DOCSLIB.ORG

Comparison of Meteorological Features in the Debris-Free And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Comparison of Meteorological Features in the Debris-Free And Btま11et如ofGlaciologicalRes輯rCb18（2001）だトーJβ lii ⑥Japane父Soc呈etyofSnowand王ce Comparisonofmeteoro10gicarfeaturesinthedebris・freeanddebris－COVeredareasatKhumbuGlacierI NepalHimalayas，inthepremonsoonseason・1999 YukariTAKEUCHll，RijanBhaktaKAYASTHA：，Nozomu NAITO、，Tsutomu KADOTA andKaoruJZUMJ－ 1TheRe＄earChInstituteforHazardsinSnowyAreas，N軸ataUniversity，Niigata950仙2181Japan 2‡nst如もeぬrHy8rosp壬Ieric一札AtmospbericSciences，NagoyaUniversity，Nagoya464仙8601Japan 3Fron扇erObservatioIlalResearcbSystem払rGlめalC王Iange，ト18m16Hamamatsucbo，TokyolO5仙00ヱ3Japan （ReceivedJanllary24，2000；Revi駅dman11SCriptreceivedOctoberユ3，2800） Abstract Meteorologicaiobservationswerecarriedoutin也edebris一触eanddebris鵬COVeredareasofKbⅥmbuG主ac重er， NepalHimalayasfromMay22toJunel，1999．Comparまsonsofmeteorologicalfeaturesinthebothareaswere made．Therewaslittledifferenceofthenetradiationbetweenthebothareas．Thedistinctvalleywindcouldbe recognized．Tbeairtemperatureintbedebris｝COVeredarearⅣaSbigber仇anぬtint毎dめris一かeearea▼Tbe differencebecame＄mallinthedaytimebecausethevalleywindincreasedinthedaytimearldcoulddi独setheheat・ 1．lntroduction TllemOStpartOftheablこItionareaoflargeglaciersiI－ Himalayasiseoveredwithsupraglacialdt｝bris（Moribayashi and主iiguchi，1977；F房iiandH主guchi，19ア7）．王tisimportant， tberefore，tOunde柑tandtbetあeimaie鮪cもOfdebrislayeron meteorologyandablationrateindebris，COVeredarea，Many meteorologicalobservationswerecarriedoutandablation t：haracteristicsunderdebrislayerweTeShldied．foTeXこ1111ple lnouビandY（1Shida（198肌Naka＼＼▼OmldTakahashi（19ボ2）and Sakaig才α£（199乳However，nOSimuitaneousobservations ofmeteoroIogyinboththedebris－COVered andthedd）ris －fTeビareaSOnthビSameglaeierhavebeennladeLPriortothc presentstudy・Thispaperpresentsthemeteoroiogicalfea・ turビSObservedin the two areas ofKhumbu GlこICier．Ncpal Himalayas・Ablation，heatbi11；lnCeCharacteristicsandposi－ tおe degree－day facもOrS are repO珪ed by Kayastba g≠αg． （2000）andTakeucbig才α乙（2080）． Fig．1．Map of汰e Kbumもu Glacier，Nepa王Himalayas and observationsite＄．B：theobservationsiteonthedebris】イree bareice，D：theobservationsiteinthe（まel）ris－COVeredare乱 2．Observation methods M：払eobservations揉eく〉ntbelateraimoraine． Observationswereearriビd out arotlndtlleEverestI弓ase Camp（27p59′N，86051′E，5350ma．s．1．）ofKbumbuGlacier， re可児Ctively．Tbedif毎rencesinaitittldearesmali． which flowsfrom thebasin surroundedby Mt．Sa即1111atha Meteぐ■l■OIogiea】eLlements atldinstt．unlentSこIre Slml111ar－ （Everest，885針m）and王。hotse（8511m）．itisoneoft‡lelargest izedillTablel．Thesensorsof≠let and dr）：－bulb t円11pera・ glaciersinKムumbl汀egion，WiぬaleIlg仇ofabout17kmand tuT－eS＼＼・er亡・insertedindoublevinylchloridepipesforinsulat－ an area of abuut17．5krnコ（Watanabe（イ（ZI．，19錮）．The il－gSOlarradiatiollandvtLntilatELdb），microJans、Vithasolar obseⅣationperまodwa＄from May22toJunel，1999毎st batteryduringdaytime ateachobservation s主te．Most of before tbe monsoonseason． dヱ1t；l＼＼TereCOntinu（ruSl）▼reCOrded＼＼▼ithportabledataloggers・ ThreeobservationsitesB，DandMwereestablishedas MaintenanceofallinstrumentsatsitesB andDwasmade showninFig．1．Heatbalanceobservationsweremadeattheeveryday．lnthedebris叫freearea，ablationwasmeastlred debris－free（B）anddebr主s－COVered（D）areas，reSpeCtively． onceaぬyvi也sevenstak輩．