete installation with products manufactured or endorsed for use by Spectra Metal Sales. System Components A) Gutters shall be made of 3105-H24 aluminum and shall be continuous and seamless with a minimum thickness gauge of .032” or .027” (+/- .002” nominal). B) All pre-painted components will have an approved SMS Finish and Color. -
Catalogue of an Exhibition of Drawings from the Queensland Architecturalarchive in the Fryer Memorial Library University of Queensland
Catalogue of an Exhibition of Drawings from the Queensland ArchitecturalArchive in the Fryer Memorial Library University of Queensland Published with the assistance of the Friends of the Fryer Library University of Queensland Library St. Lucia 1988 Catalogue of an exhibition Held at the Brisbane City Hall ArtGallery and Museum 1-29 June 1988 ISBN 0 �71 10 6 Researchedand written by Don Watson and FionaGardinet. 2 FOREWORD In April1986the University of Queensland Library submittedto the DesignBoard of the AustraliaCouncil a proposal for assistance in a project to collect Queensland architecturalrecords. The decision to supportthe development of architectural collectionswas made by the Library for a numberof reasons. New interestin the nation's history had led to greater appreciationof the significanceof buildingsas social and culturalrecords. Two collections of records were already held in the Fryer Library- one from the firm A.B. and R.M. Wilson, established inBrisbane in1884, and the other fromthe architect I<arl Langer. The use made of these collections by architects,social historians and students of the finearts attested to their research value. Two years previously, in1984, the Library had published 'A Directory of Queensland Architectsto 1940'by DonaldWatson and Judith McKay. Through this project it was aware of the existence of valuable collectionsof architecturalrecords. No organisation was systematically collecting in this area and there was the need to ensure that thisimportant part of Queensland's heritage was preserved for future research. As a result of the grant received from the Design Board,the Fryer Library has acquired a fine collection of architectural records. The collectiondates fromthe last two decades of the nineteenth century but is particularlystrong in the period between the two world wars. -
Architectural Styles/Types
Architectural Findings Summary of Architectural Trends 1940‐70 National architectural trends are evident within the survey area. The breakdown of mid‐20th‐ century styles and building types in the Architectural Findings section gives more detail about the Dayton metropolitan area’s built environment and its place within national architectural developments. In American Architecture: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, Cyril Harris defines Modern architecture as “A loosely applied term, used since the late 19th century, for buildings, in any of number of styles, in which emphasis in design is placed on functionalism, rationalism, and up‐to‐date methods of construction; in contrast with architectural styles based on historical precedents and traditional ways of building. Often includes Art Deco, Art Moderne, Bauhaus, Contemporary style, International Style, Organic architecture, and Streamline Moderne.” (Harris 217) The debate over traditional styles versus those without historic precedent had been occurring within the architectural community since the late 19th century when Louis Sullivan declared that form should follow function and Frank Lloyd Wright argued for a purely American expression of design that eschewed European influence. In 1940, as America was about to enter the middle decades of the 20th century, architects battled over the merits of traditional versus modern design. Both the traditional Period Revival, or conservative styles, and the early 20th‐century Modern styles lingered into the 1940s. Period revival styles, popular for decades, could still be found on commercial, governmental, institutional, and residential buildings. Among these styles were the Colonial Revival and its multiple variations, the Tudor Revival, and the Neo‐Classical Revival. As the century progressed, the Colonial Revival in particular would remain popular, used as ornament for Cape Cod and Ranch houses, apartment buildings, and commercial buildings. -
Roofs Modeling Assign
Name: __________________________ Roofs Modeling Assign Directions: Using cardstock, you will create models of different roof designs. 1. You must model: a. Flat Roof b. Shed Roof c. Gable Roof d. Hip Roof 2. Choose 2 other roof styles from the list to model. 3. All structures will have a 2” x 2” base unless you choose to model the Cross Gabled Roof or the Cross Hipped Roof. 4. Add tabs for gluing. 5. All Models will be evenly spaced on an 11x17 piece of cardstock. The primary function of any roof is protection from the elements. The type of roof is determined by the climatic conditions and architectural style. In some regions roofs must be designed to shed and bear weight of snow and ice. These types of roofs have more pitch or curvature. Whatever the area, it is essential to plan the roof carefully to enhance the design of the structure. Roof overhangs are designed to add to the appearance of a building and to protect the upper walls from moisture. Overhang on ranch style buildings may provide shelter and shade for outdoor walks. A flat roof is used on more contemporary homes. It requires the least cost for materials and labor, but a flat roof requires special care in sealing against leaks. The shed roof is the simplest form of roof construction. It has one slope, usually to the rear of the building and the greater overhang in the front. A shed roof is is inexpensive to construct. A variety of the shed roof is the monitor. It is a combination of two shed roofs, with skylights between the two roof levels. -
Draft Mansard Roof Guidance 201115
London Borough of Tower Hamlets DRAFT MANSARD ROOF GUIDANCE NOTE Draft for consultation November 2015 0 Draft Mansard Roof Guidance Purpose of this consultation The purpose of the Mansard Roof Guidance Note is to support residents who would like to make a planning application for a new mansard roof in one of the Borough’s Conservation Areas. The Draft Mansard Roof Guidance Note contains information on the most relevant planning policies that the Council must consider when making decision on planning applications; the character of historic roofs in Tower Hamlets; the elements of Mansard Roofs and best practice advice on how you should approach the design of a new mansard roof in a conservation area; and finally, the document includes some helpful tips for you to refer to when making a planning application for a new mansard roof in a Conservation Area. In order to assist residents with planning application process, officers have also examined the following eight Conservation Areas in more detail to identify the best opportunities for properties to extend: Driffield Road; Medway; Fairfield Road; Victoria Park; Jesus Hospital Estate; York Square; Chapel House; and Tredegar Square. Officer recommendations have been presented in draft addendum to the relevant Conservation Area Character Appraisals. These addendums are also subject to consultation from 23 November 2015 and 18 January 2016. More information on these can be found via the links and contact details below. How you can get involved It is important that this Guidance Note is easy to understand and useful. If you feel that this document could be improved and the information better communicated, we would be grateful for your feedback during the public consultation.