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Comparison of Meteorological Features in the Debris-Free And

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Btま11et如ofGlaciologicalRes輯rCb18（2001）だトーJβ lii ⑥Japane父Soc呈etyofSnowand王ce Comparisonofmeteoro10gicarfeaturesinthedebris・freeanddebris－COVeredareasatKhumbuGlacierI NepalHimalayas，inthepremonsoonseason・1999 YukariTAKEUCHll，RijanBhaktaKAYASTHA：，Nozomu NAITO、，Tsutomu KADOTA andKaoruJZUMJ－ 1TheRe＄earChInstituteforHazardsinSnowyAreas，N軸ataUniversity，Niigata950仙2181Japan 2‡nst如もeぬrHy8rosp壬Ieric一札AtmospbericSciences，NagoyaUniversity，Nagoya464仙8601Japan 3Fron扇erObservatioIlalResearcbSystem払rGlめalC王Iange，ト18m16Hamamatsucbo，TokyolO5仙00ヱ3Japan （ReceivedJanllary24，2000；Revi駅dman11SCriptreceivedOctoberユ3，2800） Abstract Meteorologicaiobservationswerecarriedoutin也edebris一触eanddebris鵬COVeredareasofKbⅥmbuG主ac重er， NepalHimalayasfromMay22toJunel，1999．Comparまsonsofmeteorologicalfeaturesinthebothareaswere made．Therewaslittledifferenceofthenetradiationbetweenthebothareas．Thedistinctvalleywindcouldbe recognized．Tbeairtemperatureintbedebris｝COVeredarearⅣaSbigber仇anぬtint毎dめris一かeearea▼Tbe differencebecame＄mallinthedaytimebecausethevalleywindincreasedinthedaytimearldcoulddi独setheheat・ 1．lntroduction TllemOStpartOftheablこItionareaoflargeglaciersiI－ Himalayasiseoveredwithsupraglacialdt｝bris（Moribayashi and主iiguchi，1977；F房iiandH主guchi，19ア7）．王tisimportant， tberefore，tOunde柑tandtbetあeimaie鮪cもOfdebrislayeron meteorologyandablationrateindebris，COVeredarea，Many meteorologicalobservationswerecarriedoutandablation t：haracteristicsunderdebrislayerweTeShldied．foTeXこ1111ple lnouビandY（1Shida（198肌Naka＼＼▼OmldTakahashi（19ボ2）and Sakaig才α£（199乳However，nOSimuitaneousobservations ofmeteoroIogyinboththedebris－COVered andthedd）ris －fTeビareaSOnthビSameglaeierhavebeennladeLPriortothc presentstudy・Thispaperpresentsthemeteoroiogicalfea・ turビSObservedin the two areas ofKhumbu GlこICier．Ncpal Himalayas・Ablation，heatbi11；lnCeCharacteristicsandposi－ tおe degree－day facもOrS are repO珪ed by Kayastba g≠αg． （2000）andTakeucbig才α乙（2080）． Fig．1．Map of汰e Kbumもu Glacier，Nepa王Himalayas and observationsite＄．B：theobservationsiteonthedebris】イree bareice，D：theobservationsiteinthe（まel）ris－COVeredare乱 2．Observation methods M：払eobservations揉eく〉ntbelateraimoraine． Observationswereearriビd out arotlndtlleEverestI弓ase Camp（27p59′N，86051′E，5350ma．s．1．）ofKbumbuGlacier， re可児Ctively．Tbedif毎rencesinaitittldearesmali． which flowsfrom thebasin surroundedby Mt．Sa即1111atha Meteぐ■l■OIogiea】eLlements atldinstt．unlentSこIre Slml111ar－ （Everest，885針m）and王。hotse（8511m）．itisoneoft‡lelargest izedillTablel．Thesensorsof≠let and dr）：－bulb t円11pera・ glaciersinKムumbl汀egion，WiぬaleIlg仇ofabout17kmand tuT－eS＼＼・er亡・insertedindoublevinylchloridepipesforinsulat－ an area of abuut17．5krnコ（Watanabe（イ（ZI．，19錮）．The il－gSOlarradiatiollandvtLntilatELdb），microJans、Vithasolar obseⅣationperまodwa＄from May22toJunel，1999毎st batteryduringdaytime ateachobservation s主te．