Albedo（）ftbeicesuぬceat SiteM，Wberea主rtemperattlreWaSI℃eaSured，WaSぬesub＄id・ eacb stake was measured tw呈ce血ring払e observation iaryobseⅣationsiteplacedontbei離eralmorainecloseto periodataboⅥtll：00－12：000n鮎edays、王ntbedebris－COV｛ tbeglacierlⅥargirl．Tbedista‡1Cebetweens托esBandDis eredarea，ablationunderdebrislayerwasmeast汀edfour abo11t200m aparもand Misl．7km apartなom B．Tbe 【illleSaday（針OO，11：OO，1i：川〕and17：（10）こItartificiallrpI－叩ar－ altitudeofsitesB，DandMis5352m，5330mand5312m，edsiteswiththicknessofthedebrisiayerof2，5，10，20，30 ＊Presentaddress：NiigataExperimentalLaboratory，PublieWorksResearch王nstitute，Årai944一－0051Japan J6 BulletinofGlaciologicalResearch Tablel．Meteoro】ogicaleiemerltSandinstrumentsatsitesBandD． Site B：debris－freearea．SiteD：debrisCOVered area． Site Elements Instruments Recordinginterval B D Åirtemperature（dry－b111b） ○ ○ Tbemistorthermometer 30min． （1mhigil） くweトもulb） ⊂） ○ Tbermistort主IermOrneter 38min． 1Ⅳindspeed（1m，0．5mhigb） ○ ○ Three－CupanemOmeter 30min． Surfacetemperature ○ Infraredthermometer 30min． Globalradiation ○ 30min． A11wavenetradiation ○ Netradiometer 30min． Ablationamourlt ○ ○ OnceadayくB） F（〉urtim襟aday（D） Albedo ○ ○ AibedoIneter Twiceduringtheperiod（B） Fourtimesaday（D） and40cm，reSpeCtively．Tbesurねcetemperatureandalbedo ShowninFig．2b， of tbe debrislayerⅥFere aiso measured at those とi‡neS Tbe radiative balarlCe eqⅥation on theice or debds manually．Thesurfacetemperaturewerecontinuouslymea－ surfacescanbewrittenasfollows： suredatapointwith10cmdebrislayer，thethicknessof 5月十即＋A斤十m＝腫， （1） whichisnearlyequalto the mean thickness ofthe debri＄ 1ayeraroundsiteD．Moredetai1methodsofmeasurementat wherepositiveindicatestowardthesurface．SRisthesolar artificia11yprepareddebrislayerarereportedinKayas洩ag才 rad主atio‡l，忍だtbe re幻ected sbort－WaVe radiation，月度tbe α乙（2000）． atmosphericlongrwave radiation，7署the terrestriallong WaVeradiationandNHthenetradiation．SZ？onthedebris 3．ComparisonofmeteorologlCalparametersbetweenthe －COVeredice andNR onthe debris－freeiceweremeasured debrは－free and debris－COVerモd areas． directly．SRisconsideredto be the same atthebothsur－ faces．RRwasobtainedfromSHandalbedo，namely， 3．j．屋ね盛抜娩細 斤斤＝一一α5凡 （2） Albedos measured at seven stakes in the debris-free areawereshowninFig．2乱ThevaluesdecreasedonMay30 whereαisthealbedoofthebareiceorthedebrislayer．77？ ascomparedwiththoseonMay22atallstakesites．From was obtained by Stefan－Boltzmann’slaw，aSSuming the thisdata，thedailyalbedoofsiteB，Wherethemeteorologi－ Surfacesasblackbody．ARonthebareicecanbecalculated calmeasureIⅥentSWeremade，WaSObtainedbyinterpolating byequation（1）anditcanbethesamevalueonthedebris themeastlredva王tieSlinearly．Onthedebrislayer，a王bedowas layer．腫onthedebrislayerwasobtai‡1edl）yeqlほtion（1）． measuredeveryday．Themeanalbedoduringtheperiodwas Thevariationofsolarradiationduringtheobservation O．21．TheresultmeasuredonlOcmdebrislayeratll：00are periodis shownin Fig．3．It exceeded about1200Wm▼2 aroundnoononfinedays．Themeandailyvariationofthe four components of radiation and the net radiation were comparedbetweenbareiceandlOcmdebrislayerinFig．4， Thesearemeanvalueoffivefinedays（May22，25，26，30and 八 31）．The absolute value of RH waslarger on thebareice U ∧ U O n becauseofalittlehigheralbedo．Ontheotherhand，thatof V P 4 ¢ 3 777waslarger on the debrislayer，because ofthe higher 2 q （ 竜 U surfacetemperatllre．