The Role of Trade Unions in Promo Ting Gender Equality
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a2 THE ROLE OF TRADE UNIONS IN PROMOTING GENDER EQUALITY A Resource Kit for Trade Unions REPORT OF THE ILO-ICFTU SURVEY INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE GENDER PROMOTION PROGRAMME GENEVA THE ROLE OF TRADE UNIONS IN PROMOTING GENDER EQUALITY A Resource Kit for Trade Unions REPORT OF THE ILO-ICFTU SURVEY Gender Promotion Programme International Labour Office Copyright © International Labour Organization 2002 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to the Publications Bureau (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered in the United Kingdom with the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP [Fax: (+44) (0)20 7631 5500; email: [email protected]], in the United States with the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 [Fax: (+1) (978) 750 4470; email: [email protected]] or in other countries with associated Reproduction Rights Organizations, may make photocopies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. ISBN 92-2-112 754-0 First published 2002 The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. ILO publications can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from the above address, or by email: [email protected] Visit our website: www.ilo.org/publns Printed in Switzerland ALI / SRO 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES 4 LIST OF TEXT BOXES 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7 1. INTRODUCTION 9 1.1. The aims and organization of the report 9 1.2. Women need unions ... 10 1.3. .... and unions need women 11 1.4. The information base for the report 12 2. THE POSITION OF WOMEN IN TRADE UNIONS 15 2.1. Changing union membership 15 2.2. Why women are still under-represented in unions 16 3. PROMOTING GENDER EQUALITY WITHIN UNION STRUCTURES 21 3.1. Recruiting women as members 21 3.2. Increasing the participation of women in leadership positions 27 3.3. Internal structures for the promotion of gender equality 29 3.4.Promoting gender equality and solidarity in union activities 31 4. PROMOTING GENDER EQUALITY AT THE WORKPLACE 34 4.1. Gender equality bargaining 34 4.2. Other initiatives to promote gender equality at the workplace 40 5. ORGANIZING THE UNORGANIZED AND PROTECTING VULNERABLE WOMEN WORKERS 42 5.1.Unions and atypical workers 42 5.2. Unions and special groups of workers: organizing in diversity 49 6. TRADE UNIONS IN A CHANGING WORLD: RAISING THEIR PROFILE AND FORGING ALLIANCES 54 6.1. The external challenges: 54 6.2. Meeting the challenges 58 7. SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS 71 REFERENCES 72 4 LIST OF TABLES 1. Type of union and region 14 2. Year of establishment of the unions 14 3. Changes in union membership since 1995 15 4. Percentage of women in unions 17 5. Female membership as compared to proportion in the labour force 17 6. Factors preventing women from becoming union members 19 7. Participation of women in union activities 20 8. Participation of women as compared to participation of men in union activities 20 9. Whether special measures have been taken to recruit women members 21 10. Measures taken to increase the participation of women in leadership positions 27 11. Type of internal structure for the promotion of equality 29 12. Status and influence of the equality/women’s committee/ department/officer in relation to the decision-making body 30 13. Allocation of financial resources for the equality/women’s committee/department/officer 30 14. Policies and programmes to promote gender equality within unions 31 15. Attention given to women’s issues in union communications 31 16. Policy on the participation of women in collective bargaining teams 35 17. Gender issues included in collective agreements 35 18. Responsibility for identifying gender issues for collective bargaining 37 19. Monitoring the implementation of collective bargaining provisions on gender equality 39 20. Organization of atypical workers 42 21. Priority accorded to strategies for organizing atypical workers 43 22. Single most important strategy for organizing atypical workers 43 23. Efforts to organize atypical workers 47 24. Organizing or protecting special groups of workers 49 25. Impact of recent developments on the ability of unions to organize and represent workers 54 26. Relationship of trade unions with the media 60 27. Trade union alliances with other groups 61 28. Basis for trade unions to forge alliances with other organizations 66 5 LIST OF TEXT BOXES 1. Single most important barrier to female membership in unions 18 2. Recruiting women members 23 3. Mobilizing women workers through organizing or servicing? 24 4. Recruiting women through providing services 25 5. Increasing the representation of women in leadership positions 28 6. Promoting more equal gender participation in union activities 32 7. Gender issues included in collective agreements 36 8. Including gender issues in collective bargaining 38 9. Initiatives to promote gender equality at the workplace 41 10. Difficulties of organizing the unorganized 43 11. Organizing the unorganized 44 12. Organizing in diversity 50 13. Most serious challenge to union efforts to organize and represent workers 55 14. Reaffirming and strengthening the role of unions 59 15. ITS-NGO Relations (PSI) 63 16. Forging alliances between trade unions and other civil groups and organizations at the national level 64 17. Promoting equality and protecting vulnerable workers through transnational cooperation 68 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report presents the results of a survey and case studies that were implemented as a collaborative effort by the ILO Gender Promotion Programme (GENPROM) and the Bureau for Workers’ Activities (ACTRAV), the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) and the International Trade Secretariats (ITSs), in particular the International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers’ Association (IUF) and Public Services International (PSI). The members of GENPROM responsible for conducting the research, processing the information and writing the report are Sriani Ameratunga, Sapfo Constantatos, Christine Elstob, Sabrina de Gobbi, Lin Lean Lim, Caroline O’Reilly, Maanic Shergill and Lena Taylor. The GENPROM team wishes to thank all the trade unionists who collaborated on the survey and case studies. We are grateful to the Women’s Committee and the staff of the Department of Equality and Youth of the ICFTU for their support and assistance in organizing the survey and to the IUF for specially arranging to extend the survey to its members. We would like to make special mention of the efforts of Elsa Ramos of the ICFTU and Babro Budin of the IUF. We would also like to acknowledge the active involvement and generous assistance of the ILO Multidisciplinary Teams and Regional and Area Offices in the survey. Finally, we wish to express our gratitude to the ILO colleagues who provided comments and suggestions on the questionnaire and the report, in particular Amrita Sietaram, Robert Kyloh, Satoro Tabusa, Auret van Heerden, Shauna Olney, Pekka Aro and Werner Sengenberger. 9 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. The aims and organization of the report This report is part of a Resource Kit for the promotion of gender equality and the protection of vulnerable workers by trade unions. The Resource Kit provides information, guidelines and examples to assist and enhance the efforts of trade unions. The Resource Kit is also intended to improve understanding and appreci- ation of the role of trade unions by individual women and men workers, govern- ments, the social partners and the general public. As part of this resource kit, this report provides the empirical perspective based on a survey and case studies of trade unions. It describes the practical experience of trade unions in promoting gender equality and protecting vulnerable workers within their own internal structures and policies, at the workplace through gender equality bargaining, and in the broader society at local, national and international levels. The report deals with the current position of women in trade unions; the gender equality issues that are of concern to trade unions; the opportunities, prob- lems and constraints they face; the types of measures and operational strategies they have adopted; the factors making for success or failure; and the scope for collaboration or cooperation between trade unions and other social actors. Since union efforts to promote gender equality obviously hinge on freedom of associa- tion, the report also focuses on the impact of globalization and recent changes in the labour market on the ability of unions to organize and represent workers. Information based on actual union experiences and practical lessons learnt provide invaluable insights for the Resource Kit of “good and bad practices”.