Most of before tbe monsoonseason． dヱ1t；l＼＼TereCOntinu（ruSl）▼reCOrded＼＼▼ithportabledataloggers・ ThreeobservationsitesB，DandMwereestablishedas MaintenanceofallinstrumentsatsitesB andDwasmade showninFig．1．Heatbalanceobservationsweremadeattheeveryday．lnthedebris叫freearea，ablationwasmeastlred debris－free（B）anddebr主s－COVered（D）areas，reSpeCtively． onceaぬyvi也sevenstak輩．Albedo（）ftbeicesuぬceat SiteM，Wberea主rtemperattlreWaSI℃eaSured，WaSぬesub＄id・ eacb stake was measured tw呈ce血ring払e observation iaryobseⅣationsiteplacedontbei離eralmorainecloseto periodataboⅥtll：00－12：000n鮎edays、王ntbedebris－COV｛ tbeglacierlⅥargirl．Tbedista‡1Cebetweens托esBandDis eredarea，ablationunderdebrislayerwasmeast汀edfour abo11t200m aparもand Misl．7km apartなom B．Tbe 【illleSaday（針OO，11：OO，1i：川〕and17：（10）こItartificiallrpI－叩ar－ altitudeofsitesB，DandMis5352m，5330mand5312m，edsiteswiththicknessofthedebrisiayerof2，5，10，20，30 ＊Presentaddress：NiigataExperimentalLaboratory，PublieWorksResearch王nstitute，Årai944一－0051Japan J6 BulletinofGlaciologicalResearch Tablel．Meteoro】ogicaleiemerltSandinstrumentsatsitesBandD． Site B：debris－freearea．SiteD：debrisCOVered area． Site Elements Instruments Recordinginterval B D Åirtemperature（dry－b111b） ○ ○ Tbemistorthermometer 30min． （1mhigil） くweトもulb） ⊂） ○ Tbermistort主IermOrneter 38min． 1Ⅳindspeed（1m，0．5mhigb） ○ ○ Three－CupanemOmeter 30min． Surfacetemperature ○ Infraredthermometer 30min． Globalradiation ○ 30min． A11wavenetradiation ○ Netradiometer 30min． Ablationamourlt ○ ○ OnceadayくB） F（〉urtim襟aday（D） Albedo ○ ○ AibedoIneter Twiceduringtheperiod（B） Fourtimesaday（D） and40cm，reSpeCtively．Tbesurねcetemperatureandalbedo ShowninFig．2b， of tbe debrislayerⅥFere aiso measured at those とi‡neS Tbe radiative balarlCe eqⅥation on theice or debds manually．Thesurfacetemperaturewerecontinuouslymea－ surfacescanbewrittenasfollows： suredatapointwith10cmdebrislayer，thethicknessof 5月十即＋A斤十m＝腫， （1） whichisnearlyequalto the mean thickness ofthe debri＄ 1ayeraroundsiteD．Moredetai1methodsofmeasurementat wherepositiveindicatestowardthesurface．SRisthesolar artificia11yprepareddebrislayerarereportedinKayas洩ag才 rad主atio‡l，忍だtbe re幻ected sbort－WaVe radiation，月度tbe α乙（2000）． atmosphericlongrwave radiation，7署the terrestriallong WaVeradiationandNHthenetradiation．SZ？onthedebris 3．ComparisonofmeteorologlCalparametersbetweenthe －COVeredice andNR onthe debris－freeiceweremeasured debrは－free and debris－COVerモd areas． directly．SRisconsideredto be the same atthebothsur－ faces．RRwasobtainedfromSHandalbedo，namely， 3．j．屋ね盛抜娩細 斤斤＝一一α5凡 （2） Albedos measured at seven stakes in the debris-free areawereshowninFig．2乱ThevaluesdecreasedonMay30 whereαisthealbedoofthebareiceorthedebrislayer．77？ ascomparedwiththoseonMay22atallstakesites．From was obtained by Stefan－Boltzmann’slaw，aSSuming the thisdata，thedailyalbedoofsiteB，Wherethemeteorologi－ Surfacesasblackbody．