Astheresult，thenetradiationsinthe O （ U bo也areaswerealmostsa‡neaSSbowninFig，4（c）． 撃 （a）bareice F ▲ s托eEし」 5／22 5／30 1 2 ■ 0 － t 0 （ 0 ？ ∈ 邑 8 0 u 0 ▲ O 4 室 ．0 6 O P 3 0 P 庄 ¢ ▲0 一 ソ 4 0 q ー 眉 一 ∧ 〇 く U 0 一 2 0 O 8 O 0 0 0 5／22 5／2ヰ 5／26 5／28 5／30 6／l ∞5／225／235／245／255／265／275／285／295／さ05β16／1 Fig．3．Variation of solar radiation during the observation Fig，2．Albedoofthebareice（a）andthelOcmdebrislayerO））． period． Y．Takeucbiぞ才αg． プア 9 O （ 聞 （ U （ O 苧 O （ 0 N 6 ？ 0 ∈ ． ∈ 吉 ∈ 0 ∪ ミ 喜 0 。 リ じ 9 。 蔓 毒 膏 300 名 P 召 題 6 遥 還 ぷ 0 Z 3 －300 1－600 1 4 710131619 22 1 4 710131619 22 1 4 710131619 22 Loく；alTime Loca一丁ime Loca一丁ime Fig．4．Themeandailyvatiationofthefourcomponentsofradiationonthebare呈ce（a）and on払e18cmdebrisiayerくb〉，and汰enetradiatiorlOfthebotもareas（c）． ユユIl7ノブdや（1りJ（川‘7Jれ1ご（イ轟JJ direction froI11WeSt tO11Orth east did not oぐCurduringthe Thevariationsofwindspeedinthedebris－freeandthe observation period．Namely，a giacierwind which blows debris仙COVeredareasareshowninFig．5．Thewindspeed from the upglacier to the downglacier was not observed． wassmallgenerallyandeventhemaximumvalueduringthe Tbi＄SbouldbecausedtbattbeK‡1umblユGlacierisstlrrOund檜 periodwasabout2ms」∴狂wasra偽er重訂geinthedebris edbybigberri（短蔑eXCepモモhesotl払－WeStdirectionasseen －COVeredareathaninthedebris－freearea、Thereasoncarl inFig．1．Theprevailまngwind主sconsideredtobeavalley beconsideredtbatmanylCepinnac王esinthedebr主s一たeearea windTePOrtedfromearlier（Inotle．1976）．1tbloⅥ’Sfrし一mlo＼＼－er decreased thewind speed．Systematic daily fluctuation of toupperalongthevalleyduetotherisingofwarmedairin windspeedcanberecognizedinthebothareas，namelyit the daytime，Which causes the daily fluctuationinwind becamelargerinthedaytimeandverysmailintbenigbトSpeed． time．Especiallyintbedebrisイreearea，itⅥraSnearlyzeroin 払enigbttime．TbeⅥ㌢inddirectionconce訊けatedたomsout主I 3．ユAgrお汁ゆg和お柁 to sotlt壬IWeSt，Wbicbis from tbe doⅥⅥStream area Of the TlleVariatioTISOfairtemperこItl】reinthedebris－freLビarea Valley，bythe frequency of about60％（Fig．6）．Thewind （B），thedebris岬COVeredarea（D）andonthemoraine（M）are showninFig．7．Thedailymaximumairtemperaturesofthe 也ree sites were3．9，4．8and7，6℃in average during汰e period，ItwasthehighestatsiteMandtheiowestatsiteB． － 」 J O TbissbouldbecalユSedby払edif鎚rencesins㍑rfacetempera－ O ん （ tureofthesites，Thesurねcetemperatureofthedebris－free 2 ㌔ ∈ ） icewasO℃becauseofmeltingduringdaytime．Inthedebris P 。 －＜OVeredarea，thesurfacetemperaturedependsonthedebris 邑 s p thiekntlSS．Most of the ener紺absorbed on the thin debris u 妻 surface duringdaytime conduct toice arld me比it．Then， SurfaぐetビI11peraturビOfdel）lislayernl町belo＼＼▼ビrthanthat onthemoraine，wi1erethereisnoglaciericebelow．Onthe Otherhandinthenighttime，thedailyminimumairtempera・ 5／22 5／23 5／24 き／25 5／28 5／27 5／28 5／29 5／30 5／31 8パ tures oftbesite B，D and M were－1．9，－0．2arld1．5℃in F童g－5▲ Variationsofwindspeedin洩edebris◆fr綬anddd〉ris averageanditwasbigberatsiteD也antbatatM．Tbeair －COVered areas． temperattlredecreasedmoreslowlyatDcomparedwithatB alld M．This tendenc〉▼Can be seen every da）▼during the period． 0 （ U O ） 空 っ 葛 5 L 監 ∈ 芦 」 叩 く 5／22 5／23 5／24 5／25 5／26 5／27 5／28 5／29 5／aO 5／31 8ハ Fig．7，Variationsofairtempera餌rein血edebri＄イree，debris
Load more

Recommended publications
  • GLACIERS of NEPAL—Glacier Distribution in the Nepal Himalaya with Comparisons to the Karakoram Range
    Glaciers of Asia— GLACIERS OF NEPAL—Glacier Distribution in the Nepal Himalaya with Comparisons to the Karakoram Range By Keiji Higuchi, Okitsugu Watanabe, Hiroji Fushimi, Shuhei Takenaka, and Akio Nagoshi SATELLITE IMAGE ATLAS OF GLACIERS OF THE WORLD Edited by RICHARD S. WILLIAMS, JR., and JANE G. FERRIGNO U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1386–F–6 CONTENTS Glaciers of Nepal — Glacier Distribution in the Nepal Himalaya with Comparisons to the Karakoram Range, by Keiji Higuchi, Okitsugu Watanabe, Hiroji Fushimi, Shuhei Takenaka, and Akio Nagoshi ----------------------------------------------------------293 Introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------293 Use of Landsat Images in Glacier Studies ----------------------------------293 Figure 1. Map showing location of the Nepal Himalaya and Karokoram Range in Southern Asia--------------------------------------------------------- 294 Figure 2. Map showing glacier distribution of the Nepal Himalaya and its surrounding regions --------------------------------------------------------- 295 Figure 3. Map showing glacier distribution of the Karakoram Range ------------- 296 A Brief History of Glacier Investigations -----------------------------------297 Procedures for Mapping Glacier Distribution from Landsat Images ---------298 Figure 4. Index map of the glaciers of Nepal showing coverage by Landsat 1, 2, and 3 MSS images ---------------------------------------------- 299 Figure 5. Index map of the glaciers of the Karakoram Range showing coverage
    [Show full text]
  • A Statistical Analysis of Mountaineering in the Nepal Himalaya
    The Himalaya by the Numbers A Statistical Analysis of Mountaineering in the Nepal Himalaya Richard Salisbury Elizabeth Hawley September 2007 Cover Photo: Annapurna South Face at sunrise (Richard Salisbury) © Copyright 2007 by Richard Salisbury and Elizabeth Hawley No portion of this book may be reproduced and/or redistributed without the written permission of the authors. 2 Contents Introduction . .5 Analysis of Climbing Activity . 9 Yearly Activity . 9 Regional Activity . .18 Seasonal Activity . .25 Activity by Age and Gender . 33 Activity by Citizenship . 33 Team Composition . 34 Expedition Results . 36 Ascent Analysis . 41 Ascents by Altitude Range . .41 Popular Peaks by Altitude Range . .43 Ascents by Climbing Season . .46 Ascents by Expedition Years . .50 Ascents by Age Groups . 55 Ascents by Citizenship . 60 Ascents by Gender . 62 Ascents by Team Composition . 66 Average Expedition Duration and Days to Summit . .70 Oxygen and the 8000ers . .76 Death Analysis . 81 Deaths by Peak Altitude Ranges . 81 Deaths on Popular Peaks . 84 Deadliest Peaks for Members . 86 Deadliest Peaks for Hired Personnel . 89 Deaths by Geographical Regions . .92 Deaths by Climbing Season . 93 Altitudes of Death . 96 Causes of Death . 97 Avalanche Deaths . 102 Deaths by Falling . 110 Deaths by Physiological Causes . .116 Deaths by Age Groups . 118 Deaths by Expedition Years . .120 Deaths by Citizenship . 121 Deaths by Gender . 123 Deaths by Team Composition . .125 Major Accidents . .129 Appendix A: Peak Summary . .135 Appendix B: Supplemental Charts and Tables . .147 3 4 Introduction The Himalayan Database, published by the American Alpine Club in 2004, is a compilation of records for all expeditions that have climbed in the Nepal Himalaya.