ARonthebareicecanbecalculated calmeasureIⅥentSWeremade，WaSObtainedbyinterpolating byequation（1）anditcanbethesamevalueonthedebris themeastlredva王tieSlinearly．Onthedebrislayer，a王bedowas layer．腫onthedebrislayerwasobtai‡1edl）yeqlほtion（1）． measuredeveryday．Themeanalbedoduringtheperiodwas Thevariationofsolarradiationduringtheobservation O．21．TheresultmeasuredonlOcmdebrislayeratll：00are periodis shownin Fig．3．It exceeded about1200Wm▼2 aroundnoononfinedays．Themeandailyvariationofthe four components of radiation and the net radiation were comparedbetweenbareiceandlOcmdebrislayerinFig．4， Thesearemeanvalueoffivefinedays（May22，25，26，30and 八 31）．The absolute value of RH waslarger on thebareice U ∧ U O n becauseofalittlehigheralbedo．Ontheotherhand，thatof V P 4 ¢ 3 777waslarger on the debrislayer，because ofthe higher 2 q （ 竜 U surfacetemperatllre．Astheresult，thenetradiationsinthe O （ U bo也areaswerealmostsa‡neaSSbowninFig，4（c）． 撃 （a）bareice F ▲ s托eEし」 5／22 5／30 1 2 ■ 0 － t 0 （ 0 ？ ∈ 邑 8 0 u 0 ▲ O 4 室 ．0 6 O P 3 0 P 庄 ¢ ▲0 一 ソ 4 0 q ー 眉 一 ∧ 〇 く U 0 一 2 0 O 8 O 0 0 0 5／22 5／2ヰ 5／26 5／28 5／30 6／l ∞5／225／235／245／255／265／275／285／295／さ05β16／1 Fig．3．Variation of solar radiation during the observation Fig，2．Albedoofthebareice（a）andthelOcmdebrislayerO））． period． Y．Takeucbiぞ才αg． プア 9 O （ 聞 （ U （ O 苧 O （ 0 N 6 ？ 0 ∈ ． ∈ 吉 ∈ 0 ∪ ミ 喜 0 。 リ じ 9 。 蔓 毒 膏 300 名 P 召 題 6 遥 還 ぷ 0 Z 3 －300 1－600 1 4 710131619 22 1 4 710131619 22 1 4 710131619 22 Loく；alTime Loca一丁ime Loca一丁ime Fig．4．Themeandailyvatiationofthefourcomponentsofradiationonthebare呈ce（a）and on払e18cmdebrisiayerくb〉，and汰enetradiatiorlOfthebotもareas（c）． ユユIl7ノブdや（1りJ（川‘7Jれ1ご（イ轟JJ direction froI11WeSt tO11Orth east did not oぐCurduringthe Thevariationsofwindspeedinthedebris－freeandthe observation period．Namely，a giacierwind which blows debris仙COVeredareasareshowninFig．5．Thewindspeed from the upglacier to the downglacier was not observed． wassmallgenerallyandeventhemaximumvalueduringthe Tbi＄SbouldbecausedtbattbeK‡1umblユGlacierisstlrrOund檜 periodwasabout2ms」∴狂wasra偽er重訂geinthedebris edbybigberri（短蔑eXCepモモhesotl払－WeStdirectionasseen －COVeredareathaninthedebris－freearea、Thereasoncarl inFig．1．Theprevailまngwind主sconsideredtobeavalley beconsideredtbatmanylCepinnac王esinthedebr主s一たeearea windTePOrtedfromearlier（Inotle．1976）．1tbloⅥ’Sfrし一mlo＼＼－er decreased thewind speed．Systematic daily fluctuation of toupperalongthevalleyduetotherisingofwarmedairin windspeedcanberecognizedinthebothareas，namelyit the daytime，Which causes the daily fluctuationinwind becamelargerinthedaytimeandverysmailintbenigbトSpeed． time．Especiallyintbedebrisイreearea，itⅥraSnearlyzeroin 払enigbttime．TbeⅥ㌢inddirectionconce訊けatedたomsout主I 3．ユAgrお汁ゆg和お柁 to sotlt壬IWeSt，Wbicbis from tbe doⅥⅥStream area Of the TlleVariatioTISOfairtemperこItl】reinthedebris－freLビarea Valley，bythe frequency of about60％（Fig．6）．Thewind （B），thedebris岬COVeredarea（D）andonthemoraine（M）are showninFig．7．Thedailymaximumairtemperaturesofthe 也ree sites were3．9，4．