    [Show full text]
  • Debris-Covered Glacier Energy Balance Model for Imja–Lhotse Shar Glacier in the Everest Region of Nepal
    The Cryosphere, 9, 2295–2310, 2015 www.the-cryosphere.net/9/2295/2015/ doi:10.5194/tc-9-2295-2015 © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Debris-covered glacier energy balance model for Imja–Lhotse Shar Glacier in the Everest region of Nepal D. R. Rounce1, D. J. Quincey2, and D. C. McKinney1 1Center for Research in Water Resources, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA 2School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK Correspondence to: D. R. Rounce ([email protected]) Received: 2 June 2015 – Published in The Cryosphere Discuss.: 30 June 2015 Revised: 28 October 2015 – Accepted: 12 November 2015 – Published: 7 December 2015 Abstract. Debris thickness plays an important role in reg- used to estimate rough ablation rates when no other data are ulating ablation rates on debris-covered glaciers as well as available. controlling the likely size and location of supraglacial lakes. Despite its importance, lack of knowledge about debris prop- erties and associated energy fluxes prevents the robust inclu- sion of the effects of a debris layer into most glacier sur- 1 Introduction face energy balance models. This study combines fieldwork with a debris-covered glacier energy balance model to esti- Debris-covered glaciers are commonly found in the Everest mate debris temperatures and ablation rates on Imja–Lhotse region of Nepal and have important implications with regard Shar Glacier located in the Everest region of Nepal. The de- to glacier melt and the development of glacial lakes. It is bris properties that significantly influence the energy bal- well understood that a thick layer of debris (i.e., > several ance model are the thermal conductivity, albedo, and sur- centimeters) insulates the underlying ice, while a thin layer face roughness.
    [Show full text]
  • Project ICEFLOW
    ICEFLOW: short-term movements in the Cryosphere Bas Altena Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo. now at: Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research, Utrecht University. Bas Altena, project Iceflow geometric properties from optical remote sensing Bas Altena, project Iceflow Sentinel-2 Fast flow through icefall [published] Ensemble matching of repeat satellite images applied to measure fast-changing ice flow, verified with mountain climber trajectories on Khumbu icefall, Mount Everest. Journal of Glaciology. [outreach] see also ESA Sentinel Online: Copernicus Sentinel-2 monitors glacier icefall, helping climbers ascend Mount Everest Bas Altena, project Iceflow Sentinel-2 Fast flow through icefall 0 1 2 km glacier surface speed [meter/day] Khumbu Glacier 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 Mt. Everest 300 1800 1200 600 0 2/4 right 0 5/4 4/4 left 4/4 2/4 R 3/4 L -300 terrain slope [deg] Nuptse surface velocity contours Western Chm interval per 1/4 [meter/day] 10◦ 20◦ 30◦ 40◦ [outreach] see also Adventure Mountain: Mount Everest: The way the Khumbu Icefall flows Bas Altena, project Iceflow Sentinel-2 Fast flow through icefall ∆H Ut=2000 U t=2020 H internal velocity profile icefall α 2A @H 3 U = − 3+2 H tan αρgH @x MSc thesis research at Wageningen University Bas Altena, project Iceflow Quantifying precision in velocity products 557 200 557 600 7 666 200 NCC 7 666 000 score 1 7 665 800 Θ 0.5 0 7 665 600 557 460 557 480 557 500 557 520 7 665 800 search space zoom in template/chip correlation surface 7 666 200 7 666 200 7 666 000 7 666 000 7 665 800 7 665 800 7 665 600 7 665 600 557 200 557 600 557 200 557 600 [submitted] Dispersion estimation of remotely sensed glacier displacements for better error propagation.
    [Show full text]
  • Thirteen Nations on Mount Everest John Cleare 9
    Thirteen nations on Mount Everest John Cleare In Nepal the 1971 pre-monsoon season was notable perhaps for two things, first for the worst weather for some seventy years, and second for the failure of an attempt to realise a long-cherished dream-a Cordee internationale on the top of the world. But was it a complete failure? That the much publicised International Himalayan Expedition failed in its climbing objectives is fact, but despite the ill-informed pronouncements of the headline devouring sceptics, safe in their arm-chairs, those of us who were actually members of the expedition have no doubt that internationally we did not fail. The project has a long history, and my first knowledge of it was on a wet winter's night in 1967 at Rusty Baillie's tiny cottage in the Highlands when John Amatt explained to me the preliminary plans for an international expedi­ tion. This was initially an Anglo-American-Norwegian effort, but as time went by other climbers came and went and various objectives were considered and rejected. Things started to crystallise when Jimmy Roberts was invited to lead the still-embryo expedition, and it was finally decided that the target should be the great South-west face of Mount Everest. However, unaware of this scheme, Norman Dyhrenfurth, leader of the successful American Everest expedition of 1963-film-maker and veteran Himalayan climber-was also planning an international expedition, and he had actually applied for per­ mission to attempt the South-west face in November 1967, some time before the final target of the other party had even been decided.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuptse 7,861M / 25,790Ft
    NUPTSE 7,861M / 25,790FT 2022 EXPEDITION TRIP NOTES NUPTSE EXPEDITION TRIP NOTES 2022 EXPEDITION DETAILS Dates: April 9 to May 20, 2022 Duration: 42 days Departure: ex Kathmandu, Nepal Price: US$38,900 per person Crossing ladders in the Khumbu Glacier. Photo: Charley Mace. During the spring season of 2022, Adventure Consultants will operate an expedition to climb Nuptse, a peak just shy of 8,000m that sits adjacent to the world’s highest mountain, Mount Everest, and the world’s fourth highest mountain, Mount Lhotse. Sitting as it does, in the shadows of its more famous partners, Nuptse receives a relatively low number of EXPEDITION OUTLINE ascents. Nuptse’s climbing route follows the same We congregate in Nepal’s capital, Kathmandu, line of ascent as Everest as far as Camp 2, from where we meet for a team briefing, gear checks where we cross the Western Cwm to establish a and last-minute purchases before flying by fixed Camp 3 on Nuptse. From that position, we ascend wing into Lukla Airport in the Khumbu Valley. We directly up the steep North East Face and into trek the delightful approach through the Sherpa Nuptse’s summit. The terrain involves hard ice, homelands via the Khumbu Valley Along the way, sometimes weaving through rocky areas and later we enjoy Sherpa hospitality in modern lodges with lower angled snow slopes. good food, all the while being impressed by the spectacular scenery of the incredible peaks of the The Nuptse climb will be operated alongside the lower Khumbu. Adventure Consultants Everest Expedition and therefore will enjoy the associated infrastructure We trek over the Kongma La (5,535m/18,159ft), a and legendary Base Camp support.
    [Show full text]
  • Nepal 1989 a V Saunders
    AV SAUNDERS (Plates 25-27) These notes have been arranged in (more or less) height order. The intention has been to report developments and first ascents completed during the year, rather than to list repeat ascents of existing routes. 1989 was not a good year. There were few new routes, and several fatalities. On Everest (8 848m), reports ofovercrowding have become common­ place; this year they have been linked to outbreaks ofviral flu. As if this were not enough, there are now perennial arguments about the fixing of the route through the Khumbu icefall. Apparently the earlier expeditions who set up a route often demand payment from the-following expeditions who use the route. During the spring season, the Polish expedition organized by Eugeniusz Chrobak followed a variation on the W ridge route, avoiding the normal Lho La approach. Following a line with minimum avalanche danger, the team climbed Khumbutse (6640m) before descending to the Rongbuk glacier, where they established Camp I at 5850m. The line continued left of previous ascents to gain the W shoulder. Five more camps were established on the ridge and in the Hornbein Couloir. On 24 May Chrobak and Andrzej Marciniak reached the summit. Over the next two days they descended, stripping the camps with the help of two other team members. They reached Camp I in deteriorating weather to join another team arriving from base. The next day all the climbers set out for base, up the 600m fixed ropes over Khumbutse. At 1pm the six climbers were struck by an avalanche which broke the ropes.