8and7，6℃in average during汰e period，ItwasthehighestatsiteMandtheiowestatsiteB． － 」 J O TbissbouldbecalユSedby払edif鎚rencesins㍑rfacetempera－ O ん （ tureofthesites，Thesurねcetemperatureofthedebris－free 2 ㌔ ∈ ） icewasO℃becauseofmeltingduringdaytime．Inthedebris P 。 －＜OVeredarea，thesurfacetemperaturedependsonthedebris 邑 s p thiekntlSS．Most of the ener紺absorbed on the thin debris u 妻 surface duringdaytime conduct toice arld me比it．Then， SurfaぐetビI11peraturビOfdel）lislayernl町belo＼＼▼ビrthanthat onthemoraine，wi1erethereisnoglaciericebelow．Onthe Otherhandinthenighttime，thedailyminimumairtempera・ 5／22 5／23 5／24 き／25 5／28 5／27 5／28 5／29 5／30 5／31 8パ tures oftbesite B，D and M were－1．9，－0．2arld1．5℃in F童g－5▲ Variationsofwindspeedin洩edebris◆fr綬anddd〉ris averageanditwasbigberatsiteD也antbatatM．Tbeair －COVered areas． temperattlredecreasedmoreslowlyatDcomparedwithatB alld M．This tendenc〉▼Can be seen every da）▼during the period． 0 （ U O ） 空 っ 葛 5 L 監 ∈ 芦 」 叩 く 5／22 5／23 5／24 5／25 5／26 5／27 5／28 5／29 5／aO 5／31 8ハ Fig．7，Variationsofairtempera餌rein血edebri＄イree，debris
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    14 DAY EVEREST BASE CAMP 14 DAY EVEREST BASE CAMP Trip Duration: 14 days Trip Difficulty: Destination: Nepal Begins in: Kathmandu Activities: INCLUDED • Airport transfers • 2 nights hotel in Kathmandu before/after trek ® • Ground transportation Ultimate Expeditions • Flights to/from Kathmandu The Best Adventures on Earth. - Lukla • National Park fees Ultimate Expeditions® was born out of our need for movement, our • Expert guides & porters • Accommodations during connection with nature, and our passion for adventure. trek, double occupancy • Meals & beverages during We Know Travel. Our staff has traveled extensively to 40-50 countries trek each and have more than 10 years of experience organizing and leading adventures in all corners of the globe through the world's most unique, EXCLUDED remote, beautiful and exhilarating places. We want to share these • Airfare • Lunch or dinner at hotel destinations with you. • Beverages at hotel ® • Personal gear & equipment Why Ultimate Expeditions ? We provide high quality service without • Tips the inflated cost. Our goal is to work with you to create the ideal itinerary based on your needs, abilities and desires. We can help you plan every Ultimate Expeditions® aspect of your trip, providing everything you need for an enjoyable PH: (702) 570-4983 experience. FAX: (702) 570-4986 [email protected] www.UltimateExpeditions.com 14 DAY EVEREST BASE CAMP Itinerary DAY 1 Arrive Kathmandu Our friendly Ultimate Expeditions representative will meet you at the airport and drive you to your hotel in Kathmandu. During this meet and greet your guide will discuss the daily activities of your trip. DAY 2 Flight to Lukla - Trek to Phak Ding (8,713 ft / 2,656 m) Enjoy an exciting flight from Kathmandu to Lukla – this flight is roughly 45 minutes and offers great views of the Everest region if you can secure a seat on the left of the plane.