    [Show full text]
  • A Perspective of the Cumulative Risks from Climate Change on Mt
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Review A Perspective of the Cumulative Risks from Climate Change on Mt. Everest: Findings from the 2019 Expedition Kimberley R. Miner 1,* , Paul Andrew Mayewski 1, Mary Hubbard 2, Kenny Broad 3,4,5, Heather Clifford 1,6, Imogen Napper 3,7, Ananta Gajurel 3, Corey Jaskolski 4,5 , Wei Li 8, Mariusz Potocki 1,5 and John Priscu 8 1 Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04463, USA; [email protected] (P.A.M.); [email protected] (H.C.); [email protected] (M.P.) 2 Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; [email protected] 3 National Geographic Society, Washington, DC 02917, USA; [email protected] (K.B.); [email protected] (I.N.); [email protected] (A.G.) 4 Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA; [email protected] 5 Virtual Wonders, LLC, Wisconsin, Delafield, WI 53018, USA 6 School of Earth and Climate Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04463, USA 7 International Marine Litter Research Unit, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK 8 Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; [email protected] (W.L.); [email protected] (J.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: In 2019, the National Geographic and Rolex Perpetual Planet Everest expedition success- fully retrieved the greatest diversity of scientific data ever from the mountain. The confluence of geologic, hydrologic, chemical and microbial hazards emergent as climate change increases glacier Citation: Miner, K.R.; Mayewski, P.A.; Hubbard, M.; Broad, K.; Clifford, melt is significant.
    [Show full text]
  • 14 DAY EVEREST BASE CAMP Ultimate Expeditions®
    14 DAY EVEREST BASE CAMP 14 DAY EVEREST BASE CAMP Trip Duration: 14 days Trip Difficulty: Destination: Nepal Begins in: Kathmandu Activities: INCLUDED • Airport transfers • 2 nights hotel in Kathmandu before/after trek ® • Ground transportation Ultimate Expeditions • Flights to/from Kathmandu The Best Adventures on Earth. - Lukla • National Park fees Ultimate Expeditions® was born out of our need for movement, our • Expert guides & porters • Accommodations during connection with nature, and our passion for adventure. trek, double occupancy • Meals & beverages during We Know Travel. Our staff has traveled extensively to 40-50 countries trek each and have more than 10 years of experience organizing and leading adventures in all corners of the globe through the world's most unique, EXCLUDED remote, beautiful and exhilarating places. We want to share these • Airfare • Lunch or dinner at hotel destinations with you. • Beverages at hotel ® • Personal gear & equipment Why Ultimate Expeditions ? We provide high quality service without • Tips the inflated cost. Our goal is to work with you to create the ideal itinerary based on your needs, abilities and desires. We can help you plan every Ultimate Expeditions® aspect of your trip, providing everything you need for an enjoyable PH: (702) 570-4983 experience. FAX: (702) 570-4986 [email protected] www.UltimateExpeditions.com 14 DAY EVEREST BASE CAMP Itinerary DAY 1 Arrive Kathmandu Our friendly Ultimate Expeditions representative will meet you at the airport and drive you to your hotel in Kathmandu. During this meet and greet your guide will discuss the daily activities of your trip. DAY 2 Flight to Lukla - Trek to Phak Ding (8,713 ft / 2,656 m) Enjoy an exciting flight from Kathmandu to Lukla – this flight is roughly 45 minutes and offers great views of the Everest region if you can secure a seat on the left of the plane.
    [Show full text]
  • Aux Portes Du Désert Tunisien Agréation N° P 302 147 -Trimestrielagréation - Oct.Nov.-Déc
    AUTOMNE 2018 220 SENTIERS LE seul magazine belge 100% rando belge 100% magazine LE seul Aux portes du désert tunisien Agréation n° P 302 147 -Trimestriel - Oct.nov.-déc. 2018 - Oct.nov.-déc. Agréation n° P 302 147 -Trimestriel IDÉE RANDO La vallée de l’Eau Blanche RETOUR RANDO La marche des eaux à Madère ÉCHAPPÉES BELLES De l’abbaye de Fontenay à Vézelay NOUVEAUTÉ GR 14, de l’Eifel aux Ardennes françaises www.grsentiers.org LE MOT DU PRÉSIDENT RANDONNEZ CURIEUX Vous n’êtes pas sans savoir Trimestriel n° 220 que votre association Belgique 4,50 € Europe (U.E.) 7 € des Sentiers de Grande Oct.-nov.-déc. 2018 34 Dame Nature … 37 Bons plans Randonnée ne fonctionne Histoire d’eau au Plateau La nouvelle Auberge de exclusivement qu’avec des Le seul magazine belge 100% rando. des Tailles Jeunesse de Charleroi bénévoles. On n’en compte pas moins de 270, Édité par l’asbl Les Sentiers de Grande Randonnée (SGR) Couverture : Aux portes du désert tunisien qui se chargent bien sûr du balisage de nos © Dathi itinéraires GR/GRP, mais aussi de toutes les 4 Actu des GR tâches de l’asbl, qu’elles soient techniques ou 9 GR 14 Sentiers de administratives. Je voudrais ici saluer leur Dupin © F. l’Ardenne 8 Entre deux gares engagement et leur dévouement. De l’Eifel aux Ardennes De Wavre à Archennes 34 37 Depuis quelques années, la randonnée françaises De Monschau (Montjoie) 9 Échappées belles connaît un certain engouement et les SGR 36 Découvertes Nouveautés FFRandonnée à Sedan La Bourgogne du Nord, y ont répondu en étoffant le réseau de Sentiers géologiques de l’Abbaye de Fontenay et pédologiques en 38 Mise à jour sentiers GR/GRP, en renouvelant la gamme à Vézelay des topos des topo-guides avec l’arrivée des Rando- province de Namur Modifications 12 Retour rando Boucles, des Rando-Famille et autres topo- d’itinéraires GR guides numériques.
    [Show full text]
  • Everest Base Camp Trek 12 D/11 N
    Everest Base Camp Trek 12 D/11 N Pre Trek: Travel to Kathmandu (1,300m): ​ To ensure all permit paperwork and other necessary arrangements are completed before you trip it is important that you are in Kathmandu at least 24 hours prior to the trek commencement. The local operator will contact you to collect the required documents early in the afternoon. At 5:00 pm (17:00) a rickshaw will pick you up from your hotel and bring you to the trekking offices for a safety briefing on the nature of the trek, equipment and team composition. You will meet your trek leader and other team members. You can also make your last minute purchases of personal items as you will be flying to the Himalayas tomorrow. At 6:00 pm (18:00) we will make our way to a welcome dinner and cultural show where you will learn about Nepali culture, music and dance and get to know your trekking team. Overnight in Kathmandu (self selected) Included meals: Dinner DAY 01: Kathmandu to Lukla then trek to Phakding (2,652m): 25 minute flight, plus 3 to 4 hour trek. After breakfast you will be escorted to the domestic terminal of Kathmandu airport for an early morning flight to Lukla (2,800m), the gateway destination where our trek begins. After an adventurous flight above the breathtaking Himalaya, we reach the Tenzing-Hillary Airport at Lukla. This is one of the most beautiful air routes in the world culminating in a dramatic landing on a hillside surrounded by high mountain peaks.
    [Show full text]
  • Quaternary Glaciation of Mount Everest
    * Manuscript and tables Click here to view linked References Quaternary glaciation of Mount Everest Lewis A. Owena, Ruth Robinsonb, Douglas I. Bennb, c, Robert C. Finkeld, Nicole K. Davisa, Chaolu Yie, Jaakko Putkonenf, Dewen Lig, Andrew S. Murrayh a Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA b School of Geography and Geosciences, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9AL, UK c Department of Geology, University Centre in Svalbard, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway d Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 95064 USA and Centre Européen de Recherche et d'Enseignement des Géosciences de l'Environnement, 13545 Aix en Provence Cedex 4 France e Institute for Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China f Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, 81 Cornell St. - Stop 8358, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-8358 USA g China Earthquake Disaster Prevention Center, Beijing, 100029,China h Nordic Laboratory for Luminescence Dating, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Aarhus, Risø DTU, DK 4000 Roskilde, Denmark Abstract The Quaternary glacial history of the Rongbuk valley on the northern slopes of Mount Everest is examined using field mapping, geomorphic and sedimentological methods, and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and 10Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) dating. Six major sets of moraines are present representing significant glacier advances or still-stands. These date to >330 ka (Tingri moraine), >41 ka (Dzakar moraine), 24-27 ka (Jilong Moraine), 14-17 ka (Rongbuk moraine), 8-2 ka (Samdupo moraines) and ~1.6 ka (Xarlungnama moraine). The Samdupo glacial stage is subdivided into Samdupo I (6.8-7.7 ka) and Samdupo II (~2.4 ka).
    [Show full text]