  • Aux Portes Du Désert Tunisien Agréation N° P 302 147 -Trimestrielagréation - Oct.Nov.-Déc

    Aux Portes Du Désert Tunisien Agréation N° P 302 147 -Trimestrielagréation - Oct.Nov.-Déc

    AUTOMNE 2018 220 SENTIERS LE seul magazine belge 100% rando belge 100% magazine LE seul Aux portes du désert tunisien Agréation n° P 302 147 -Trimestriel - Oct.nov.-déc. 2018 - Oct.nov.-déc. Agréation n° P 302 147 -Trimestriel IDÉE RANDO La vallée de l’Eau Blanche RETOUR RANDO La marche des eaux à Madère ÉCHAPPÉES BELLES De l’abbaye de Fontenay à Vézelay NOUVEAUTÉ GR 14, de l’Eifel aux Ardennes françaises www.grsentiers.org LE MOT DU PRÉSIDENT RANDONNEZ CURIEUX Vous n’êtes pas sans savoir Trimestriel n° 220 que votre association Belgique 4,50 € Europe (U.E.) 7 € des Sentiers de Grande Oct.-nov.-déc. 2018 34 Dame Nature … 37 Bons plans Randonnée ne fonctionne Histoire d’eau au Plateau La nouvelle Auberge de exclusivement qu’avec des Le seul magazine belge 100% rando. des Tailles Jeunesse de Charleroi bénévoles. On n’en compte pas moins de 270, Édité par l’asbl Les Sentiers de Grande Randonnée (SGR) Couverture : Aux portes du désert tunisien qui se chargent bien sûr du balisage de nos © Dathi itinéraires GR/GRP, mais aussi de toutes les 4 Actu des GR tâches de l’asbl, qu’elles soient techniques ou 9 GR 14 Sentiers de administratives. Je voudrais ici saluer leur Dupin © F. l’Ardenne 8 Entre deux gares engagement et leur dévouement. De l’Eifel aux Ardennes De Wavre à Archennes 34 37 Depuis quelques années, la randonnée françaises De Monschau (Montjoie) 9 Échappées belles connaît un certain engouement et les SGR 36 Découvertes Nouveautés FFRandonnée à Sedan La Bourgogne du Nord, y ont répondu en étoffant le réseau de Sentiers géologiques de l’Abbaye de Fontenay et pédologiques en 38 Mise à jour sentiers GR/GRP, en renouvelant la gamme à Vézelay des topos des topo-guides avec l’arrivée des Rando- province de Namur Modifications 12 Retour rando Boucles, des Rando-Famille et autres topo- d’itinéraires GR guides numériques.
  • Everest Base Camp Trek 12 D/11 N

    Everest Base Camp Trek 12 D/11 N

    Everest Base Camp Trek 12 D/11 N Pre Trek: Travel to Kathmandu (1,300m): ​ To ensure all permit paperwork and other necessary arrangements are completed before you trip it is important that you are in Kathmandu at least 24 hours prior to the trek commencement. The local operator will contact you to collect the required documents early in the afternoon. At 5:00 pm (17:00) a rickshaw will pick you up from your hotel and bring you to the trekking offices for a safety briefing on the nature of the trek, equipment and team composition. You will meet your trek leader and other team members. You can also make your last minute purchases of personal items as you will be flying to the Himalayas tomorrow. At 6:00 pm (18:00) we will make our way to a welcome dinner and cultural show where you will learn about Nepali culture, music and dance and get to know your trekking team. Overnight in Kathmandu (self selected) Included meals: Dinner DAY 01: Kathmandu to Lukla then trek to Phakding (2,652m): 25 minute flight, plus 3 to 4 hour trek. After breakfast you will be escorted to the domestic terminal of Kathmandu airport for an early morning flight to Lukla (2,800m), the gateway destination where our trek begins. After an adventurous flight above the breathtaking Himalaya, we reach the Tenzing-Hillary Airport at Lukla. This is one of the most beautiful air routes in the world culminating in a dramatic landing on a hillside surrounded by high mountain peaks.
  • Quaternary Glaciation of Mount Everest

    Quaternary Glaciation of Mount Everest

    * Manuscript and tables Click here to view linked References Quaternary glaciation of Mount Everest Lewis A. Owena, Ruth Robinsonb, Douglas I. Bennb, c, Robert C. Finkeld, Nicole K. Davisa, Chaolu Yie, Jaakko Putkonenf, Dewen Lig, Andrew S. Murrayh a Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA b School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9AL, UK c Department of Geology, University Centre in Svalbard, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway d Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 95064 USA and Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement des Géosciences de l'Environnement, 13545 Aix en Provence Cedex 4 France e Institute for Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China f Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, 81 Cornell St. - Stop 8358, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-8358 USA g China Earthquake Disaster Prevention Center, Beijing, 100029,China h Nordic Laboratory for Luminescence Dating, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Aarhus, Risø DTU, DK 4000 Roskilde, Denmark Abstract The Quaternary glacial history of the Rongbuk valley on the northern slopes of Mount Everest is examined using field mapping, geomorphic and sedimentological methods, and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and 10Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) dating. Six major sets of moraines are present representing significant glacier advances or still-stands. These date to >330 ka (Tingri moraine), >41 ka (Dzakar moraine), 24-27 ka (Jilong Moraine), 14-17 ka (Rongbuk moraine), 8-2 ka (Samdupo moraines) and ~1.6 ka (Xarlungnama moraine). The Samdupo glacial stage is subdivided into Samdupo I (6.8-7.7 ka) and Samdupo II (~2.4 ka).